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Friends' and parents' tobacco use are strong predictors of tobacco uptake among adolescents, however the effectiveness of interventions based on public commitments and agreements to remain tobacco-free are not established. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of the school-based Swedish program Tobacco-Free Duo (T-Duo) in preventing adolescents from initiating tobacco use (TOPAS study). T-Duo is a multi-component intervention with is a formal agreement between a student and an adult partner to remain tobacco-free during the entire 3-year study period as core component. The standardized educational component of the same program was used as comparator (control). Primary outcome was the probability to "remain a non-user" of i) cigarettes and secondary outcomes ii) other types of tobacco at second (21-month) follow-up. Analysis was conducted according to Intention To Treat. In total 1776 adolescents (51% female) aged 12-13 in grade 7 from 34 participating high schools in Sweden were included at baseline in 2018, of which 1489 were retained after 21 months. The Risk Ratio (RR) of not having tried cigarettes 21-months after initiation of the intervention was 1.03(CI 0.98-1.08), Bayes Factor(BF) = 0.93, Absolute Risk Difference(ARD) = 3.1%. Similar associations were found for never smoked a whole cigarette and never use of other tobacco/nicotine products. There was a minimal reduction of tobacco use initiation among Swedish adolescents assigned to a multi-component intervention (T-Duo) compared to those assigned to standardized classroom education after 2 schoolyears. However, for most outcomes' findings were inconclusive and not reliably different from zero.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to describe the initial phase of a long-term collaboration initiative between a municipality and the Faculty of Medicine at a university in Sweden. The overall ambition of the collaboration is to strengthen the quality of care for older people. The concrete goal is to equip academically trained registered health care professionals (HCP) with tools for transferring evidence-based knowledge into practice. As municipal healthcare for older people is mainly carried out by staff lacking academic education, reg. HCP are key actors to bring in and consolidate an evidence-based approach in this setting. Developmental evaluation (DE) has been used to evaluate four separate activities in the initial phase. The activities where sequenced in a cumulative design to provide knowledge for further development of adequate tools. Results: The cumulative design originally planned did not fit the internal logic of the municipality. Therefore, workflow and pace adjustments were made to proceed towards the joint ambition; the creation of fruitful conditions for the uptake of evidence-based knowledge. Long-term collaboration between academia and organizations outside academia demands a sensitive and flexible research approach, recognizing that collaboration implies mutuality and restricts the sovereignty of academia in designing research.

This article argues that human health has become a key consideration in recent global reports on climate change and biodiversity produced by various international organisations; however, greater attention must be given to the unequal health impacts of climate change and biodiversity loss around the world and the different health adaptation measures that are urgently required.

AIM: Investigate care unit managers' perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced their ability to support the nurses. BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic placed extreme pressure on healthcare organizations. More knowledge regarding how the pandemic influenced care unit managers' ability to support nurses is central to ensuring high-quality healthcare in future crises. METHOD: A mixed-methods study in Swedish hospitals with a survey (n=128) and interviews (n=20) with care unit managers. RESULTS: Approximately half of the managers reported having spent more time available to and supporting the nurses. Availability was positively predicted by their perceived organizational support while negatively by their job demands. These job demands concerned meeting staff anxiety and managing organizational restructuring. Full focus on direct patient care, and strong professional and social support were important job resources. CONCLUSION: For care unit managers to effectively support the nurses during a crisis, they need proficient job resources and moderate job demands. Managers' perceived organizational support positively affects the quality of their crisis leadership. Creating arenas in which staff collegiality can form and develop is beneficial for the ability to meet future crises. Implications for Nursing Management This study specifies important job resources that should be acknowledged and reinforced to strengthen the ability of care unit managers to actively support the nurses during a crisis.

BACKGROUND: Globally, alcohol use significantly contributes to the disease burden. Alcohol consumption in Uganda is related to several health consequences among young people, including university students. Social media is commonly used by students to share academic information and create social networks. Among young people in high-income countries, previous studies have also shown that social media use can have negative health outcomes related to alcohol use, and associated problems. To date, similar studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries are largely missing. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of and associations between social media use and alcohol consumption among university students in Uganda. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study among 996 undergraduate students at Makerere University. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Alcohol use in the previous 12 months was the dependent variable. The independent variable was social media use categorised as general use, alcohol-related use, and social media lurking/passive participation. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess associations. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were reported. RESULTS: Nearly all students (97%) used social media and 39% reported alcohol use. Regular alcohol use was significantly associated with moderate (OR = 2.22, CI: 1.35-3.66) and high level general social media use (OR = 2.45, CI: 1.43-4.20). Regular alcohol use was also associated with alcohol-related social media (OR = 6.46, CI: 4.04-10.30), and alcohol-related lurking (OR = 4.59, CI: 2.84-7.39). Similar, although weaker associations were identified for occasional alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately four in ten students reported alcohol use in the past year, and almost all students used social media. Alcohol-related social media use was associated with occasional and regular alcohol use, with stronger associations for regular use. These findings may guide further research and present an opportunity fo

Introduction Simulation-based education is frequently used in transition programs for new graduate nurses. Simulation-based education is implemented as a measure to practice nursing skills, gain experience, and prepare nurses for caring in challenging situations, such as acute situations. However, concerns about the data supporting the use of simulation are obtained from small studies that do not use validated measurement scales. Objective This study aimed to explore the influence of simulation-based education on new graduate nurses’ perceived ability to provide care in acute situations. Methods A total of 102 new graduate nurses participated in simulation-based education as a mandatory part of an introductory program. They completed a premeasurement and a postmeasurement using the Perception to Care in Acute Situations scale. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the paired samples t test were used to test the statistical significance of outcomes for the simulation-based education, with the alpha set at 0.05. Cohen’s d formula was used to calculate the effect size. Results The Wilcoxon signed-rank test on the total scale score showed that simulation-based education resulted in a statistically significant change in the nurses’ perceptions of their ability to care in acute situations (N = 99; Z = 7877; P < .001). The paired samples t test showed that the mean posteducation score was significantly higher (P < .001) in the total score. Cohen’s d formula (−1.24) indicated a large effect size on the total score. Discussion Simulation-based education can provide an effective means of improving new graduate nurses’ perceived ability to provide care in acute situations.

Background: The Parkinson Disease (PD) Home Diary (HD) is a commonly used clinical outcome measure, but it has not been extensively compared to direct assessments by experienced observers. Objective: Validation of patient-reported HD by investigating the agreement between motor state assessments by patients and observers. Methods: This observational study included patients with PD and motor fluctuations. Observers were physicians or research nurses. Patients completed a screening visit, one day of diary ratings at home, and then two days of ratings on-site during which patients and observers simultaneously judged the participants motor state. Results: Observers and 40 patients completed 1,288 pairs of half-hourly blinded motor state assessments. There were significant differences between observer and patient ratings (P < 0.001) and the temporal agreement was poor (Cohens kappa = 0.358). The agreement between patient and observer ratings was 71.1% for observed "On without dyskinesia", 57.3% for observed "Off", and 49.4% for observed "On with dyskinesia". Daily times spent in the three motor states as aggregated diary data showed fair to excellent reliability with intraclass coefficient values ranging from 0.45 to 0.52 for "On" and 0.77 for "Off". Conclusion: There were significant differences between observer and patient ratings. Patients and observers generally agreed on when the patients was in the "On" state (with or without dyskinesia). Patient ratings on the hour level seem to be influenced by other aspects of the patients experience than the observed motor state, but assessment of daily time spent in the different motor state provides reasonable reliability., Funding Agencies|Global Kinetics Corporation, Melbourne, Australia; Skane University Hospital Foundation; Swedish National Government; County Councils

The intensity and frequency of extreme weather and climate events are expected to increase due to anthropogenic climate change. This systematic review explores extreme events and their effect on gender-based violence (GBV) experienced by women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. We searched ten databases until February, 2022. Grey literature was searched using the websites of key organisations working on GBV and Google. Quantitative studies were described narratively, whereas qualitative studies underwent thematic analysis. We identified 26 381 manuscripts. 41 studies were included exploring several types of extreme events (ie, storms, floods, droughts, heatwaves, and wildfires) and GBV (eg, sexual violence and harassment, physical violence, witch killing, early or forced marriage, and emotional violence). Studies were predominantly cross-sectional. Although most qualitative studies were of reasonable quality, most quantitative studies were of poor quality. Only one study included sexual and gender minorities. Most studies showed an increase in one or several GBV forms during or after extreme events, often related to economic instability, food insecurity, mental stress, disrupted infrastructure, increased exposure to men, tradition, and exacerbated gender inequality. These findings could have important implications for sexual-transformative and gender-transformative interventions, policies, and implementation. High-quality evidence from large, ethnographically diverse cohorts is essential to explore the effects and driving factors of GBV during and after extreme events.

Syftet med denna undersökning är att rikta fokus mot skillnader i samarbete i könshomogena och könsheterogena grupper samt hur dessa skillnader kan tänkas påverka elevers läsförståelse. Genom en kvalitativ undersökning observerades 33 elever i nio grupperingar i årskurs 2 och 3 i svenska grundskolan. Undersökningens empiri insamlades genom observationer och transkriberade ljudfiler från när eleverna samarbetade i könsheterogena och könshomogena grupper. En abduktiv innehållsanalys med en socialkonstruktivistisk ansats genomfördes på insamlad empiri. Resultatet som uppkom i analys och diskussion i relation till tidigare forskning pekar på att det finns skillnader mellan könshomogena och könsheterogena grupper i relation till samarbetsmönster, diskussioner och ledarskapsförmåga. Kommunikation mellan eleverna visade sig vara en avgörande del i hur samarbetet fortlöpte och hur konstruktiva samtalen kring det givna ämnet blev. Flickor påvisade en mer direkt kommunikation med auktoritära drag i kontrast till pojkar som visade en större betoning på kollektiv tillhörighet och att befästa ny kunskap tillsammans. I relation till läsförståelse visar resultatet att elevernas kommunikation och individuella förmågor kopplat till läsförståelse påverkade samarbetet och förståelsen för innehållet.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe newly graduated nurses´(NGNs´) experience of work-integrated learning (WIL), from an educational and occupational perspective. Background: NGNs often find themselves unprepared to meet occupational demands on their competence on entering working life, and express difficulties integrating educational theory into a practical context. Qualitative and effective WIL becomes particularly important for NGNs to develop the competence required to handle the transition from education to working life. Design: This is a qualitative, descriptive study with an inductive approach. Methods: Seven focus-group discussions were performed and subjected to qualitative content analysis. Results: The results revealed that WIL for NGNs includes personal mastering of several professional roles: a self-directed and collaborative learning role, a relational nursing role, and a transition from a student role to a collegial role. Furthermore, WIL entails adapting to organisational requirements, including development of contextual workplace knowledge and understanding; striving for confidence in medical-technical performance; and developing an experience-based understanding of clinical situations. Conclusion: The results reveal that WIL is complex, encompassing adaptation to roles and personal capabilities that increase new graduates´competence and preparation for work. In addition, WIL requires personal commitment to one’s own learning as well as organisational and social support.

Provstatistik visar idag att pojkar presterar sämre i skolan än flickor. Det finns många aspekter och bakgrundsfaktorer som kan förklara varför denna klyfta uppstått. Föreställningen att pojkar generellt presterar sämre än flickor kan exempelvis bero på pojkars bristande motivation till skolarbete, denna brist kan härledas till stereotypa normer i skola och samhälle. Området som berörs i föreliggande litteraturöversikt är förstaspråksinlärning då grundläggande förstaspråkskunskaper kan anses vara grundläggande för många andra ämnen i skolan. Skolan har samtidigt ett kompensatoriskt uppdrag att se till att alla elever oavsett kön ska få en likvärdig utbildning av kvalitet och mycket ansvar ligger på lärare i denna fråga. Mycket forskning existerar redan kring flickors prestationer och sociala plats i skolan, med detta som grund är fokus i föreliggande text att ta reda på vad lärare gör i sin undervisning för att gynna pojkars prestation i språkinlärning i årskurserna F - 3. För att ta reda på detta har nio vetenskapliga artiklar och en avhandling analyserats. Resultatet av denna litteraturöversikt framhåller lärarens förmåga till självreflektion i koppling till val av metoder och material. Även lärares förmåga att se till elevernas individuella behov lyfts som en bidragande faktor kring de val läraren gör. Lärares omedvetna förhållningssätt gentemot genusstereotyper framhålls som en av anledningarna till bibehållande av genusstereotypa föreställningar kring elevers förväntade prestation i koppling till deras genus.

I Sverige har tobaksförebyggande program med ungdomar som målgrupp under många år initierats, utvecklats och drivits av kommuner, regioner, och den ideella sektorn. Antalet vetenskapliga studier om tobaksförebyggande arbete i landet som publicerats i vetenskapliga tidskrifter är mycket få och har främst genomförts med en kvasiexperimentell design. Tobaksfri duo (T-Duo) har spridits i landet och önskemål har uttryckts om en utvärdering med metodik som ger högre evidensgrad jämfört med de studier som genomförts tidigare. Genom Topasprojektet har en sådan utvärdering av användningen av programmets kärnkomponenter möjliggjorts. Studien har genomförts av Umeå universitet och Karolinska Institutet på uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten. Den hade en blandad design: 1) en klusterrandomiserad kontrollerad studie (CRCT) där skolor tilldelades programmet T-Duos sex kärnkomponenter eller en minimal komponent i form av Strukturerad undervisning, 2) en observationsstudie där programskolor jämfördes med skolor i en extern referensgrupp samt 3) en hälsoekonomisk utvärdering av programmets kostnadseffekt. Studiens övergripande syfte var att utvärdera effekterna och kostnaderna av programmet T-Duos sex kärnkomponenter genom att besvara följande specifika frågeställningar: Påverkas ungas tobaksdebut och tobaksanvändning av programmet? - d.v.s. är den förebyggande effekten större om man arbetar med programmet jämfört med en minimal komponent, alternativt ordinarie ANDT-undervisning i skolan? Påverkar deltagande i programmet vårdnadshavares tobaksbruk? Har graden av implementering av programmet betydelse för effekten? Är effekterna sådana att programkostnaderna är motiverade? Resultaten från studien visar att det fullständiga programmet T-Duo förknippas med en måttlig förebyggande effekt på högstadieelevers tobaksdebut (cirka 8 % större sannolikhet att förbli rökfria efter tre år), jämfört med om man enbart bedrev undervisning om tobak enligt programmet som ingick i Topas kontrollgrupp Unde, In Sweden, tobacco prevention programs with young people as a target group have for many years been initiated, developed, and run by municipalities, regions, and the non-profit sector. The number of scientific studies on tobacco prevention projects in the country is very few and has mainly been carried out with a quasi-experimental design. Tobacco-free duo (T-Duo) has spread in the country and requests have been expressed for an evaluation with a methodology that provides a higher degree of evidence, compared with the studies conducted previously. Through the Topas project, such an evaluation of the use of the program's core components has been made possible. The study was conducted by Umeå University and Karolinska Institutet on behalf of the Swedish Public Health Agency. It had a mixed design: 1) a cluster randomized controlled study (CRCT) where schools were assigned to the program T-Duo's six core components or a minimal component in the form of a structured education, 2) an observational study where program schools were compared with schools in an external reference group and 3) a health economic evaluation of the cost effectiveness of the program. The overall aim of the study was to evaluate the effects and costs of the program T-Duo's six core components by answering the following specific questions: Are young people's tobacco onset and tobacco use affected by the program?i.e., is the preventive effect larger if applying the program T-Duo compared to minimal intervention, alternatively regular ANDT teaching in school? Does participation of parents or guardians in the program affect their tobacco use? Does the degree of implementation of the program have significance for the effect? Are the effects such that the program costs are justified? The results from the study show that the complete program T-Duo was associated with a moderate preventive effect on high school students' tobacco onset (approximately 8% more likely to remain smoke-free after three years), Topasstudien har genomförts av Umeå universitet och Karolinska Institutet på uppdrag av Folkhälsomyndigheten under åren 2017 - 2022., TOPAS (TObaksPreventivt Arbete i Skolan)

Teachers’ use of the target language (TL) is a crucial aspect of instructed language learning,especially in the case of English teaching in primary school, where the aim is to fostermotivation, confidence, and oral engagement among young learners with limited TLproficiency. Since language learning is a cognitive, but also a social and emotional endeavor,teachers’ language choices need to be considered beyond the cognitive and linguisticdimensions of language input. In the Scandinavian context, the amount of TL use has beenfound to differ dramatically across classrooms. Despite the pervasive exclusive-TL ideal, itseems many teachers have not found the approach pragmatic. Nevertheless, the professionaldiscourse has lacked an evidence-based model of systematizing and considering effectivelanguage use. However, the Teaching through Interactions framework (Hamre et al., 2013)illustrates three qualitative dimensions of primary classroom interaction: the socioemotional,the organizational, and the instructional. Across school subjects, substantial theoretical andempirical evidence links these dimensions to teacher effectiveness and learner development.This article argues that the framework is applicable to foreign language instruction and canfacilitate our understanding of the various considerations at play, and the close connectionbetween quality and language use in the primary classroom. The framework may therefore beuseful for teachers, teacher educators, and student teachers to identify, systematize, and sharetheir deliberations about language choice, which may advance the professional discourse atall levels of education

Nyhetsbilden har fått en framträdande roll som den svenska allmänhetens första kontakt med kriget i Ukraina. Den fotografiska bilden har en unik förmåga att både ge information om vad som pågår och skapa närhet. Samtidigt har kriget utmanat redaktionella rutiner och normer.Kapitlet handlar om svenska redaktioners bildurval från den pågående konflikten i Ukraina. Genom en kvantitativ bildanalys och intervjuer med ansvariga för publicering och bildproduktion vid tre rikstäckande nyhetsmedier, Dagens Nyheter (DN), Svenska Dagbladet (SvD) och Aftonbladet (AB), söker jag besvara följande frågor. Hur visualiseras konflikten och dess effekt på befolkningen i Ukraina? Vilka faktorer spelar in i svåra publiceringsbeslut, såsom etik, händelseutvecklingen, och tillgång till bildmaterial? Hur har konflikten påverkat redaktionella rutiner och normer för bildpublicering? Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om bildjournalistikens roll i bevakning av krig och kriser, ett område som sällan har uppmärksammats i svensk medieforskning.

Background: Evaluations, using questionnaires, of a two-year long CPD program for on-call consultant paediatricians, showed that the overall objective of the program was largely met. We stipulate that the coherency of the CPD program contributed to the learning. To gains a deeper understanding of the participants learning within and beyond the overall objectives of the program, we decided to conduct an interview study enrolling participants from the frst two CPD courses. Methods: Nine experienced paediatric consultants were interviewed 1-4 years after completing a coherent two-year long CPD program, focusing on what and how they learned. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed as text, analysed, and categorised using qualitative content analysis. Results: What the participants learned: improved medical competences, greater confdence in the role of an on-call consultant, better understanding of the role of an on-call consultant and importance of professional networks. Several categories were outside the overall objective, at personal level: an understanding of one’s own and other’s competences, taking responsibility for one’s own CPD and managing things one does not know. At professional level: more secure as an individual and with colleagues.How it was learned: relevant objectives, preparatory material and case discussions were important. Participants learned by preparing, repeating, refecting, and participating actively, and by applying what they learned in clinical practice. The participants learned from one other over a period of two years, when they also got to know one another and created networks. A safe learning environment imposed demands and enabled participants to defne their competence and learn accordingly. Conclusions: This study describes what and how on-call consultant paediatricians learned during a coherent two year long CPD program. The learning took place within and beyond the framework of the overall objectives. The study suggests that, FundingThis research received fnancial support from: The Healthcare Board Region Västra Götaland and the Projekt: Pediatric and Pedagogic Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for Paediatricians, funded by the Human Resources Sub-Committee, Region Västra Götaland.© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Bird-mediated seed dispersal is crucial for the regeneration and viability of ecosystems, often resulting in complex mutualistic species networks. Yet, how this mutualism drives the evolution of seed dispersing birds is still poorly understood. In the present study we combine whole genome re-sequencing analyses and morphometric data to assess the evolutionary processes that shaped the diversification of the Eurasian nutcracker (Nucifraga), a seed disperser known for its mutualism with pines (Pinus). Our results show that the divergence and phylogeographic patterns of nutcrackers resemble those of other non-mutualistic passerine birds and suggest that their early diversification was shaped by similar biogeographic and climatic processes. The limited variation in foraging traits indicates that local adaptation to pines likely played a minor role. Our study shows that close mutualistic relationships between bird and plant species might not necessarily act as a primary driver of evolution and diversification in resource-specialized birds.

Correction: The Lancet Public Health, Volume 7, Issue 12, 2022, Page e993, ISSN 2468-2667, DOI:10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00287-0.

Aim: To explore how nurses during their early working life learn to provide high-quality care in relation to organisational prerequisites in a hospital setting.BackgroundWhen nurses enter employment in contemporary hospital settings, they face multiple learning challenges. Organisational prerequisites that have been identified to affect their ability to learn to provide high-quality care are related to staffing turnovers, large patient groups and a lack of experienced staff to support their learning. Design: Qualitative. Methods: The study was conducted between 2018 and 2019 at a medium-sized hospital in Sweden. Data from interviews with 10 nurses with fewer than two years’ work experience were subjected to qualitative content analysis. Results: The results describe the nurses’ learning during their early working life in two categories: Performing tasks in relation to organisational prerequisites and Making use of clinical experiences to grasp the complexity of nursing care. The first theme reflected a learning process that was initially characterised by seeking confirmation and instructions from colleagues of how to act safely and by balancing the demands of time efficiency and sustaining patient safety. The second theme reflected that, after addressing organisational prerequisites, the nurses tried to understand and make use of clinical experiences to grasp the complexity of nursing care by encountering and processing clinical patient situations. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that nurses’ learning during early working life seemed to be primarily directed towards handling tasks, with sometimes limited opportunities to grasp the complexity of nursing care. Their learning depended largely on their own initiative and motivation and was strongly influenced by organisational prerequisites. The limited availability of experienced nurse colleagues and lack of time devoted for reflection needs to be dealt with to support nurses’ learning., This is an open access article under the CC BY license.

Correction: Department of Error, The Lancet, Volume 400, Issue 10364, 2022, Page 1680, ISSN 0140-6736, DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02169-9.

The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown is published as the world confronts profound and concurrent systemic shocks. Countries and health systems continue to contend with the health, social, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, while Russia's invasion of Ukraine and a persistent fossil fuel overdependence has pushed the world into global energy and cost-of-living crises. As these crises unfold, climate change escalates unabated. Its worsening impacts are increasingly affecting the foundations of human health and wellbeing, exacerbating the vulnerability of the world's populations to concurrent health threats. During 2021 and 2022, extreme weather events caused devastation across every continent, adding further pressure to health services already grappling with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Floods in Australia, Brazil, China, western Europe, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, and South Sudan caused thousands of deaths, displaced hundreds of thousands of people, and caused billions of dollars in economic losses. Wildfires caused devastation in Canada, the USA, Greece, Algeria, Italy, Spain, and Türkiye, and record temperatures were recorded in many countries, including Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Oman, Türkiye, Pakistan, and the UK. With advancements in the science of detection and attribution studies, the influence of climate change over many events has now been quantified. Because of the rapidly increasing temperatures, vulnerable populations (adults older than 65 years, and children younger than one year of age) were exposed to 3·7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than annually in 1986–2005 (indicator 1.1.2), and heat-related deaths increased by 68% between 2000–04 and 2017–21 (indicator 1.1.5), a death toll that was significantly exacerbated by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Simultaneously, the changing climate is affecting the spread of infectious diseases, putting populations at higher risk of emerging

Healthcare unit managers are pivotal to promote nurses' Perceived Organizational Support and hence to ensure nurses' health and well-being, as well as high-quality care. Despite this fact, there is a dearth of studies addressing how healthcare unit managers act and organize their work to promote nurses' Perceived Organizational Support and which working conditions enable them to do so. Through a mixed methods approach, comprising qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys among healthcare unit managers and nurses, this paper underscores that healthcare unit managers' availability to their nursing staff was essential for their ability to promote nurses' Perceived Organizational Support, and that responsive support from the care unit managers' superior management, administration, and managerial colleagues constituted enabling working conditions. Superior manager support strongly promoted the care unit manager's own Perceived Organizational Support, which, in turn, was positively correlated with nurses' organizational climate of Perceived Organizational Support.

Krigsrapporteringen från Ukraina utmanar redaktionernas resurser för att kontrollera vad som är sant och falskt. I rapporten Källkritik och krig presenteras en granskning av hur redaktionerna hanterar desinformation och säkerställer trovärdighet i svenska mediers rapportering under krigets sex första veckor. Slutsatsen är att det är ovanligt att redaktionerna verifierar den egna rapporteringen, vilket istället överlåts på utländska nyhetsbyråer och medier. Den övervägande delen av den svenska bevakningen görs på distans. Rapporten visar också hur Ryssland sedan flera år systematiskt skadar, smädar och styr bilden av Sverige. En direktrapport från Ukraina ger en inblick i hur oklar strategin är för den inhemska bevakningen av kriget. Institutet för mediestudier vill med den här rapporten fördjupa diskussionen om källkritik och faktagranskning i krigs- och konfliktapportering.

A definition of information fusion (IF) as a field of research can benefit researchers within the field, who may use such a definition when motivating their own work and evaluating the contributions of others. Moreover, it can enable researchers and practitioners outside the field to more easily relate their own work to the field and more easily understand the scope of IF techniques and methods. Based on strengths and weaknesses of existing definitions, a definition is proposed that is argued to effectively fulfill the requirements that can be put on a definition of IF as a field of research. Although the proposed definition aims to be precise, it does not fully capture the richness and versatility of the IF field. To address that limitation, we highlight some topics to explore the scope of IF, covering the systems perspective of IF and its relation to ma-chine learning, optimization, robot behavior, opinion aggregation, and databases., Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. For all other copying, reprint, or republication permissions, contact the Administrative Editor. Copyright© 2022 ISIF, Inc.

Athanasia Skriapa-Manta,1,2 Mattias Nilsson,1 Jan Svoboda,3 Monica Olsson,1,2 Maria Nilsson,4 Kristina Teär Fahnehjelm1,2 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 2Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Electrophysiology, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; 3Department of Paediatric Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; 4Unit of Optometry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenCorrespondence: Athanasia Skriapa-Manta, St Erik Eye Hospital, Eugeniavägen 12, Stockholm, 17164, Sweden, Tel +46 739 491 186, Email athanasia.skriapa-manta@ki.sePurpose: Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a common cause of visual impairment in children. Clinical complexity can cause diagnostic delay and difficulties predicting visual outcome. We evaluated whether optical coherence tomography (OCT) can improve the diagnosis and prediction of vision.Methods: Thirty-seven eyes with ONH from 12 girls and 8 boys, median age 10.5 years (range 2.8– 18.9 years), were included in this cross-sectional cohort study. The majority, 17/20, had bilateral ONH. Ophthalmological assessments included best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photography, measurement of the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL), macular ganglion cell complex (GCC), Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) and visual fields. We compared OCT parameters with comparison data collected on 140 healthy individuals 5 to 25 years old. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation of OCT parameters and BCVA.Results: OCT demonstrated thinner mean pRNFL (p < 0.001) and mean GCC compared to the reference material (p < 0.001). BCVA displayed a strong or moderate correlation to pRNFL and to all sectors of the GCC except the inferotemporal. BCVA correlated strongly to Bruch’s membrane opening (BMO) (0.71, p < 0.001), and moderately to the Zeki ratio (− 0.52, p < 0.001). Mult