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Robust progression through the cell-division cycle depends on the precisely ordered phosphorylation of hundreds of different proteins by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and other kinases. The order of CDK substrate phosphorylation depends on rising CDK activity, coupled with variations in substrate affinities for different CDK-cyclin complexes and the opposing phosphatases [1-4]. Here, we address the ordering of substrate phosphorylation by a second major cell-cycle kinase, Cdc7-Dbf4 or Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK). The primary function of DDK is to initiate DNA replication by phosphorylating the Mcm2-7 replicative helicase [5-7]. DDK also phosphorylates the cohesin acetyltransferase Eco1 [8]. Sequential phosphorylations of Eco1 by CDK, DDK, and Mck1 create a phosphodegron that is recognized by the ubiquitin ligase SCFCdc4. DDK, despite being activated in early S phase, does not phosphorylate Eco1 to trigger its degradation until late S phase [8]. DDK associates with docking sites on loaded Mcm double hexamers at unfired replication origins [9, 10]. We hypothesized that these docking interactions sequester limiting amounts of DDK, delaying Eco1 phosphorylation by DDK until replication is complete. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that overproduction of DDK leads to premature Eco1 degradation. Eco1 degradation also occurs prematurely if Mcm complex loading at origins is prevented by depletion of Cdc6, and Eco1 is stabilized if loaded Mcm complexes are prevented from firing by a Cdc45 mutant. We propose that the timing of Eco1 phosphorylation, and potentially that of other DDK substrates, is determined in part by sequestration of DDK at unfired replication origins during S phase.

This research will shed light here on the early beginnings of the carnival as a public ceremony in which everything turns upside down, and the sources from which Mikhail Bakhtin derives his theory of carnivalization. Bakhtin builds his theory on ancient celebrations which extend to late antiquity. Bakhtin discusses the historical origins of the Roman, Greek, and Egyptian festivals to illustrate that carnival celebrations go back to ancient pagan festivals. The influence of these festivities is immense in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. They were characterized by their popularity and so they were imitated by all people. The importance of the pagan festivities obligated the church to Christianize these celebrations to keep its followers away from these pagan feasts. Carnival celebrations have two faces, the reason which made these feasts as a challenge to authority and even the church. This is because during carnival world life becomes free from all regulations that exist in normal life and so the participants have the chance to reject the faults in society transgressing the laws and established norms. All people were allowed celebrate because it was a festive time which was protected by freedom and equality. In the Renaissance carnival, women were active participants and constituted a threat to the State which appeared in different aspects; social, religious, and political aspects. Bakhtin proves that carnival with its different origins and practices was an image of society which revealed the weaknesses of official life and even the religious cults were subjected to criticisms.

Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130–1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.

Information on temporal and spatial trends with regard to the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is often sparsely available. These trends may potentially help improve the design and focus of monitoring programs, give insights into new pathways and hotspots, and facilitate horizon scanning. We provide an overview of 215 marine and brackish water NIS recorded in The Netherlands. Temporal trends over the most recent three decades for taxonomic groups, species origin, introduction vectors, and water systems were analysed. We attempt to explain the observed patterns and discuss factors that hamper their explanation. A shift in the region of origin from Pacific to W Atlantic can potentially be linked to legislation prohibiting Pacific oyster imports, whereas a subsequent shift backwards cannot. Case studies illustrate that NIS may not be first detected in the water systems where they were originally introduced. Additionally, it is shown that changes in allegedly native species’ distribution or seasonal pattern should be linked to an introduced cryptic NIS instead. We also discuss the shortcomings of monitoring programs that were originally not focused on NIS, the importance of naturalists’ observations, and the added value of a more recent network that is focused on NIS detection in the coastal waters of The Netherlands.

PM2.5-bound trace elements were chosen for health risk assessment because they have been linked to an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Since the Korean national air quality standard for ambient particulate matter is based on PM2.5 mass concentration, there have only been a few measurements of PM2.5 particles together with trace elements that can be utilized to evaluate their effects on air quality and human health. Thus, this study describes the trace elements bound to PM2.5 in Seoul (urban area) and Seosan (rural area) using online nondestructive energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis from December 2020 to January 2021. At both the Seoul and Seosan sites, S, K, Si, Ca, and Fe constituted most of the PM2.5-bound trace elements (~95%); major components such as S, K, and soil (estimatedcalculatedcalculated based on oxides of Si, Fe, Ca, and Ti) were presumably from anthropogenic and crustal sources, as well as favorable meteorological conditions. During winter, synoptic meteorology favored the transport of particles from severely contaminated regions, such as the East Asian outflow and local emissions. The total dry deposition flux for crustal elements was 894.5 ± 320.8 µg m−2 d−1 in Seoul and 1088.8 ± 302.4 µg m−2 d−1 in Seosan. Moreover, potential health risks from the trace elements were estimated. Cancer risk values for carcinogenic trace elements (Cr, As, Ni, and Pb) were within the tolerable limit (1 × 10−6), suggesting that adults and children were not at risk of cancer throughout the study period in Seoul and Seosan. Furthermore, a potential risk assessment of human exposure to remaining carcinogens (Cr, As, Ni, and Pb) and non-carcinogens (Cu, Fe, Zn, V, Mn, and Se) indicated that these trace elements posed no health risks. Nevertheless, trace element monitoring, risk assessment, and mitigation must be strengthened throughout the study area to confirm that trace-element-related health effects remain harmless. Researchers and policymakers can use the database from this study on spatial and temporal variation to establish actions and plans in the future.

In England and Wales and some other common law jurisdictions barristers are required to take instructions, sent through the intermediary of a solicitor, in any case provided it is in a field in which they profess to practise (having regard to their experience and seniority), subject to their availability, and payment of a proper professional fee. This is known as the Cab Rank Rule. The origins of this professional rule are traced with certainty to the end of the 18th Century. An attempt is made to locate earlier manifestations of the principles upon which it was built involving examination of cases and other sources in the 17th and 16th Centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article re-examines a seminal moment of early Alice Springs history – the 1914 establishment of the Bungalow (Alice Springs' 'half-caste' children's home). It is commonly stated that the institution was created by Robert Stott in a moment of paternalistic kindness, to help the Arabana widow Topsy Smith and her seven children. However, a close reading of the records reveals that this story was fabricated and circulated to enshroud the illegal forced institutionalisation of the Smith family. In 1914 Stott's wife, Agnes, was on the verge of taking Robert Stott's children to Sydney, so they could receive an education. Robert Stott attained funding for a school in Alice Springs, provided it educate light-skinned Aboriginal children in the district. He erected a shed and interned the Smith family against their will, thereafter separating many other Aboriginal children from their parents. Originally, these removals were to populate the school, ensuring that Stott's family would stay together in Alice Springs. Stott went to trial for this act in 1917, but he escaped repercussions. In 1923, Baldwin Spencer transcribed a sanitised version of Stott's defence testimony, thereby sowing the commonly cited fallacy of Stott's paternal kindness into the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of nitriles as a key class of chemicals with applications across the sciences is widely appreciated. The natural world is an underappreciated source of chemically diverse nitriles. With this in mind, this review describes novel nitrile-containing molecules isolated from natural sources from 1998 to 2021, as well as a discussion of the biological activity of these compounds. This study gathers 192 molecules from varied origins across the plant, animal, and microbial worlds. Their biological activity is extremely diverse, with many potential medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In studying those issues that separate the Eastern and Western churches and prevent reciprocal eucharistic hospitality most attention is devoted to precise matters of doctrine that have become contested over time. This paper argues that there are larger issues of theological approach which prevent progress in dialogue and mutual understanding. While Westerners focus on history as the underpinning of doctrine, Easterners focus on eschatology as its “completion.” But both sides should note that neither approach can grasp the reality of ‘the present’ which is the moment of liturgical action. Noting these divergent perspectives may enrich dialogue; while acknowledging their respective limits may provide a way through the current impasse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a well-settled narrative, modern exemplary (or punitive) damages were first awarded in 1763 in two famous tort cases that arose from the publication of the controversial forty-fifth issue of the North Briton newspaper. Before these cases were decided, English juries only ever increased damages in aggravated tort cases to further compensate plaintiffs for various intangible injuries. This article presents a challenge to this narrative. It seeks to do so by systematically accounting for the place of 'aggravation' in the practice of litigating tort actions from the turn of the seventeenth century to the North Briton decisions. It shows that remedial judgments about how to respond to matters of aggravation in tort were fundamentally conceived as belonging to the jury's adjudicative province, and in which judges increasingly hesitated to interfere. Ultimately, this article contends there is sufficient evidence upon which to conclude that – within this province – pre-1763 juries increased the financial liability of aggravated tortfeasors according to diverse principles, not all of which purported to repair the full extent of a plaintiff's suffering. In select cases, juries may have applied punitive and exemplary principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are increasingly attractive in the food industry, resulting in an increasing demand for lipids from edible and non-edible sources. Conventional solvent extraction has drawbacks of low efficiency, long time, and large solvent consumption, and it can negatively impact the lipid quality such as oxidation due to long extraction time and high temperature. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) can overcome these shortcomings and has received more attention. Whereas, a comprehensive evaluation of ultrasound-assisted lipid extraction is not yet available. This review focuses on an in-depth understanding of ultrasound-assisted lipid extraction, including mechanisms, solvent systems, feedstocks, the impacts of ultrasound on lipid quality (constituents, antioxidant, stability and antibacterial properties), and ultrasound coupled extraction technologies (enzyme, hydrodistillation, microwave and supercritical fluid). The mechanisms of UAE involve cavitation effects, which can destroy cells and enhance mass transfer. Solvent plays a vital role in the extraction process. Different levels of ultrasonic energy release capabilities may occur in various solvents. UAE has good compatibility and is suitable for the treatment of materials from various origins including plants, microalgae, animals and fungi. UAE can improve extraction efficiency and lipid quality. Ultrasonic treatment has a positive influence on the composition, anti-oxidation, stability and antimicrobial properties. Ultrasonic coupled extraction technologies normally extract lipids more efficiently due to the synergistic effect. Therefore, according to current literature, UAE can occupy a very important position in the lipid extraction industry. • Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of lipids were reviewed and discussed. • The mechanisms of cavitation production and lipid extraction with UAE were illustrated. • The sources included plant, microalgae, animal and fungi. • Effects of UAE on the lipid quality were discussed. • Ultrasound-coupled extraction technologies for lipid extraction were reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Strategic basic research is a novel concept evolves along with the historical development and understanding of what constitutes as basic research. It evolves from the interactions among different communities and their changing practices, the management and new demand from the government, the changing relationship between public and scientific community and the changes of funding structures for science and technology. This paper first reviews the historical development and understanding of basic research so that to investigate how has the concept of strategic basic research evolved, and then it summarizes the international practices of management and funding of basic research in the USA, EU, and Japan so that to identify how they address the emerging need of strategic basic research in their own context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the origins, formation, and development of the scientific school of chemical physics and nanotechnology in Kazakhstan. The authors describe the achievements of a scientific school that is on par with the best of its kind locally and globally, adding new competitive results of practical relevance to the economic development of the country. The article also highlights the special role of the outstanding scientist Zulkhair Aimukhametovich Mansurov in the development of the methodological foundations of the scientific school, the targeted training of the scientific personnel in the priority areas of the development of Kazakhstani chemical physics, and the creation of nanoscale materials for multifunctional purposes. Also, the main principles of the philosophy of Mansurov's scientific school are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Sciences (22259732) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent scholarship has revised the traditional account of the origins of association football in Ireland, pointing to previously unacknowledged processes of diffusion independent of the developments in Ulster that were ultimately successful in establishing the code as a formally organised sport. This article completes this picture by presenting further evidence of early association football activity outside Ulster. It examines this activity in each of the provinces of Leinster, Munster and Connacht and analyses the types of teams that were involved. It concludes that the economic and social character of Ireland outside Ulster – in particular the lack of leisure time among the non-industrial working classes, combined with the earlier diffusion of rugby football to those classes who did enjoy leisure time, and the unwillingness of organisers to utilise Sundays – militated against the mass uptake of the code at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The origins of the monastery located in the town of Cabeceiras de Basto, in the Braga district of Portugal, have been the focus of historiographical debate. At the present time of this paper, there are two thesis in opposition about this question. One says that the origins are between the XI and XII centuries. The second thesis defends that the foundation took place during the VII century. In this paper, we want to present the document sources that are their substantiations, making, also, a critical analysis of the referred sources. Like this, we want to problematize and debate the merits and weaknesses of both thesis, while we leave some clues for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, the origins of International Political Economy (IPE) are set in the early 1970s. Supposedly, economics was neglected by internationalists before that time. The purpose of this article is to show that this was not the case, but that what IPE experimented during those years was its reactivation since it was a field of study present since the early 20th century. Through a revisionist historiographical study of Hobson's writings on imperialism, the article hopes to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the sub-disciplinary history of IPE at the same time that it seeks to lay the foundations for future research on other early 20th century internationalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Journal for Human & Social Studies is the property of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti is the property of Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba Jose Marti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract One of the most Indonesian popular food is rendang. In recent years, the popularity of this food goes upward to foreign countries after CNN’s polling in 2011, and 2017 placed rendang at the first number of the most delicious food in the world. Along this time, rendang is often associated with the culture of Malay and Minangkabau. Nevertheless, this research tries to trace the historicity of rendang and also the possibility of foreign culinary influences which shapes this Minangkabau’s food heritage. By employing the historical method supported with the reading of various primary sources, this article traces the trail of rendang and resulted fact findings related to foreign culinary influences in West Sumatra and also its development in becoming an Indonesian national food.

We have created a technology-based environment in an effort to control our world, but we need to understand that the biological forces that shaped us continue to play a role in our future. As more and more species go extinct because of human activity, we must learn how to reconnect with nature to fit in with the earth’s rhythm, not try to conquer it.

This article, based on a field study carried out jointly by a political scientist and a sociologist, seeks to understand how social bonds are preserved during migration thanks to digital communication. It covers the migrants’ need not to lose contact with their country of origin, and it also adresses intermediary figures. It examines the relation which young migrants who left their countries alone have with digital devices, without sacralising this relation.

Variability in cardiovascular spectra was first described by Stephan Hales in 1733. Traube and Hering initially noted respirophasic variation of the arterial pressure waveform in 1865 and Sigmund Mayer noted a lower frequency oscillation of the same in anesthetized rabbits in 1876. Very low frequency oscillations were noted by Barcroft and Nisimaru in 1932, likely representing vasogenic autorhythmicity. While the origins of Traube Hering and very low frequency oscillatory variability in cardiovascular spectra are well described, genesis mechanisms and functional significance of Mayer waves remain in controversy. Various theories have posited baroreflex and central supraspinal mechanisms for genesis of Mayer waves. Several studies have demonstrated the persistence of Mayer waves following high cervical transection, indicating a spinal capacity for genesis of these oscillations. We suggest a general tendency for central sympathetic neurons to oscillate at the Mayer wave frequency, the presence of multiple Mayer wave oscillators throughout the brainstem and spinal cord, and possible contemporaneous genesis by baroreflex and vasomotor mechanisms.

Trajectory inference is a common application of scRNA-seq data. However, it is often necessary to previously determine the origin of the trajectories, the stem or progenitor cells. In this work, we propose a computational tool to quantify pluripotency from single cell transcriptomics data. This approach uses the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network associated with the differentiation process as a scaffold and the gene expression matrix to calculate a score that we call differentiation activity. This score reflects how active the differentiation network is in each cell. We benchmark the performance of our algorithm with two previously published tools, LandSCENT (Chen et al., 2019) and CytoTRACE (Gulati et al., 2020), for four healthy human data sets: breast, colon, hematopoietic and lung. We show that our algorithm is more efficient than LandSCENT and requires less RAM memory than the other programs. We also illustrate a complete workflow from the count matrix to trajectory inference using the breast data set. • ORIGINS is a methodology to quantify pluripotency from scRNA-seq data implemented as a freely available R package. • ORIGINS uses the protein-protein interaction network associated with differentiation and the data set expression matrix to calculate a score (differentiation activity) that quantifies pluripotency for each cell.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in normal life activities and disease treatment. In recent years, there have been abundant relevant studies focusing on EVs for cancer therapy and showing good performance on tumor inhibition. To enhance the effectiveness of EVs, EV analogs have been developed. This review summarizes the classification, origin, production, purification, modification, drug loading and cancer treatment applications of EVs and their analogs. Also, the characteristics of technologies involved are analyzed, which provides the basis for the development and application of biogenic vesicle-based drug delivery platform for cancer therapy. Meanwhile, challenges in translating these vesicles into clinic, such as limited sources, lack of production standards, and insufficient targeting and effectiveness are discussed. With ongoing exploration and clinical studies, EV-based drugs will make great contributions to cancer therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ren, Zhang, Pang and Liu.)

An important question in consciousness research concerns its origins. In Julian Jaynes' book, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, he suggests that consciousness arose rather recently in human history, sometime between the composition of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Although Jaynes' work as a theory of consciousness has achieved a great deal of attention (and indeed criticism), what has not been widely noted is the prominent role of volition in his theory. In this article I hope to draw attention to these overlooked aspects of his theory, in particular the fact that volition is central to Jaynes' definition of consciousness and that it is changes in the nature of volitional experience that mark, for Jaynes, the emergence of consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most researchers associate the beginnings of phraseological studies with Charles Bally (1909) and Soviet studies, especially with V. V. Vinogradov (e.g. 1944; 2001 [1947]), and with English and German studies (e.g. Burger 1973; Rothkegel 1973). However, this article will show that phraseology actually has a centuries-long tradition, at least as far as some languages, including Italian, are concerned. For example, for the Spanish historical phraseological tradition it is worth mentioning Montoro del Arco (2012) and Olímpio de Oliveira Silva (2020). As the Spanish tradition has already been much studied, it will not be further investigated in this paper, although some Spanish "historical phraseologiae" have also been found (such as in the Italian-Spanish works by Franciosini 1620 and the plurilingual work by Pielat 1673). First, I will briefly show what "phraseology" means according to a modern conception, and what it meant originally. The development of the term is traced using some old rediscovered "phraseologiae", which also have relevance to phraseography and phraseodidactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to trace the origins of dual entry beyond a Eurocentric boundary. The aim can be refined further by asking: did the Chinese use dual entry and how did dual entry appear in Europe. Double entry is more advanced as it includes the location of the account in which the contra entry is made. Dual entry approaches accounting, like mathematics, as a tautology, whereby an equation is constructed from a simple axiom. Defined as such, this paper argues that the concept of dual entry had its earliest origins in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Silva Lusitana is the property of Unidade de Investigacao de Silvicultura e Productos Florestais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To be concerned with the age of the father engages several levels of reflection according to whether one questions the real father, the imaginary father or the symbolic father. As a psychoanalyst, it is this dimension of the symbolic father, which will hold my attention; it is the one, which conditions our psychic organization, namely the construction of our subjective identity, the affirmation of our sexual identity as well as our capacity to become a parent in our turn. Several questions are addressed here: is there an ideal age to be a father? How do we work on the question of origins, the desire for a child and transmission at a time when the law authorizes ART for all and when the claim of an infinite number of identity postures erected as new norms pulverizes the universal notion of the difference of the sexes, thus shaking one of the major foundations of our civilization? Faced with these paradoxical parentalities that he must accompany, what can be the positioning of the psychoanalyst?. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabic grammar is considered as one of the greatest Arabic sciences, its originality, the widest material, and its richest heritage. There is no doubt that the early founders of this science wanted to protect the Arabic language from melody and error .The Arabic grammar passed in the first Hijri centuries in various stages of construction and foundation. During this period, the ways of thinking of grammar scholars varied, and they gave us a number of opinions about different issues of grammar. This study focuses on highlighting the grammatical thought of Milanese. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of it is the merging between the theoretical and scientific variables in the study and analysis of the grammatical thought of Milanese. The research talked about the origins of grammar, the most important of these principles is the hearing and analogy, and It is known that these two origins are agreed upon, while there are different principles on them, such as consensus, Al-Sahaba and inference after analogues, and the inference that there is no evidence in the thing for its negation, extrapolation and approval.In this research, we try to confine ourselves to talk about the fundamentals of grammar contained in the commentary of al-Mughni in grammar by Al-Milani, since this research was divided into two topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are museums places about a community or for the community? This article addresses this question by bringing into conversation Jewish museums and Indigenous museum theory, with special attention paid to two major institutions: the Jewish Museum Berlin and the National Museum of the American Indian. The JMB's exhibitions and the controversies surrounding them, I contend, allow us to see the limits of rhetorical sovereignty, namely the ability and right of a community to determine the narrative. The comparison between Indigenous and Jewish museal practices is grounded in the idea of multidirectional memory. Stories of origins in museums, foundational to a community's self-understanding, are analyzed as expressions of rhetorical sovereignty. The last section expands the discussion to the public sphere by looking at the debates that led to the resignation of Peter Schäfer, the JMB's former director, following a series of events that were construed as anti-Israeli and hence, so was the argument, anti-Jewish. These claims are based on two narrow conceptions: First, that of the source community that makes a claim for the museum. Second, on the equation of Jewishness with a pro-Israeli stance. Taken together, the presentation of origins and the public debate show the limits of rhetorical sovereignty by exposing the contested dynamics of community claims. Ultimately, I suggest, museums should be seen not only as a site for contestation about communal voice, but as a space for constituting the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Framework legislation on climate change is coming of age. Ever more nation states and sub-state entities are passing Climate Change Acts (CCAs) – framework legislation that lays down general principles and obligations for climate change policymaking – and a number of early adopters are updating or replacing their initial legislation. This provides an opportune moment to bring together and move forward the scholarship on CCAs, examining where they have come from (their origins), how they work in practice (their dynamics), and what impacts they are having on the world and how it is organized (their consequences). The contributions to this Special Issue analyse the CCAs of Sweden, Mexico, New Zealand, Australian subnational governments, the UK, Denmark, Scotland and Austria as well as an unsuccessful attempt to introduce a Belgian CCA. Collectively, they add a wealth of new perspectives to the growing scholarship, identifying policy insights that can inspire further scholarship and future policy endeavours that can learn from these cases. The Special Issue contributions demonstrate that a number of contextual factors and elements of parliamentary process are important for successful passing of CCAs and/or high levels of ambition in the legislation itself. They highlight both the dangers and potential of policy fragmentation as dynamics of CCAs and the potential role for advisory bodies to shape these dynamics. Finally, consequences are identified in changes in political culture, parliamentary debate and the emergence of specific policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How children's understanding of emerging technologies originates is a critical, fundamental, and challenging research question. Placing this question in the history of human evolution and technology development, the present article uses a newly designed literature review method, focused rapid review, to synthesize three fields of research, developmental psychology, behavioral archaeology, and comparative primatology. The six highly cited empirical studies highlighted in the review demonstrate how infants understand simple artifacts, how ancient humans made, used, and understood stone technologies, and how non‐human primates make, use, and understand simple tools. The article concludes with a discussion of four implications for examining the origins of children's understanding of emerging technologies in a broader intellectual context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important question in consciousness research concerns its origins. In Julian Jaynes' book, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, he suggests that consciousness arose rather recently in human history, sometime between the composition of The Iliad and The Odyssey. Although Jaynes' work as a theory of consciousness has achieved a great deal of attention (and indeed criticism), what has not been widely noted is the prominent role of volition in his theory. In this article I hope to draw attention to these overlooked aspects of his theory, in particular the fact that volition is central to Jaynes' definition of consciousness and that it is changes in the nature of volitional experience that mark, for Jaynes, the emergence of consciousness.