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Copyright of Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, Humanities & Management Sciences is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of AIN Journal is the property of Arab Institute of Navigation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics in East Sarajevo / Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Istočnom Sarajevu is the property of University of East Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Politologija is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examines the impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and employment status in South Africa utilising the National Income Dynamics Study longitudinal data from 2008 to 2017. The Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Methods (GLLAMM) were employed to fit the multinomial logit model with correlated random intercept over panel multinomial logit without random effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity between individuals or intercepts. The empirical results indicate that the significant impact of NCDs on employment status differs by gender. NCDs were found to be most threatening to women employment status. The odds of women being economically inactive in the labour market are highly associated with NCDs. Further, having multiple NCDs also significantly increases the women's probability of being economically inactive population relative to being employed. The results highlight the necessity for undertaking a massive awareness campaign regarding the prevention and control of NCDs, especially among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in South Africa for the period 1989 to 2018. The study is motivated by the high disparity in income inequality and stagnant economic growth that South Africa is experiencing. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing technique, we established a long-run relationship between economic growth and income inequality. The results revealed that income inequality has a negative impact on economic growth in the long run, and no effect in the short run. These results are robust with an estimation of the ARDL procedure that considers structural breaks. Therefore, policymakers should employ strategies that entail a double effect of growth in national income and consider the distribution of income in the long run. These policies include human capital accumulation, easily accessible education, and reduction in labour market dualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is a very important sector and has a major influence on development and national income. Moreover, Indonesia has thousands of tourist destinations that are very beautiful and interesting to visit, both for Indonesians and foreigners. It's just that, there are still many local tours, such as tourist villages, which are still not well known by most people. In fact, there are many cultures, customs, places of recreation, or characteristics of an area that need to be seen and introduced to outsiders, even to Indonesians themselves. Therefore, this study aims to explain the problems that occur in the field of tourism, as well as provide solutions in the form of tourism applications that aim to help promote local Indonesian tourism, as well as make it easy for travel enthusiasts to organize their travel plans. The process of making this travel application is also carried out through various research and interviews with potential users and IT people in order to produce an attractive and effective application. This study uses the design thinking method. Researchers collected data sources from literature studies and surveys through questionnaires, where the results of the data obtained from the questionnaires were numerical or quantitative. The aim is to determine the level of public interest in tourism, as well as determine the level of potential users of this tourism application. That way, the goals of this application will be achieved and effective in helping solve tourism problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines democracy's impact on the labor share of income: the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dedicated to wages, salaries, and benefits. I hypothesize democratic regimes afford labor the opportunity to increase its share of national income. While previous empirical work finds cross-sectional evidence for the hypothesis, this paper employs a time-series cross-sectional analysis using data for 119 countries between 1950 and 2017, indicating the labor share of income is higher in democratic countries. The estimates are robust to different specifications of the statistical model. This paper also examines a potential causal mechanism that links democracy to a higher labor share through the supply of labor (the average number of hours worked in the economy). The relationship between democracy and the supply of labor lends additional evidence to my hypothesis. In a world characterized by diverging democracy, the results imply the path countries choose between democracy and dictatorship matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches have been interrogating the influence of international migration on life satisfaction but ignoring the influence of internal migration on life satisfaction. This study therefore examined the influence of inter-provincial migration on life satisfaction in South Africa. Data for the study were from the fifth and latest wave of the National Income Dynamics Survey (NIDS) conducted in South Africa in 2017. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson Chi-square and ordinary least-square (OLS) regression. The results showed that the migrants (mean = 5.73) had significantly (Chi = 48.8; p < 0.001) better life satisfaction than non-migrants (mean = 5.54). In addition, there existed significant variations in the level of happiness (Chi = 9.97; p < 0.002), subjective income classification (Chi = 16.8; p < 0.001) and perceived physical health (Chi = 8.65; p < 0.002). Finally, the OLS coefficients showed that respondents with average and above average subjective income classification, respondents with good perceived physical health, respondents with happier happiness level, females, married respondents, non-Blacks, respondents earning higher than R5000, household with 7 + persons and province of residence were associated with increased life satisfaction among migrants and non-migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The access to leisure is unevenly distributed in the societies. Despite the status of leisure as an individual right according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as to the World Leisure Organization Charter for Leisure, many people still have limited or no access to leisure. These discrepancies are even more noticeable in highly unequal countries and regions such as Latin America. In particular, Brazil is one of the most unequal countries in the world, where the wealthiest 1% earn 28% of the national income. This article investigates how social and economic disparities lead to inequalities in the access to consumption of leisure goods and services. Data from a recent and representative Brazilian household budget survey are analysed. Different types of leisure were examined according to Dumazedier's categories. The results revealed that the expenditure on leisure items in Brazil is associated to region, race, gender, family size and composition, education, and income. These findings highlight the need for policies to promote equal leisure opportunities as a means to development and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of recovery policies in reducing the inequality in Arab economy after Corona, and depicts what impact the pandemic had on the Arab economy. Especially, the spreading of inequality and its affiliated consequences, such as disease, economic closure and subsequent layoffs of large numbers of workers. The Arab world chairs the inequality charts in the world, as 56 percent of the national income is accumulated by 10 percent of the population, whilst only 12 percent of the national income is distributed amongst 50 percent of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the link between ease of doing business (EBD) and investment among 11 selected countries in West Africa covering 2006–2020. The study used the fixed‐effects estimator, the random‐effects estimator, the augmented mean‐group method, and the Half‐Panel Jackknife Wald‐type test. The study found a bidirectional relationship between the EBD and foreign direct investment (FDI) and a unidirectional relationship running from EBD to domestic investment. The findings further revealed that the EBD and national income have a strong influence in determining the level of domestic investment and FDI inflows, and that some indicators of EBD, such as the procedure for starting a business, access to credit facilities, tax, and security threats, discourage domestic investment and FDI inflows, in contrast to the influence of obtaining electricity and national income on investment. The study suggests that West African governments reduce taxes, ease the procedures and costs of starting a business and dealing with construction permits, and increase the availability of credit facilities at lower interest rates to promote investment in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lao PDR is a landlocked country and around 90% of the country is located in Mekong River Basin. Average annual rainfall is around 1,900 mm and 35% of the annual flow in the Mekong River is from Lao tributaries. Given the abundance of water resources in Laos, many hydropower dams have been constructed in the country. The generated electricity is exported to Thailand and other surrounding countries and has become an important means of earning foreign currency for Laos. In particular, the Nam Ngum 1 dam has been in operation since 1971 in the Nam Ngum watershed near Vientiane, the capital of Laos, and several additional dams have been completed in this watershed since 2010. Hydropower has great potential to boost the national income and raise living standards in Lao PDR. At the same time, hydropower reservoirs have a large number of potential cross-sector impacts, including changes in the downstream water environment. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the impact of the construction of multiple dams in the Nam Ngum watershed on the river flow regime, as well as on the hydropower generation of the preceding Nam Ngum 1 dam. In this study, the fully distributed TOPMODEL was developed and applied to analyze the water flow in the Nam Ngum watershed with a spatial resolution of 1 km X 1 km. Simulated river discharge and dam storage were in good agreement with observed data. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of the construction of the Nam Lik 1/2, Nam Ngum 2, and Nam Ngum 5 dams, which were newly developed after 2010. Results indicated that new dam construction has positive effects in decreasing flood flow during the rainy season and increasing discharge in the dry season, while electricity generation at the Nam Ngum1 dam also increased by 6.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National income calculations may not include knowledge that directly concerns the socioeconomic stance in an economy. Knowledge plays a significant role in promoting the economic growth of a country; however, its socio-economic role has received little attention in the literature. Total factor productivity, which is the main source of long-term economic prosperity, expresses the increase in productivity in all production factors. This paper attempts to quantify the effects of total factor productivity growth on economic prosperity. The analysis is conducted for the 2007-2020 period and 18 Central Eastern Europe countries. The "Legatum Prosperity Index" is utilized in the econometric analysis, in line with the purpose of the study. Results of the study with panel ordinary least squares, panel fixed-effects, panel random effects, panel-corrected standard errors (robustness check), and system-generalized method of moments (robustness check) confirm that total factor productivity growth positively correlated with economic prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar is the property of Journal of Financial Politic & Economic Reviews / Finans Politik & Ekomomik Yorumlar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the College Of Basic Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Crucial to the debates on monetarism is the money aggregate relevant to its key propositions, in particular those that relate to the determination of nominal national income and inflation. In his influential work on 'market monetarism', Scott Sumner has accorded a privileged position to the monetary base in the key monetarist propositions. This article argues that, on the contrary, in a modern economy the role of cash is so small, as well as so clandestine, that the monetary base does not play any direct role in the determination of national income and inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doğum oranlarındaki azalış, beklenen yaşam süresindeki artış küresel yaş yapısında önemli bir değişime neden olmaktadır. Toplam nüfus içerisinde yaş gruplarının oranının değişmesi, özellikle yaşlı nüfus oranının artması ile ekonomik hayatta bazı değişimler yaşanmıştır. Bu değişimler genç, çalışma çağı ve yaşlı nüfus grupları arasında işgücü arzı, tasarruf, tüketim, kamusal harcamalar ve beşerî sermaye gibi konuların farklılaşmasına yol açmıştır. Nüfustaki artışın ekonomik büyümeyi tüketim ve tasarruf modelleri, kamusal sosyal harcama ve insan sermayesi olarak üç mekanizma yoluyla etkileyeceği belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile nüfus yaşlanmasının milli geliri nasıl etkileyeceği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda G20 ülkeleri verileri kullanılarak panel veri analizi yöntemi ile demografik değişkenler ve milli gelir arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, toplam nüfus içinde çalışma çağındaki nüfusun oranı arttıkça milli gelirin arttığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca toplam nüfus içinde yaşlı nüfusun artmasının da milli geliri arttırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır.

The article considers the possibility of solving the urgent problems of insufficient solvent demand and low rates of economic growth of the Russian economy in the process of implementing social policy of an active participant in the process of increasing aggregate supply in the economy as a generator of production growth and employment growth.Within the framework of the proposed new paradigm of social policy, the author of the article focuses on the need to strengthen the financial position of an individual by providing an additional and stable source of income through state financing of job search, training or opening their own business.The specifics of the research is the author's proposal to focus special attention on the possibility of receiving financial support from the state in the Russian Federation on a gratuitous and irrevocable basis for the above-mentioned purposes in the form of:– subsidies for the unemployed to start a business;– grants for small businesses;– social contracts.Thus, an urgent requirement for the modern system of state financing of entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Federation in the conditions of the financial and economic crisis is the need for improvement and universality of use.A prerequisite for the effective implementation of the new model of social policy is the provision of adequate opportunities for various segments of the population to open their own businesses in order to increase Russia's GDP (Gross Domestic Product), increase the number of taxpayers and expand the tax base, improve the country's macroeconomic indicators.The positive dynamics of the national income of Russia, the personal income of the citizens of the country, and, consequently, the increase in the level and quality of their life, a decrease in the level of income differentiation is the final result of effective financial support for socially vulnerable segments of the population.According to the author, the positive consequences of the successful implementation of the proposed approach in the implementation of social policy are as follows:– macroeconomic ones (stable rates of economic growth, expansion of effective demand, falling unemployment, growth in employment, GDP, tax revenues to the budget, the level and quality of life of the population);– microeconomic ones (growth of income of the population, decrease in the number of people in need of social support, decrease in the degree of differentiation of incomes of citizens).

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that, if does not go away, can cause health problems like genitalwarts and cancer. The national immunization schedules for individuals before sexual debut, significantly decreased HPV-associated mortality and it will be affordable. However, immunization programs remain vulnerable to macroeconomic factors such as inflation, fiscal policy, employment levels, and national income. This review aims to investigate the association between national income in lower-middle-income countries to explore recent advances and potential issues, as well as how to deal with challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to provide a more accurate representation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in college students during COVID-19 by performing meta-analyses by continents, national income, and study majors, and comparing the results with estimated pooled prevalence. Methods: Based on the guideline of PRISMA, literature was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The prevalence of PTSD was estimated through a random model based on the different continents and levels of national income, as well as study majors, and compared with the pooled prevalence of PTSD among college students. Results: Totally 381 articles were retrieved from electronic databases and 38 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. The results showed that the pooled prevalence of college students’ PTSD was 25% (95% CI: 21–28%). Prevalence estimates of PTSD among college students were statistically significant (p < 0.00001) when stratified with geographical regions, income levels, and study majors. In comparison with the pooled prevalence of PTSD (25%), subgroups of Africa and Europe, lower-middle-income countries, and medical college students possessed higher prevalence estimates. Discussion: The findings of the study showed that the prevalence of PTSD in college students worldwide during COVID-19 was relatively high and varied in different continents and countries with different income levels. Therefore, healthcare providers should pay attention to the psychologically healthy condition of college students during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To meta-analyze diagnostic performance measures of standardized typical CT findings for COVID-19 and examine these measures by region and national income. Methods: MEDLINE and Embase were searched from January 2020 to April 2022 for diagnostic studies using the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) classification or the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) for COVID-19. Patient and study characteristics were extracted. We pooled the diagnostic performance of typical CT findings in the RSNA and CO-RADS systems and interobserver agreement. Meta-regression was performed to examine the effect of potential explanatory factors on the diagnostic performance of the typical CT findings. Results: We included 42 diagnostic performance studies with 6777 PCR-positive and 9955 PCR-negative patients from 18 developing and 24 developed countries covering the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. The pooled sensitivity was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 65%, 74%; I2 = 92%), and the pooled specificity was 90% (95% CI 86%, 93%; I2 = 94%) for the typical CT findings of COVID-19. The sensitivity and specificity of the typical CT findings did not differ significantly by national income and the region of the study (p > 0.1, respectively). The pooled interobserver agreement from 19 studies was 0.72 (95% CI 0.63, 0.81; I2 = 99%) for the typical CT findings and 0.67 (95% CI 0.61, 0.74; I2 = 99%) for the overall CT classifications. Conclusion: The standardized typical CT findings for COVID-19 provided moderate sensitivity and high specificity globally, regardless of region and national income, and were highly reproducible between radiologists. Critical relevance statement: Standardized typical CT findings for COVID-19 provided a reproducible high diagnostic accuracy globally. Key points: Standardized typical CT findings for COVID-19 provide high sensitivity and specificity. Typical CT findings show high diagnosability regardless of region or income. The interobserver agreement for typical findings of COVID-19 is substantial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper's primary goal is to analyse the development of Knowledge Economy (KE) measurement methods ranging from those based on national income to indices identifying and combining the relevant indicators. The paper focuses on four current global and European KE level indices: Global Innovation Index (GII), Global Knowledge Index (GKI), European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS), and Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), highlighting persistent significant differences in the perception of the very essence of KE, as there is no clear interdisciplinary definition of the initial concept of knowledge, leading to further problems with ambiguous and insufficiently specific definitions and measurement of KE. Tacit aspects of knowledge are rarely part of KE definitions or measurements, excluding a large part of the knowledge system from KE measurements. The results of the analysis show that the set of KE indicators used by the individual KE indices is heterogeneous, with the set of intersecting indicators having different weights in terms of importance. Frequent interventions in the indices by their authors were observed, such as changes in index methodology, the indicators used, main pillars (subindices), etc. Despite the high heterogeneity in the approach to measuring KE, we identified the pillars, which can be viewed as the core pillars of KE. These include, for example the level of ICT, R&D, human resources, innovation, patents, and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extension programs management is the most effective section in the field of agricultural extension, to modify and facilitate the extension programs which is designed to improve the rural farmer’s production and standard of living utilizing new agricultural information and technology. To approve that, some different research has been conducted related to agricultural technology transfer for farmers influenced by agricultural extension programs management. Besides, the extension agents have a vital role in technology transfer to the rural farmers, they optimize their best to persuade the farmers to adopt using technologies in their farming practice. Undoubtedly, managing the effective programs for technology transfer of farmers is seen as the most influential implement to improve farmers to work hard and intelligently, while it is a causal effect to improve the farmers’ income which leads to boost the national income. The extension programs have a massive impact on farmers’ production as a result of utilizing agricultural technologies related to their work. Nonetheless, some constraints associated with extension work for technology transfer should be identified in most countries in the whole world and some applicable strategies should be developed with extension to make the extension work effective and efficient. One of the most significant issues confronting the mission of agricultural extension is the lack of proper knowledge about the new technologies from farmers toward applying information and technology, therefore, agricultural extension staff must think critically and logically for establishing an effective extension program and work on it well to inform and educate the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research assesses the impact of informal employment on the wage earning rate (marginal return) of individuals who have Higher Education (HE) in Mexico in the framework of the health contingency due to COVID-19 in 2020, which forced to the closure of a significant number of formal economic activities. HE returns estimation is carried out using the procedure suggested by Heckman et al., (2001) and extended by Mogstad et al., (2020) incorporating multiple instrumental variables and by Pinamang-Acheampong et al., (2022) treating unobserved heterogeneity using an endogenous switching regression model. The information employed for the estimates uses a sample from the National Household Income and Expenditure Survey (ENIGH, Spanish acronym for Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares) 2020. Empirical evidence is found that the informal labor market had a drastic negative impact on the wages of individuals with ES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will productivity gains lead to technological unemployment in a region or to new prosperity? In our article, we formally show that under general assumptions the price elasticity of demand on product markets is decisive: technological change leads to employment growth if product demand is elastic and it leads to employment decline if product demand is inelastic. In our empirical analysis, we use industry‐level time series data on output, prices, employment, wages, and national income for nine countries (including Germany, UK, USA) to estimate aggregate Marshallian product demand functions based on IV regressions and state space models with time‐varying coefficients. The resulting income and price elasticities are used as inputs in a second step in which we estimate the employment effects of productivity changes as interactions with the elasticities. The results correspond to theoretical expectations: demand is generally inelastic and the employment effect of technological progress is therefore moderately negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of WISTA Wirtschaft und Statistik is the property of Statistisches Bundesamt and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of School Administrators is the property of School Administration Research Association, R.O.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

American finance has grown immensely profitable in the past four decades, but the precise reasons for this tremendous and sustained growth have not been sufficiently understood. The primary purpose of this paper is to explain the immense profitability of US finance by systematically examining how its sources of profit and types of profit-generating activities have changed since the onset of financialisation in the 1980s. Conceptually, the paper develops a typology of financial profit-generating activities, drawing a separation between credit intermediation, market mediation, and rentierism. Empirically, it examines the changing accumulation dynamics witnessed in US finance since the 1960s using the IRS Statistics of Income, BEA National Income and Product Accounts, and Federal Reserve Flow of Funds data. The paper identifies primary income sources for the sector as a whole and its most profitable subsectors, finding strong evidence that financial profit-making has shifted from lending to ownership and management of capital. It is argued that this transformation has fundamentally changed finance's relationship with the real economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to highlight the importance of the green economy to promote tourism investment as a mechanism for achieving sustainable tourism development. Tourism, from an economic perspective, is a productive sector that plays an important role in increasing national income and improving the balance of payments. development; So the need to go to this sector and support and develop it, especially in Algeria, has become necessary because of its returns on the national economy on the one hand, and on the other hand, a desire to achieve protection for the environment and natural resources to achieve actual sustainable development that is embodied in the economic, social, environmental and marketing dimension. One of the most important conclusions is that tourism in Algeria in general and the state of Mostaganem in particular is still not optimally exploited, so it strives through its policies and programs to promote the eco-tourism industry and the transition to a green economy. Among its priorities is attracting foreign investment, providing a security environment for tourists and spreading cultural tourism awareness for tourist attractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of REMAH Journal is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the efficacy of globalization in influencing income growth within the Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1982 to 2020 is being examined. The "Konjunkturforschungsstelle Globalization Index" (KOFGI) was used to measure globalization at the overall, economic, social, and political level, while income growth was captured using the growth rate of gross national income per capita. The data employed in the analysis were gotten from World Bank and KOFGI database. The analysis follows a sequential order of unit root test based on the augmented Dickey-Fuller, autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test for cointegration, and error correction model. The unit root test revealed that the order of integration of the variables were mixed at levels and first difference. The bounds test showcased that all the dimensions of globalization exhibited long-run association with income growth. The short-run result indicated that globalization wielded a negative and significant effect on income growth. A unit percent increase in globalization put forth a 1.3818% decrease in income growth. In the long-run, globalization however exerted a positive but insignificant sway on income growth in the SSA. The implication of this is that though globalization poses a shortrun negative impact on income growth, the SSA can move along the learning curve to derive some longterm benefits that emanate from global interactions. It becomes pertinent for the SSA to see globalization as a long-term avenue for propelling income growth, bearing in mind that the short-run negative effect can be corrected periodically as the economy moves along the learning curve of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the effect of remittances on selected recipient countries' financial development. Using weights for bilateral remittances from 1990 to 2015, this study calculates the weighted gross national income per capita of remittance-sending countries. This study then uses the weighted gross national income as an instrument to address the endogeneity between remittance and financial development. Using the instrument variable (IV) model, this study finds that remittances from low-skilled migrant-abundant sending countries have different effects than the highly skilled labor-abundant sending countries. Assuming the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries as a source of low-skilled and the Group of Seven (G7) as the source of high-skilled labor-abundant sending countries, remittance from relatively low-skilled emigrants has a greater impact on financial inclusion in the recipient countries than their high-skilled counterparts. In contrast, remittance from high-skilled countries has a greater impact on the development of the stock market. Similar types of effects of remittance on financial development have also been observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results suggest that policymakers should provide better foreign employment opportunities and improved transaction and investment policies in the home financial markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Why was there considerable variation in initial COVID-19 mortality impact across countries? Through a configurational lens, this paper examines which configurations of five conditions—a delayed public-health response, past epidemic experience, proportion of elderly in population, population density, and national income per capita—influence early COVID-19 mortality impact measured by years of life lost (YLL). A fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of 80 countries identifies four distinctive pathways associated with high YLL rate and four other different pathways leading to low YLL rate. Results suggest that there is no singular "playbook"—a set of policies that countries can follow. Some countries failed differently, whereas others succeeded differently. Countries should take into account their situational contexts to adopt a holistic response strategy to combat any future public-health crisis. Regardless of the country's past epidemic experience and national income levels, a speedy public-health response always works well. For high-income countries with high population density or past epidemic experience, they need to take extra care to protect elderly populations who may otherwise overstretch healthcare capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 posits two risks to developing countries. On the one hand, growing COVID-19 cases exposed the vulnerabilities of the already debilitating health sector, while, on the other hand, policies to control the spread of COVID-19 can exasperate economic disparities. In this article, we examine one such policy response to control the spread of COVID-19 by the Government of Pakistan, the National Lockdown. This study assesses a plausible impact of this policy response on income equality across Pakistan. By exploiting a nationally representative household survey, it is observed that COVID-19 induced national lockdown is associated with increased income inequality in Pakistan. Our estimates show that about a 16 percent increase in income differences between the top 10 and the bottom 10 percent of the population could be associated with national lockdowns. Gini Coefficient also indicates an up to 3 percent increase in inequality after lockdown. At the disaggregated level, the suggestive evidence shows that inequality has increased within the urban population. Interestingly, the lockdown has also increased the inequality within occupations that can be managed remotely from home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutions are very important for economic and social development since they directly affect individual behaviors. Institutional economists argue that the effectiveness of institutions accelerates economic growth. There are many historical, social and economic factors that determine the level of institutional development. In this study, the effect of the geographical location of the countries on the level of institutional development will be empirically examined. In this direction, the effect of geographical location on the level of institutional development will be analyzed by using 2018 data from 27 European Union (EU) countries. The Rule of Law Index was used as an indicator of institutional development in the analysis. The distance of the countries to each other was taken as a geographical factor. In addition, as control variables, education index, real national income per capita and unemployment rate were included in the model. The analysis revealed that there is a positive interaction between the institutional development levels of the countries and the institutional development level of the neighboring countries. Similarly, as per capita income increases, the rule of law index also increases. It was determined that the level of unemployment was not in a statistically significant relationship with the level of institutional development. Institutional development increases as the level of education increases. As a result, institutional development is increasing in EU countries, geography, countries neighboring countries with a high level of institutional development. In addition, the increase in income and education level increases the level of institutional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Australia and Canada adopted policies to admit immigrants of any nationality or race, the racial composition of immigrants did not immediately diversify. It only diversified after their governments adopted points systems to recruit immigrants with the education, language ability, and skills that would increase the national income of the migrant-receiving country. Why? I draw on archival documents to reveal how the organization of consular institutions and practices of bureaucrats limited how much immigrant sources diversified. However, the more human capital-rich people in White-majority countries lost interest in immigrating and the more non-White people in migrant-sending societies increased their human capital, the more frequently bureaucrats became amenable to admitting more racially diverse immigrants who could contribute more to national income and productivity than human capital-poor White immigrants. This emerging preference later stimulated the Immigration Departments to geographically expand their organizational infrastructure to facilitate further non-White immigration. This study illustrates how scholars through a more intersectional lens can better potentially understand changes in institutions and norms along one dimension of identity (race) due to policies to admit a minority of non-White immigrants along another dimension (human capital). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manuscript reports on findings on the interconnection between tourism employment and economic growth for the selected OECD member states. The dynamic panel threshold regression method was used to analyze the data, where the threshold variable was tourism employment, and the growth of gross national income and value added by activity services were dependent variables in the corresponding models. The dataset covered the period between 2008 and 2020. Both marginal effects indicated positive implications of tourism employment on economic growth. A percent rise in tourism employment leads to an increase in gross national income by 0.15% (in the low regime) and 0.61% (in the high regime). Yet, the results revealed a negative marginal effect of tourism employment on value added by activity services. The outcomes explain that a percent rise in tourism employment in the average country will lead to a decrease in the value added by activity services, as a percentage of value added, by 0.07% (low regime) and 0.09% (high regime). Therefore, the applications of this study are twofold—the first one is its contribution to existing theoretical knowledge through the filling of the literature gaps, and the second one is related to advances in the standing policies. The main limitations and the proposal for future research are the application of random effects and smooth transition threshold models as an alternative to the indicator functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies cross-country and intertemporal differences in the effects of trade exposure on per capita national income. We develop a small open economy endogenous growth model with high- and low-technology sectors and endogenous human capital accumulation. We then test the predictions of our model on a sample of 70 countries over the period 1980–2017. Our main assertion is that gains from trade are not only disproportionate across countries but also contrasting over time, depending on the technology intensity of exports. Countries with lower initial experience in the production of technology-intensive goods and services tend to specialize in sectors with lower demand for better-educated and high-skilled workforce, which lowers the return to and individual incentives for education. Consequently, trade-induced specialization patterns, due to their implications about technological progress, appear to be an important factor causing cross-national divergence in welfare. Our theoretical model implies that, in an unskilled labor-abundant country, higher exposure to international trade can decrease the long-run growth rate, even though it increases short-run per capita income. In a skilled-labor abundant country, both short-run and long-run effects are positive. Our empirical findings, which identify short-run and long-run effects separately, strongly support these predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the distributional implications of inflation on top income shares in 14 advanced economies using data over the period 1920–2016. We use local projections to analyze how top income shares respond to an inflation shock, and panel regressions in which all variables are defined as 5‐year averages to examine the impact of inflation on the position of the top‐one‐percent in the long run. Our findings suggest that inflation reduces the share of national income held by the top 1 percent. Furthermore, we find that inflation shocks and long‐run inflation have similar effects on top income shares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an examination of interwar Latvia’s national accounts, checking their usability for estimating interwar economic growth performance. According to the authoritative account of Roses and Wolf [(2010). Aggregate growth, 1913–1950. In S. Broadberry, & K. H. O’Rourke (Eds.), The Cambridge economic history of modern Europe, vol 2. 1870 to the present (pp. 183–207). Cambridge UP.], based on indirect estimation methods, Latvia’s GDPpc growth rate from 1929 to 1938 was the highest in Europe. However, according to Aizsilnieks [(1968). Latvijas saimniecības vēsture, 1914–1945. Daugava.] interwar national income estimates show that the Latvian economy stagnated in the 1930s. This paper’s main findings are that applying historical price indices to the existing interwar output estimates supports the stagnation thesis. However, the national income estimates lack validity and reliability due to unpersistent or unknown methodology. Hence, changes in real output cannot be established without new calculations according to the contemporary System of National Accounts (SNA 2008) framework.