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Film-forming emulsions were formulated by combining soy protein isolate (SPI) with two essential oils (cinnamon, C and ginger, G), and films were obtained by casting. Regardless of the oil type and amount, a narrow distribution of small particles was obtained. The oil type significantly affected the film’s mechanical properties. Films with ginger oil were less resistant and less stretchable than those with cinnamon oil (p

This paper describes the use of coal-oil agglomerates in flotation to increase the gold recovery from an ore containing fine gold particles. The effects of operating parameters on gold flotation recovery such as oil type, particle size of agglomerating material, agglomerate/ore and oil/ore ratios were investigated. The studies showed that petroleum oils are more effective than vegetable oils in oil agglomeration of Kozlu coal and coal-oil assisted gold flotation. Gold recovery can be increased using a higher amount of agglomerates in the process; however, gold grade of the flotation concentrates is reduced significantly. The use of bridging oil at high concentrations in the agglomeration process provides high-grade gold concentrates, but lower recoveries. The utilization of coarser coal particles in the coal-oil agglomeration stage leads to higher selectivity and recovery values for gold particles.

The region around the Karamay-Baikouquan (Ke-Bai) overthrust belt is the richest in hydrocarbon accumulation in the Junggar Basin. Previous research has indicated that oil in the region came from the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression to the northeast of the region, but the oil distribution around the Mahu Depression is remarkably uneven. Large amounts of oil have been found in the Ke-Bai overthrust belt to the west of the depression and only some small oilfields have been discovered in the eastern margin of the depression. This uneven distribution revealed that the oil source of the Ke-Bai region might not be from the Mahu Depression. The oil type distribution and the oil migration pattern revealed in this paper showed that there may be another oil source under the Karamay overthrust. Based on geochemical data, the oil was classified into two types from the sterane and terpane characteristics. Type A oil was mainly distributed in the Huwan area and blocks V and VIII of the Karamay Oilfield in the southern part of the region, while type B oil was mainly distributed in the Baikouquan Oilfield in the northern part of the region. In addition, oil migration pathways and direction were determined by the values of diasterane / regular sterane and C30 moretane / C30 hopane ratios. It is shown that the oil of Huwan area on the hanging wall of the overthrust was mainly charged along the overthrust fault surfaces and then migrated to the west, whereas the oil in blocks V and VIII on the foot wall of the overthrust came from the Mahu Depression in the east. As a result, there may be at least two hydrocarbon source kitchens in the study area. The hydrocarbons in the blocks V and VIII on the footwall of the overthrust belt and in the Baikouquan Oilfield mainly came from the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Depression, and the hydrocarbons in the Huwan area on the hanging wall of the overthrust belt may come from another hydrocarbon source kitchen below the overthrust. This recognition indicates that there is substantial exploration potential in the deep Carboniferous strata on the hanging wall of the overthrust belt.

This study focused on attempts to use traction oil as a wheel/rail lubricant. Traction oil is a recently developed lubricant material, and is thought to provide a higher traction coefficient than conventional lubricating oil. In laboratory tests, a traction coefficient of 0.14 was obtained for traction oil, and the relationship between traction coefficients and slip rates was found to depend mainly on the oil type. It was also clarified that the anti-wear properties of traction oil could be controlled using a certain quantity of anti-wear additive. It has been proved that traction oil is promising as a wheel/rail lubricant, but further efforts are required to clarify the related effects on other significant factors such as lateral force.

RAPDs and ISSRs were used as molecular markers and combined with the chemical analysis of the volatiles, aiming at characterizing Thymus caespititius from the islands of Corvo, Flores and Graciosa (Azores). Thirty-one individuals were analyzed using 17 RAPD and 11 ISSRs primers, which generated respectively 199 and 127 polymorphic scorable bands. Volatiles were isolated by distillation–extraction and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Molecular data obtained from both markers discriminated assessments from Corvo and Flores which clustered separately from plants collected in Graciosa. Volatile data grouped plants in a similar way, giving rise to two groups, depending on their oil type; plants collected on Corvo and Flores yielded carvacrol-rich volatiles while those from Graciosa yielded both carvacrol and α -terpineol-rich oils.

Apsheron bentonite has been treated with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce a modified form, which has been examined for the treatment of spent compressor oil type KM-40. The modified bentonite is better at treating the oil than the natural material. Physicochemical studies have shown that its surface bears acid centers, which participate in the treatment.

Oil analysis is the main condition monitoring technique for reciprocating machinery maintenance and fault diagnosis. The object of this research was to choose and to investigate the best oil for Dump Truck HD325-5, used for transportation of minerals, by oil condition monitoring. This was achieved by analysing different oil samples after use in Dump Truck HD325-5. The oil analyses were initially carried out at regular intervals during life. A series of tests were then conducted during the operating hours of the machine. Oil samples were regularly collected. Numerical data produced by oil analyses were compared with those from another sample in order to quantify the effectiveness of the results of oil condition monitoring technique. The results from this article have enhanced understanding on the dependent and independent roles of oil analyses in predicting which oil is more suitable for a machine in working condition.

To improve the understanding of the influence of oil type and of oil saturation on foam stability and foam generation, core flooding experiments have been performed using three different North Sea oils. The experiments were performed using two surfactants – an alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and a fluorinated surfactant (FS-500) – both with and without oil. The dynamic foam stability has been compared with results from static foam tests. Foam was generated by both surfactants in all core flooding experiments both with and without oil. The experiments showed that the surfactants generated foam with similar strengths and stability in both dynamic foam experiments and static foam tests without oil. In the core flooding experiments with residual oil saturation, the AOS surfactant generated weaker foam than that of the FS-500 surfactant. Foam generation with the FS-500 surfactant in core flood experiments seemed independent of the presence of residual oil saturation with respect to foam strength. Foam propagation was significantly delayed, however, in the presence of oil. AOS generated foam with differing foam strengths for the different crude oils in the core flooding experiments. Interestingly, the AOS surfactant showed more rapid foam propagation with, than without residual oil present in the core. The correlation between the static and dynamic foam experiments was poor for the AOS surfactant.

New versions of the Duval triangle for equipment filled with mineral oil are proposed for load tap changers of the oil type, equipment filled with non- mineral oils, and for low-temperature faults where stray gassing of oils may interfere with diagnostics.

Objetivou-se analisar a influência da adição de níveis crescentes de óleo de soja e canola sobre os índices de desempenho e qualidade interna e externa dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais semipesadas da linhagem Bovans Goldline durante cinco períodos de 28 dias. Foram utilizadas 280 aves com 18 semanas de idade, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 2 × 3 + 1 (dois tipos de óleo e três níveis de óleo mais um testemunha adicional) com cinco repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de óleo de soja e de canola não alteraram o consumo de ração, os pesos dos ovos, de albúmen, de gema e de casca, as porcentagens de albúmen, de gema e de casca e a gravidade específica dos ovos. Houve influência significativa da interação tipo × nível de óleo sobre a produção de ovos e a conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos. Com o aumento do nível de óleo de soja, os resultados obtidos para estas variáveis melhoraram, entretanto, a conversão por massa de ovo piorou com o aumento dos níveis de óleo de canola. A adição de óleo de soja promoveu desempenho melhor que o obtido com óleo de canola.

The objective of this work was to determine the contents of fatty acids, squalen and triglycerides and the values of some spectrophotometric parameters in a representative number of samples of refined seed oil (sunflower and soybean), refined olive pomace oil and extra virgin olive oil and to attempt the detection of possible contaminations and/or adulterations of the virgin olive oil with seed oils or residue olive oil from the differentiating parameters of each oil type was carried out. The K 270 value and the sum of the percentages of the trans-linoleic and trans-linolenic isomers allow for detection of the presence of 10% refined residue olive oil in extra virgin olive oil. The detection of 1% and 2% sunflower and soybean oils respectively, in extra virgin olive oil was possible through theΔECN42 values and the percentages of the sum of the isomeric trans-linoleic and trans-linolenic. The three adulterations made (1%, 2% and 10% refined sunflower oil, refined soybean oil and refined olive pomace oil, respectively, in extra virgin olive oil) were correctly differentiated by applying discriminant analysis techniques using ΔECN42, ΔK and the sum of the translinoleic and trans-linolenic isomers as variables.

Presently, close to 2 billion tons of oil is transported annually via international marine oil network. The increasing number of ships, especially bigger ones, has brought a sense of heightened concern to countries living in or close to these maritime corridors. Specifically, the concern is that of a major oil spill. The devastation caused by a major spill is always relative - to the amount, oil type, weather conditions, and most especially the area of impact. Coastal communities are especially vulnerable and those that have been hit by large spills, like in the Philippines, have borne the brunt of its force to its livelihood, resources and habitat. And most often than not, especially in remote areas, they are at the frontlines of combating the spill, whether it be clean up or other response strategies. The problem is that local communities are rarely formally integrated into the response planning framework such as in oil spill contingency plans. With more than half the world'S population living along or near the coastline, this is a valuable human resource that is untapped. The Alaska Oil Spill Commission report entitled ‘Spill: the Wreck of the Exxon Valdez’ recognized the vital role of local interests, local knowledge and experience in the response effort and suggested that ‘substantive roles should be given to the affected communities in any response system.’ The aim of this paper is to examine the current practices worldwide through case studies of how local communities are assimilated into the response frameworks and how these best practices can be formulated into practical guidelines that can be implemented effectively.

Acquisition of oil samples from the reservoir prior to oil production is essential in order to design production strategies and production facilities. In addition, reservoir compartmentalization and hydrocarbon compositional grading magnify the necessity to map fluid properties vertically and laterally in the reservoir prior to production. Downhole fluid analysis (DFA), performed in situ in the oil well, helps optimize this fluid mapping process. However, for heavy oil reservoirs drilled with water based muds, fluid mapping has been largely precluded due to the formation of stable water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsions, which add significant complexity to sample acquisition and which can preclude standard DFA measurements. Here, fluorescence measurements are shown to be dependent on oil type but independent of the state of emulsion even at very high water fractions. Thus, downhole fluorescence measurements can be used to perform hydrocarbon fluid mapping in the reservoir. The sensitivities of fluorescence and optic...

BACKGROUND: There is a need for frying oils with reduced trans fatty acid content and increased oxidative stability. This study was conducted to measure and compare frying oil quality parameters, namely colour, viscosity, free fatty acid (FFA) content and dielectric property, and to investigate changes in properties of mixtures of fully hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated canola oils during deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets. Proportions of hydrogenated oil to non-hydrogenated oil used in the study were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%. Chicken nuggets were fried at 190 °C. The relationships among quality parameters, frying time and oil type were investigated. RESULTS: Frying time and oil type had significant effects on all properties. First-order kinetic equations were used to represent changes in colour, viscosity and FFA content. The rates of change of viscosity and FFA content were higher in non-hydrogenated oil, whereas the rates of change of colour were similar in the different oils. Increasing the level of hydrogenated oil in the mixture resulted in only slight changes in quality parameters. CONCLUSION: Quality parameters, namely colour, viscosity, FFA content and dielectric property, of frying oil are significantly affected by frying time and hydrogenation level. Frying oil quality and stability can be adjusted by mixing hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated oils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Twenty-eight samples of mericarps of Perilla frutescens var. frutescens were collected through fieldwork performed in Phongsali and Xieng Khouang provinces in northern Laos. No perilla samples were collected from Savannakhet province in the south although more than 20 sites were investigated. Perilla plants are mostly grown mixed with dry-paddy rice by slash-and-burn cultivation in Laos. The most popular local name for perilla mericarps in the area was "Ma Nga Chan". Weight of 1,000 grains and hardness of the mericarps were measured, and all mericarps were found to be large (weight of 1,000 grains around 2 g) and soft (limit load weight under 300 g), which were preferred for culinary use in Laos. The composition of the essential oils obtained from the herbaceous plants raised from the mericarps was divided into five types, perillaketone, elemicine plus myristicine, shisofuran, piperitenon, and myristicine, and GC-MS analysis of these Laotian perilla samples showed that they were similar to those of corresponding types of known Japanese perilla strains. One of the shisofuran-type perilla contained large amounts of putative alpha-naginatene, which is likely to be an intermediate of the biosynthesis of naginataketone. The farmers' indifference to the oil type of the leaf seems to leave Laotian perilla as a good genetic resource for studies of the biosynthesis of oil compounds.

Extra virgin olive oils from different regions of Italy, both made in artisan manner and industrially produced, were analyzed by means of multi-angle and multi-wavelength absorption spectroscopy in the visible spectral range, and were then compared with other edible oils. A multivariate processing of the spectral data produced maps of oils clustered according to oil type and geographic origin.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of the frying medium and temperatures on fat content and texture of French fries. The material taken for the study consisted of seven types of vegetable oil: refined sunflower, rape, soy, olive oil, palm, partially hydrogenated rape oil (modified oil I) and a blend of vegetable oils (modified oil II). The French fries prepared from Asterix potato variety were fried at oils heated to 150, 160, 170, 180 and 190 °C. The length of frying (12, 10, 8, 6.5 and 4.5 min, respectively) depended on oil temperature. Fat content and the texture of French fries were determined. The type of frying medium significantly affects the texture of French fries. Temperature influenced both the fat content and texture of product. The increase of frying temperature decreased fat uptake and hardness of French fries. French fries fried in rape oil exhibited the most delicate texture and the lowest oil absorption when compared with French fries fried in other types of oil under investigation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

Different forestry hydraulic oils were used as model compounds for evaluating the applicability of the respirometric BOD Oxitop method in following the progress of biodegradation of oils in ground water. It is obvious that the biodegradability values of substances depend on the measurement medium used. In this study the same ground water was used in all the ground water experiments. It was observed that the biodegradability of hydraulic oils is dependent on the oil type, being faster for bio oils than for mineral oils. The rate of biodegradation of used hydraulic oils was slower than that of corresponding new oils. All the experiments show that the respirometric BOD Oxitop method is a good and reasonable method for monitoring the biodegradability of oils in water, and the method is independent of the biology and composition of the measurement medium. No changes to the equipment are necessary if conditions are changed. Because the method needs only one sample for measurement, and monitoring of the pressure...

In December 2000, laboratory tests were conducted at Hamburgische Schiffbau Versuchsanstalt (HSVA) to investigate the process of oil spreading in cold waters with broken ice. A total of 20 tests was carried out. In each of them, oil was poured on the water surface. Oil spreading and floe motion were closely monitored by video cameras and the pictures were analysed to find how different parameters influence the oil spreading. The following parameters were varied: floe motion, ice concentration, slush concentration and oil type. It was found that spreading rates decreased for increasing ice concentrations, but the effect was small for ice concentrations below 20–30%. The presence of slush strongly reduced the spreading, so that the effect from varying the ice concentrations was reduced. Increased motion in the ice cover resulted in increased spreading rates, and this effect was especially pronounced in the presence of slush.

Twenty one accessions of vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, sterile, oil type) and Khus (V. zizanioides, fertile, non-oil type) were analyzed by the use of random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Nineteen of the accessions clustered strongly around the cultigen, Sunshine. Three accessions, Khus, Northern India, Kassel, Germany, and Guang Dong, China clustered loosely and were not closely related to the sterile oil producing vetivers. Thirteen of the vetiver accessions were grown in test plots in Florida, USA, Nepal and Portugal. The largest growth was recorded in Nepal, followed closely by Florida and by the cooler, Mediterranean site in Portugal. No single genotype (DNA cultivar) grew best in every plot. Oil yields (% oil/dry wt.) were highest in Nepal and Portugal. Oil yields ranged from 0.29% to 9.61%. Essential oil production (g/plant) was highest in Nepal and Florida and ranged from 0.02 to 4.17 (g/plant). Analyses of variation among the major compounds is discussed.

Fifty-one oils from ten fields in the Western Niger Delta were analyzed for their C7 hydrocarbon contents. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were used to discriminate the oils into four sets which were distinct in all the seven variables used in the cluster analysis. Methylcyclohexane and toluene were the most important discriminating variables. In spite of this separation into four sets, all the oils were found to exhibit a high six-ring preference (6RP). The distribution of C7 hydrocarbons in the oils indicated that two of the eleven fields are homogenous in terms of oil type, whereas the rest are not.

Oil, refined product, and pyrogenic hydrocarbons are the most frequently discovered contaminants in the environment. To effectively determine the fate of spilled oil in the environment and to successfully identify source(s) of spilled oil and petroleum products is, therefore, extremely important in many oil-related environmental studies and liability cases. This article briefly reviews the recent development of chemical analysis methodologies which are most frequently used in oil spill characterization and identification studies and environmental forensic investigations. The fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques discussed include oil spill identification protocol, tiered analytical approach, generic features and chemical composition of oils, effects of weathering on hydrocarbon fingerprinting, recognition of distribution patterns of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil type screening and differentiation, analysis of "source-specific marker" compounds, determination of diagnostic ratios of specific oil constituents, stable isotopic analysis, application of various statistical and numerical analysis tools, and application of other analytical techniques. The issue of how biogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons are distinguished from petrogenic hydrocarbons is also addressed.

To effectively determine the fate of spilled oil in the environment and to successfully identify the source(s) of spilled oil and petroleum products is extremely important in many oil-related environmental studies and liability cases. This article briefly reviews the most recent developments and advances of the gas chromatography-based technologies that are most frequently used in oil-spill characterization and identification studies. The effects of oil weathering on the chemical composition features and changes of spilled oils in the environment are also addressed. The fingerprinting and data interpretation techniques discussed include recognition of distribution patterns of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil type screening and differentiation, analysis of “source-specific marker” compounds, determination of diagnostic ratios of specific oil constituents, and application of various statistical and numerical analysis tools.

This paper is a review of the major findings from laboratory studies and field trials conducted in Norway in recent years on the emulsification of oils spilled at sea. Controlled bench-scale and meso-scale basin experiments using a wide spectrum of oils have revealed that both the physico-chemical properties of the oils and the release conditions are fundamental determinants of the rate of emulsion formation, for the rheological properties of the emulsion formed and for the rate of natural dispersion at sea. During the last decade, several series of full-scale field trials with experimental releases of various crude oils have been undertaken in the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. These have involved both sea surface releases, underwater pipeline leak simulations (release of oil under low pressure and no gas) and underwater blowout simulations (pressurized oil with gas) from 100 and 850 m depth. The field trials have been performed in co-operation with NOFO (Norwegian Clean Seas Association for Operating Companies), individual oil companies, the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) and Minerals Management Services (MMS). SINTEF has been responsible for the scientific design and monitoring during these field experiments. The main objectives of the trials have been to study the behaviour of different crude oils spilled under various conditions and to identify the operational and logistical factors associated with different countermeasure techniques. The paper gives examples of data obtained on the emulsification of spilled oil during these field experiments. The empirical data generated from the experimental field trials have been invaluable for the validation and development of numerical models at SINTEF for predicting the spreading, weathering and behaviour of oil released under various conditions. These models are extensively used in contingency planning and contingency analysis of spill scenarios and as operational tools during spill situations and combat operations. � 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Since at least 1992, state and federal trustees have struggled to deal with episodic “mystery” spills that have impacted thousands of seabirds and compromised hundreds of miles of California coastline. In November 2001, another of these mystery events spurred the United States Coast Guard (USCG), state, and federal trustees to initiate a cooperative response and investigation. As impacts from the same oil type continued into January, it soon became evident that this oil most probably stemmed from a submerged source and not transient vessels. By February 2002, a source was identified for this and many of the previous mystery spills —the 1953 wreck of the cargo ship SS Jacob Luckenbach, fully fuelled and laden with materials for the Korean War effort. The vessel now sits in 176 feet of water, 17 miles off San Francisco Bay in the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. The Luckenbach itself is an historic resource, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) 16 U.S.C.470 et seq and the National Marine Sanctuary Act (NMSA) 16 U.S.C. 1431 et seq. as amended by Public Law 106–513. The wreck rests in one of the most biologically productive regions of California, home to countless sensitive resources including several listed species, and is within a series of marine protected areas. The Unified Command (UC) comprised of USCG, California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) and other state and federal agencies, were faced with an unusual set of challenges. First, finding accurate historical information about the vessel and its cargo, determining liability, and coordinating salvage and recovery operations complicated by both historical and ecological trustee issues during the Sanctuary's most biologically active and sensitive season. NOAA's National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) played a particularly strong role in this response. Linked closely to the UC through NOAA's Scientific Support Coordinator, NMSP provided invaluable support in determining possible sources - engaged knowledgeable local divers in the process, located key historical documentation about the wreck, tracked down original owners and hull insurers, and assisted in the coordination of input from all trustees. Closely integrated coordination was a key factor in preparing for and determining the outcome of this response.

The influence of salinity on the characteristics of oil droplets stabilized by mineral particles (oil-mineral aggregates – OMA) was studied in the laboratory using three different oils and a natural sediment. Size and concentration of oil droplets associated with negatively and positively buoyant OMA were measured by image analysis using epi-fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that the median droplet size increases rapidly from about 5 μm at zero salinity to double at salinity close to 1.2 ppt; decreases dramatically to about 5 μm at salinity 3.5 ppt and then increases slightly to 6 μm at the seawater salinity. The concentration of oil droplets also increases sharply when the salinity increases from zero to a critical aggregation salinity Scas, after which it stabilizes at its maximum value. The concentration of mineral-stabilized droplets is strongly affected by oil type at any salinity. When normalized to its maximum value, the concentration of droplets correlates well with normalized salinity S/Scas. A relationship is derived to predict the effect of salinity on the concentration of mineral-stabilized droplets. Size distributions of oil droplets follow similar trends, but their magnitudes depend on salinity and oil type. Self-similarity in droplet size distributions was shown when the data were plotted using normalized variables N/Nt and D/D50, where N is the number of droplets of diameter D, Nt is the total number of droplets and D50 the median size of the droplets. With these normalized variables, oil droplet size distributions measured in this study and those measured in field and laboratory under various conditions by different investigators fit the same curve regardless of the formation conditions of the droplets. A function is derived to calculate normalized cumulative size distributions of oil droplets.

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the use of trajectory modeling to estimate financial impacts of oil spills, including natural resource damages, response costs, and socioeconomic costs, as well as an opportunity to examine how spill size, oil type, response strategy, and probabilistic trajectory factors impact costs. The inclusion of NRDA, response, and socioeconomic costs in the modeling allows for an assessment of the relative proportion of NRDA costs to response and socioeconomic costs to further support the findings of past studies that refute the myth that NRDA costs are the overriding factors in most spill cases. The study demonstrates the overall financial and NRDA benefits of dispersant use. Estimated total bio-economic costs for oil spill scenarios involving four oil types and three spill sizes for two locations in San Francisco Bay, were modeled. Assuming present-day mechanical-only response, total costs range from $30 to $520 million. Estimated total bioeconomic costs would be reduced to $11 to $113 million if dispersants were used with high effectiveness. Dispersant use would reduce response costs, and if used effectively, could reduce NRDA and socioeconomic damages substantially, as both of these costs are driven by the amount of surface and shoreline oiling.

Using the method of polyfraction extraction, the oil, spiritus and water extractions from the Izabella grape seeds were received by means of hexane taking out, the emulsion crème of the water/oil type on that base was developed. The treatment effect of emulsion crème on the thermic and chemical burnings was determined in the experiment. During the primary cosmetology trial the emulsion crème was effective for removal and prevention of wrincklies.

Background: Palm oil contains a high amount of saturated fat compared with most other vegetable oils, but studies have reported inconsistent effects of palm oil on blood lipids. Objective: We aimed to systematically review the effect of palm oil consumption on blood lipids compared with other cooking oils using data from clinical trials. Methods: We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for trials of at least 2 wk duration that compared the effects of palm oil consumption with any of the predefined comparison oils: vegetable oils low in saturated fat, trans fat‐containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and animal fats. Data were pooled by using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Palm oil significantly increased LDL cholesterol by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.13, 0.35 mmol/L; I 2 = 83.2%) compared with vegetable oils low in saturated fat. This effect was observed in randomized trials (0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.42 mmol/L) but not in nonrandomized trials (0.03 mmol/L; 95% CI: 20.15, 0.20 mmol/L; P-difference = 0.02). Among randomized trials, only modest heterogeneity in study results remained after considering the test oil dose and the comparison oil type (I 2 = 27.5%). Palm oil increased HDL cholesterol by 0.02 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.01, 0.04 mmol/L; I 2 = 49.8%) compared with vegetable oils low in saturated fat and by 0.09 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11 mmol/L; I 2 = 47.8%) compared with trans fat‐containing oils. Conclusions: Palm oil consumption results in higher LDL cholesterol than do vegetable oils low in saturated fat and higher HDL cholesterol than do trans fat‐containing oils in humans. The effects of palm oil on blood lipids are as expected on the basis of its high saturated fat content, which supports the reduction in palm oil use by replacement with vegetable oils low in saturated and trans fat. This systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO registry at http://www.crd.york. ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.asp?ID=CRD42012002601#.VU3wvSGeDRZ as CRD42012002601. JN utr doi: 10.3945/jn.115.210575.

This paper analyzes the impact of deep-fat frying options on the nutritional profile of fried plantain-based products by using the SAIN, LIM system. 23 nutrients and 4 disqualifying compound including acrylamide were used to calculate SAIN and LIM scores. Experimental data for heat, mass transfers and reactions modeling were from previous studies. The options of the frying were oil type, micronutrient-enrichment or not, thickness of final product, frying temperature and number of baths. Frying turned plantain from neutral food to positive or negative categories as a function of process variables. The most impacting parameters were the oil type (SAIN and LIM scores of crisps varied by 6.5 and 7.5-fold respectively) and product thickness assimilated with the final oil content (LIM scores increased by 5-fold from 6% to 33% final fat content). Acrylamide increased LIM scores by 2 to 11-fold in crisps while the use of oils enriched with b-carotene impacted the SAIN scores by 10-20%. The best trade off process time/nutritional score was obtained for thick products (fat content

The potential of nanoemulsion delivery systems to carry silybin from silymarin extract was studied. To this purpose, sunflower oil, extra virgin olive oil and castor oil were used to prepare silymarin loaded nanoemulsions. The effect of oil type on the silybin solubility and i n vitro bioaccessibility was evaluated. Moreover, the changes in particle size, silybin concentration, oxygen consumption and hydroperoxide concentration were studied in nanoemulsions during storage at 20 °C. Results showed that silybin can be successfully incorporated into physically stable nanoemulsions prepared with the different oils. The oil type slightly influenced the silybin in vitro bioaccessibility, while it affected the nanoemulsion particle size as well as silybin stability during storage. In particular, silybin underwent degradation, showing lower stability in extra virgin oil and sunflower oil than in castor oil. Results also showed that the presence of the silymarin extract containing silybin did not affect the oxidation kinetics of the carrier oils.

The relative influence of oil type and temperature on the characteristics of oil droplets stabilized by mineral particles (oil–mineral aggregates––OMA) was studied in the laboratory. OMA were generated by shaking eight different oils under two temperatures with natural mineral fines in seawater at a pre-defined energy level. Shape, mean and maximum sizes, size distribution and concentration of oil droplets forming negatively buoyant OMA were measured by image analysis using epi-fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that oil droplets are, on average, spherical regardless of oil composition and temperature. Non-spherical “elongated” oil droplets form more at 20 °C than at 0 °C. Droplet shape and size were not correlated to oil viscosity. The concentration of oil droplets decreased rapidly with oil viscosity, temperature and asphaltenes–resins content (ARC). When normalized with ARC, mass concentration of oil droplets correlates well with oil viscosity, regardless of experimental temperature. A model was proposed to calculate mass of oil dispersed by OMA as a function of oil viscosity and ARC. Size distributions of oil droplets follow similar trends, but their magnitudes depend on oil type and temperature. A function was derived that describes all the data when size distributions were presented in a normalized form N / N t = f ( D / D 50 ), where N is number of droplets of diameter D , N t is the total number of droplets and D 50 the mean size of the droplets.

The physical appearance of oil was investigated in three types of oil-contaminated sediment: (1) natural harbour sediment, (2) laboratory samples of sediment prepared by simulating the natural oil–sediment interaction processes and (3) laboratory samples of spiked sediment prepared by direct mixing of large volumes of oil and sediment. Microscopic observations show the possible presence of three oil phases in the sediment: (1) distinct oil droplets, (2) oil coating on sediment particles and (3) ‘oil patches’. Through quantitative investigations, it was concluded that the division of oil in the different phases is affected by the oil–sediment interaction processes, oil type, and oil concentration. As far as the droplet phase is concerned, these processes and parameters also influence the droplet size distribution.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as a surface sizing agent of paper sheets. This report deals with the penetrability of PVA into the paper sheet structures. For paper sheet surface-sized by PVA, the PVA distribution in the paper sheet affects paper properties and printing qualities. Therefore, it is important to obtain information on the PVA distribution. However, the PVA distribution in paper sheet cannot be observed exactly by conventional methods. In the present study, we apply a new technique by combining the FIB method with EPMA after iodine labeling of PVA to the paper sheet, in order to obtain exact information on the interaction between the substrate structure and PVA. This novel technique enable us to clearly observe the distribution of PVA that has penetrated into the paper structure. Furthermore, we found that the difference in the distribution of PVA that penetrated into the paper structure influenced the liquid permeability of the oil type ink applied to the paper sheet.

The influence of deep-frying using different oils and temperatures on carotenoid content and physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of carrot chips was investigated. Sliced carrots were steam-blanched, cooled, soaked in 0.2% sodium metabisulfite, and deep-fried in canola, palm, or partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSO) at 165, 175, or 185 degrees C. Frying temperature, but not oil, significantly (P < 0.05) affected the alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and total carotenoid contents. Oil type significantly (P < 0.05) influenced all color values. Increasing temperature lowered the redness value, which correlated with decreased carotenoid content, color darkening, and decreased hardness value. Trained panelists detected no differences among oil types in crispness, sweetness, odor, and acceptability. The best carrot-chip product was that fried in PHSO at 165 degrees C.

The effect of frying conditions on the colour changes during deep fat frying of french fries has been investigated. The Hunter colour scale parameters redness, yellowness and lightness were used to estimate colour changes during frying as a function of the main process variables (oil temperature, oil type and sample thickness). A first-order kinetic equation was used for each one of the three colour parameters, in which the rate constant is a function of the main process variables. The results showed that oil temperature and thickness of potato strips have a significant effect on the colour parameters, which are not affected by the use of hydrogenated oil in the frying medium.

Two experiments were conducted: Expt 1 determined the optimal allowance of vitamin E in the diet for broiler chicks aged 0–3 weeks; Expt 2 investigated the effects of different dietary levels of vitamin E (α-tocopherol) on the performance and the oxidative stability of thigh meat of broiler chicks during storage. In Expt 1, 1-day-old 900 broiler chicks were allocated to five treatments, each with six replicates (cages) of 22 as-hatched chicks for performance evaluation, and another cage of 45 male chicks for determining plasma and hepatic α-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration in blood and liver. The basal dietary α-tocopherol concentration was 13 mg/kg, and the five α-tocopherol acetate supplementation levels were 0, 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg. For 0–3-week-old broiler chicks fed with maize–soya bean meal–soya oil type diet, supplementation of vitamin E did not influence the feed intake, but tended to improve growth and feed utilization, however there was no significant correlation between performance and vitamin E supplementation level. Significant positive correlations existed between dietary supplemental vitamin E level and plasma or hepatic α-tocopherol concentrations (P

A relationship between moisture loss and oil adsorption with frying time during deep fat frying of french fries has been developed. A first order kinetic equation was used, in which the rate constant is a function of the main process variables (oil temperature, sample thickness and oil type). This model was applied to a wide range of experimental data and its parameters were estimated using non-linear regression analysis. The results showed that oil temperature and thickness of potato strips have a significant effect on oil uptake and moisture loss of french fries, while the use of hydrogenated oil in the frying medium does not affect mass transfer phenomena.

While preference for fat can be influenced by concentration and physical form, the influence of fatty acid composition on relative preference for oils has not been systematically investigated. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to assess the relative preference for oils rich in oleic (Extra Light Olive Oil and Extra Virgin Olive Oil) and linoleic (Safflower Oil) acid. Male Fischer rats (n = 10) were used to determine preference in a two-choice testing procedure in which three pairs of oils were each tested twice. Preference testing occurred at dark onset at which time the rodent diet and water were removed and each rat was allowed 2-h access to his assigned pair of oils. There was a main effect of oil type (p

The aim of this work was to obtain high calorific value products from coal fines cleaning wastes by agglomeration with vegetable oils. These residues are mainly being disposed of in dumps, causing important economic and environmental problems. Three Spanish coal fines wastes from different coal cleaning plants were agglomerated with crude and refined sunflower and soybean oils over a wide range of oil concentrations. The response of these fines wastes to agglomeration with the oils, was evaluated by the percentages of coal matter recovery, ash rejection and efficiency index. Speaking in terms of products quality, the best results were attained at the lowest oil concentrations, especially when the refined ones were used. In these cases, the agglomeration with vegetable oils allowed the recovery from coal fines wastes of a ready to burn fine coal fuel.

Oil sources characterized of increasing viscosity and polarity (flax-seed oil, sunflower oil, extra virgin olive oil, triolein, castor oil) were gelled by using mixtures of β-sitosterol and γ-oryzanol (5, 10 and 20 % w/w). The gelling time, thermal properties as well as structure characteristics were determined. As the oil viscosity increased the gelling time increased. The effect of oil type resulted more evident as the structurant concentration decreased. Samples containing 5 % of the most viscous and polar castor oil did not gelled over the entire experiment. When gels were formed, the firmness of samples decreased in concomitance with modifications of thermal data as the oil viscosity increased. During storage at 20 °C the gels became stronger as consequence of the progression of the aggregation among sterol-sterol ester assemblages. Once again, less structurants were in the mixture more evident was the influence of oil type. These results were attributed to the increase of the difficulty of β-sitosterol and γ-oryzanol molecules to pack together as the oil viscosity increased.

The purpose of this study was to develop a water/oil microemulsion containing lidocaine hydrochloride (4%) and to compare its local anaesthetic efficacy with commercial products. A pseudoternary diagram (K-m: 1/1 or 1/2) was constructed using lecithin/ethanol/oil/water. The droplet size, viscosity and release of the microemulsions were evaluated. Tail flick tests were conducted for in vivo effectiveness; the initiation time of effect, maximum effect, time to reach maximum effect, and relative efficacy were evaluated. The drug caused a significant increase in droplet size. The use of olive oil resulted in a decrease in the solubilisation parameter, as well as a reduction in the release. The droplet size and viscosity of the microemulsion composed of Miglyol/lecithin/ethanol/water/drug (K-m: 1/2) was lower than other microemulsions (8.38 nm, 6.9 mPa), and its release rate (1.61 mg/h) was higher. This system had a faster and more efficient anaesthetic effect than the other microemulsions and commercial products. Results indicate that a water/oil type microemulsion (Miglyol/lecithin/ethanol/water) has promising potential to increase the local anaesthetic effect.

A study of the efficacy of in-situ burning (ISB) as a response tool for oils transported in Alaska has been partially completed. The first phase of the work involved laboratory burn tests to determine, with four oils, the limits to ignition imposed by evaporation and emulsification. Tests were also conducted to determine the effectiveness of chemical emulsion breakers in extending the ignition limits. The results demonstrate that the combination of evaporation and emulsification can severely curtail the ignition of slicks of the oils, but that application of an emulsion breaker can significantly extend the window of opportunity for ISB. Both the limits to ignition and the effectiveness of the emulsion breaker addition were found to be dependent on the oil type; oil-specific testing is required to ascertain the potential effectiveness of ISB and emulsion breaker addition. The second phase of the study comprised a series of burn tests with Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude in waves. For untreated slicks, burn efficiency and burn time both decreased with increasing wave energy; burn rate and the amount of residue increased with increasing wave energy. These effects were most pronounced for the thicker slicks and heavily weathered oil and emulsion. The application of a commercially available emulsion breaker permitted the successful burning of otherwise unignitable ANS emulsion slicks in waves. The results showed that mixing energy, either from mechanical agitation or from wave action, was necessary for the emulsion breaker to be effective. The most significant result was the successful burning in waves of a weathered 60% water ANS emulsion following the addition of a 1:500 dose of emulsion breaker with mixing energy imparted to the slick only by wave action.

This paper provides a classification system for describing and quantifying floating oil slicks. Simple, easy-to-remember descriptors and numerical values are used to establish standard terminology for the physical properties of an oil slick. Such terms and their numerical correlations are used to establish “codes” by which important descriptive parameters can be abbreviated. Such codes include oil type (i.e., groups I-V), oil geometry (i.e., area and shape), and oil condition (i.e., percent coverage, average thickness, nature of coverage, and percent emulsification). A brief sequence of such codes can provide a standardized “characterization” of an entire oil slick and any internal areas of significant difference. A unique surface distribution factor (SDF) is also provided for a broad range of possible volume/area relationships. Characterized by commonly observed slick geometry and condition factors, each surface distribution factor corresponds to an estimated “volume-per-unit-area” value. Combined with areal coverage rates (i.e., “area-per-unit-time” values) for various dynamic response systems, the SDF provides a rapid estimate of potential volume control rates for specific systems on a given slick. The classification scheme could simplify and standardize procedures used by observers during surface and aerial reconnaissance efforts; it could reduce the time and space needed to document such observations; and it could simplify verbal communications between spotter aircraft and vessels, between vessels, and between field operations and onshore/command groups.

A summary of shoreline cleanup case studies in Norway is presented. Six spills, spanning more than two decades, are reviewed in terms of spill size, oil type, shoreline type, extent of oiling, cleanup techniques that were used, and lessons learned. This evaluation is based on situation reports, follow-up studies, and papers. The lessons learned and recommendations for improving the current response practices are discussed in terms of recent advances regarding current state of knowledge in oil spill behavior and cleanup techniques. These issues are addressed with reference to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority's stated aim to strengthen shoreline cleanup response capabilities in Norway.

The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of using vegetable oils for coal agglomeration. Three Spanish anthracites were agglomerated with refined sunflower and soybean oils. The response of coals to agglomeration with these oils was evaluated by measuring the percentages of organic matter recovery and ash and pyritic sulfur rejections. The influence of oil type and concentration on agglomeration results was investigated. In addition, results were compared with those previously obtained in the agglomeration of these coals with n-heptane. It can be concluded that refined sunflower and soybean oils are suitable for use as agglomerants for these high-rank coals, especially to clean those coals with a high content of mineral matter.