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We aim to evaluate the application of several responsible metrics in publications from University Medical Centers (UMCs) in Germany. This protocol outlines how we plan to assess the specificity of a previously developed, semi-automated approach to identify UMC-specific publication sets. The outcome of these specificity checks will inform potential adaptations to our approach to identify UMC-specific publication sets.

This is the registration for the scoping review on the fear of falling literature. This scoping review has not been registered before.

This project will be a scoping review related to workplace violence against paramedic personnel

We are trying to understand how people with Parkinson's watch emotionally expressed dance and whether music plays a role in their perception of movement.

Introduction The management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is complex and multi-factorial. There has been growing recognition for the importance of patient-centred care using Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) to provide a standardised method of obtaining patients’ outlook on their functional status and wellbeing. Objective This study aims to address the management of patients diagnosed with DM, by conducting a systematic review of studies investigating the measurement properties of PROMs for DM and evaluating their methodological quality and level of evidence Methodology A systematic review guided by the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement will be conducted to identify all studies investigating the measurement properties of PROMs for DM. The methodological quality of all included studies from the systematic literature review will then be assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist, and the results used to determine the overall evidence of each PROM. Impacts Currently, no systematic reviews have summarised PROMs for DM in general. A systematic review of the measurement properties of PROMs for DM would assist clinicians and researchers in selecting appropriate and high-quality PROMs for use in practice and research.

Sensor technology that is tailored to the medical needs of patients might overcome the current barriers and gaps in healthcare by providing remote assistance in monitoring, controlling, and treating OA-related chronic pain and nociception (Papi, Cheatle, Kirsh, and McCarberg, 2015). However, at present it is currently unclear what physiological parameters correlate to pain/nociception, and of which can be included into a smart device to monitor pain/nociception in an OA population. Harnessing smart technology is the next step in the optimisation of personalised and precision medicine in patients with chronic OA-related pain. The objective of this study is to perform a scoping review on wearable sensor technology that can be used to assess physiological measures of pain or nociception. The findings from this scoping review will then inform device design relevant to monitoring nociception in an OA population. Review question: Have wearable sensor technology been used to assess physiological measures of pain and nociception? If so, what biomarkers can be used to assess pain/nociception in individuals with OA?

A randomised controlled trial to assess if reminding peer reviewers of the most important SPIRIT items will improve the reporting quality in published study protocols.

A scoping review was conducted to identify relevant literature on the food environment and immigrants in high-income countries; in order to understand the current knowledge, literature published in English on a scientific database between 01 January 2007 to 09 April 2020 was eligible for inclusion. Three electronic databases (EMBASE, PubMed and Web of Science) were used as primary search sources. A scoping review was conducted in order to systematically map the research in the area and to identify gaps in the knowledge. The aim was to understand and characterize the interactions between the food environment and immigrant populations from low- and middle-income countries living in high-income countries.

This scoping review will summarize the published biomedical literature on the relationship between exposure to natural elements (e.g., view of nature from a window, presence of real/artificial plants and vegetation, natural sounds, etc.) on patients' in-hospital course.

Citizen engagement (i.e., partnering with members of the public in research) is required by funding organizations worldwide. While frameworks and guidelines on citizen engagement exist, it is unclear how citizen engagement can be best utilized, measured, or evaluated. We propose a scoping review to synthesize the state of knowledge on methods to incorporate and evaluate citizen engagement in research.

This is the protocol of the systematic review.

Holmes and Rahe published the Social Readjustment Rating Scale in 1967 (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). There have been a number of updates since the original SRRS was first published (Hobson & Delunas, 2001; Hobson et al., 1998; Miller & Rahe, 1997; Muhlenkamp, Gress, & Flood, 1975). However, the most recent of these is already 20 years ago, and therefore a further update appears timely. The primary aim of the current study is to update the SRRS without fundamentally changing the scale to ensure that studies based on the original SRRS can be compared with studies that use this update. The secondary aim is to collect data from younger adults (18 – 35yrs) specifically to assess whether it might be suitable to administer the SRRS across all adult ages, perhaps with weightings adjusted by age band (young vs. middle-aged, vs older adults). This may be of use for researchers.

We will assess the publicly available registry information, including historical records, of a sample of clinical trials conducted in Germany between 2009 and 2017. We aim to provide a thorough overview of the state of outcome switching from the first trial registration to the results publication and spin related to primary outcomes in results publications. Specifically, we will assess the extent to which trials show changes of outcomes in the registry entry (within-registration changes) after study start, the extent to which trials show primary outcome changes between their last registry entry before publication and the respective publication, and how changes to the outcome are reported in the respective publication. Additionally, we will determine spin in the reporting of outcomes, specifically focusing on outcomes without nominal statistical significance. We will also explore to what extent all these practices are interlinked, as well as their determinants and the timepoints of changes. In addition, the results of this analysis will contribute to a clinical trial transparency dashboard that informs individual German University Medical Centers about their performance in registration and reporting.

This is a registration for a scoping review protocol that aims to describe the consent models used in Canadian ICU and PICU studies during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to the consent model(s) used in each study prior to the pandemic

To examine how and what phenomena are being explored in original phenomenology research conducted in diagnostic radiography.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes and the main cause of kidney failure in developed countries. Clinically, DN is usually treated by controlling blood sugar and blood pressure. According to reports, the application of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor antagonist can only target a certain stage of disease development. However, the application of Suoquan Pills (SQP) in traditional Chinese medicine has produced obvious clinical effects and minor side effects. It is used to treat DN and other diseases, but there is no systematic review of SQP in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. This article reviews the effectiveness and safety of SQP in the treatment of DN. Methods: The database sets the registration date for randomized controlled trials (RCT) to March 25, 2021. By searching the following eight Chinese and English electronic databases: Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Science Net, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biomedical Literature Database. Chinese scientific journal database and Wanfang database for analysis. The main results are clinical efficacy, urinary albumin excretion rate, symptom score and quality of life. Finally, Stata 15 was used for meta-analysis. Results: This study will provide the latest evidence for SQP in the treatment of DN in the following aspects: clinical efficacy, urinary albumin excretion rate, quality of life, symptom score. Conclusion: The results of this study will provide evidence for evaluating the effectiveness of SQP in the treatment of DN.

This is the final protocol for a systematic review aiming to identify factors that increase the risk of femoroacetabular impingement in occupational settings. The original protocol (registration DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/542AC) was submitted under the same title: Factors that increase the risk of developing femoroacetabular impingement in occupational settings. Amendments to the original are outlined in the document attached.

Chronic non-cancer pain is defined as being longer than 3-6 months duration or beyond the time required for normal tissue healing after acute injury. Chronic pain encompasses a collection of syndromes that are associated with negative effects on functional status and quality of life. Due to its staggering prevalence and direct impacts on physical disability, psychosocial dysfunction, and addiction, chronic pain has been deemed a public health crisis. One of the greatest challenges in managing chronic pain is the complexity of its pathophysiology and variety of etiologies. Chronic pain is thought to arise from such mechanisms as stimulation of nociceptors, lesions or diseases of the somatosensory nervous system, or increased central nervous system (CNS) sensitivity to incoming afferent information. Prospective evidence suggests that enhanced knowledge of pharmacotherapy related to pain pathophysiology may lead to better management options and treatment outcomes. Some evidence suggests cortical disinhibition involving the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie various etiologies of chronic pain. Pharmacotherapeutics targeting these mechanisms have shown some success managing symptoms in persons experiencing chronic pain. However, in humans there is little direct evidence to help guide chronic pain manipulation due to the general inability to directly visualize the CNS, as well as a paucity of biological markers (“biomarkers”) that reflect chronic pain’s pathophysiology. One proposed biomarker for assessing CNS neurophysiology underlying chronic pain is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). TMS has been used to study the human CNS in healthy participants and various disease states, as well as in response to CNS-altering interventions. Nevertheless, there has been little cumulative evidence on the use of TMS in chronic pain. Some work has synthesized literature involving TMS as a biomarker in specific pain disorders such as myofascial pain syndrome, while others have discussed putative mechanisms related to TMS and chronic pain. However, no work has summarized the evidence from TMS studies across multiple etiologies of chronic pain. We thus aim to conduct a scoping review to synthesize the evidence related to TMS and chronic non-cancer pain. The proposed work will: 1) identify available evidence for TMS as a biomarker in chronic pain; 2) clarify neurophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain, as identified by TMS; and 3) identify knowledge gaps with reference to TMS and chronic pain, such as pain syndromes for which there is little or emerging evidence.

Musculoskeletal disorders are responsible for a substantial disability burden over the life course and consumes considerable healthcare services. Epidemiological research has identified back and neck pain as major causes of disability in adolescents, and in up to a quarter of cases there are impacts on school or physical activities. Moreover, musculoskeletal disorders during the early years of life may have health implications in adulthood. Long-term health and well-being is shown to be closely linked with the level of education and literacy. Health literacy is described as the individuals’ motivation and ability to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in ways which promote and maintain good health. Health promoting attitudes, beliefs and behaviors emerge in early life phases. Thus, addressing health literacy related to musculoskeletal health disorders from an early age may be a promising investment in the health and well-being in adolescence as well as later in life. As most youths attend school, school is an important arena for developing and delivering health literacy interventions focusing on musculoskeletal health with school physiotherapists as relevant contributors. However, health literacy among adolescents is a relatively new field of research with limited previous evidence, and health literacy related to musculoskeletal disorders even more so. In order to target adolescents’ musculoskeletal health literacy efficiently through school-based initiatives, it is important first to identify their health literacy strengths and limitations. The planned project will answer to this knowledge gap by providing information that is imperative for development of standardized research-based interventions, but also have immediate value to practicing school physiotherapists through increasing their understanding of adolescents’ musculoskeletal health literacy. This project will respond to the need of increased knowledge of musculoskeletal health literacy in adolescents. More specifically, the study aims to: - review the extent, range and nature of research on musculoskeletal disorders and health literacy among adolescents

Randomised Pilot and Feasibility Studies (PAFS) aim to assess uncertainties in trial design before proceeding to a future definitive Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT). The process for making the progression decision following an external randomised pilot trial should be built into the study design from the early protocol development and funding application stages. The progression decision will often include the assessment of formal progression criteria (to determine how the results of feasibility will be interpreted). This review of progression criteria stipulated in recent National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research for Patient Benefit (RfPB) funding applications will identify how researchers conducting external randomised pilot and feasibility trials plan to determine whether a future definitive RCT is feasible. NIHR RfPB applications have been chosen for review because the programme is known to fund feasibility research, including external pilot and feasibility studies, to support applications for major awards (i.e. for definitive RCTs) to other funders. In addition, current RfPB guidance on applying for feasibility studies (v2.0, Feb 2021) stipulates that applications should include a a clear route to RCT (e.g. progression criteria) in the research plan of RfPB funding applications. This review will contribute towards wider research investigating the current use of progression criteria in external randomised pilot and feasibility trials, and the process for deciding whether to proceed from pilot trial to future definitive RCT.

The goal of the present study is to investigate how information on an analgesic therapy affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Moreover, we want to investigate whether recognition memory performance for therapeutic information affects the evaluation of recollected pain episodes. Therefore, the subjects are instructed to recall a moderate and severe pain episode from memory and evaluate pain intensity, suffering from pain and pain interference in relation to the recollected pain episodes. Subsequently, the subjects receive one of four different types of information on analgesic therapy. This therapeutic information varies in terms of (1) the likelihood of receiving an analgesic (high/low confidence) and (2) the potency of the analgesic (high/low potency). Afterwards, the subjects shall re-evaluate the recollected pain episodes, however, this time accounting for the therapeutic information they just have received. In order to measure the effect of recognition memory performance for therapeutic information on the pre-post changes in pain ratings, a Remember-Know-task with items from the therapeutic information on analgesic therapy is assessed at the end of the experiment.

In July 2020, The California Health Care Foundation (CHCF) Innovation Fund engaged The West Coast Consortium for Technology & Innovation in Pediatrics (CTIP) and the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) Innovation Studio in a project to identify evidence-based strategies to increase diversity Among funded health tech founders, with the ultimate goal of creating a set of recommendations to support the CHCF Innovation Fund investing in more Black, Latinx, and female founders. This landscape analysis presents an overview of existing interventions from around the world intended to address the lack of diversity among funded health tech founders by looking at both healthcare and analogous industries. For the purpose of this landscape analysis, diversity, equity & inclusion (DEI) is focused on Black, Latinx and female founders. Corresponding Author: Juan Espinoza, jespinoza@chla.usc.edu

Background: The extended embryo culture using single-step medium gained popularity in clinical in vitro fertilisation (IVF). However, there are concerns about the degradation of unstable medium components and their negative effects on the developing embryos. Further, dry-incubation can increase osmolality, which can in-turn enhance the concentration of constituents of the media and their stability. Hence, this study was conducted to understand the immediate changes in the culture media metabolites in relation to clinically comparable situations such as single-step extended embryo culture and use of dry and humidified-incubation in two-different gaseous conditions. Methods: Commercially available single-step medium was sham-cultured in droplets under oil in two different conditions viz. dry (37°C; 6%CO2; 5%O2) and humidified (37°C; 6% CO2; atmospheric O2) for 0h, 72h, and 120h intervals. Droplets were subjected to the sensitivity-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based profiling using 800 MHz NMR equipped with a cryogenically cooled micro-coil (1.7mm) probe. Metabolomic signatures between the two groups were comprehensively assessed. Results: A total of ten amino acids and four energy substrates were identified from the culture medium. Metabolite levels showed a non-significant increase in the dry-incubation group at 72h and then declined at 120h. Humidified incubation had no effects on the level of the metabolite until 120h. No significant differences in the levels of metabolites were observed between the dry and humidified-groups at various time-points tested. Conclusions: A non-significant variation in the levels of metabolites observed in the dry-incubation of single-step medium most unlikely to influence a clinical outcome. However, the impact of these subtle changes on the (epi)genetic integrity of the embryos in a clinical set-up to be addressed.

This meta-research study aims to quantify the prevalence of reporting of criteria of good clinical practice and transparent research practices among full-length clinical trials published in orthopedics and sports medicine journals. Therefore, articles representing clinical studies published in the top 25% journals in the "orthopedics and sports medicine" category will be screened and assessed with regard to pre-specified criteria.

A scoping review assessing the prevalence of adverse event terminologies may facilitate the choice of the terminology programs by trialists, researchers, and clinicians in the absence of legal mandates for reporting about harms from research studies. No scoping review to date has assessed the types and prevalence of medical terminologies in use for RCTs, observational studies, and other sources describing drug interventions. Our results will add to the literature a description of utilized adverse event terminologies to provide researchers and trialists a summary of adverse event terminology sources and diseases described by them to inform journal editors and funding bodies to the multiple choices of adverse event terminologies, which can present a bias.

We conducted an extensive search of the PubMed/ Medline and the Cochrane Database using the following terms: Enhance Recovery After Surgery combined with pelvic floor reconstructive surgery and urogynecology. Related articles from the latest two decades up to May 2021 were scanned for relevance. We applied no restriction to region, publication type or article language. The reference lists of all eligible published articles were cross-checked, and any additional studies identified were included in the review. Since this study is a review, it did not require Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Our objective is to determine and summarize the interventions of an ERAS protocol targeted for urogynecological patients that would result in optimization of their surgical experience and higher patient satisfaction

This study examines health research funder policies for guidance on selecting journals in which to publishing funded research

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common symptomatic, inflammatory and immunological disorder of nasal mucosa results from allergen exposure triggered IgE response. Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis varies according to different factors like genetic constitution, racial differences, socio-economic conditions, chances of exposure to different allergens, sex, growth stages. AR shows high prevalence among developed countries. AR is managed with first and second anti histamines (56%), intra nasal corticosteroids (25%) and mast cell stabilizers (19%). Prolonged usage of these medications is necessary in beating the disease as far as the recurrence is concerned. This may lead to numerous serious health hazards. Studies have shown that negative effects of sedative anti-histamines last to the succeeding day disturbing the day time performance. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis has done a lot of research, the effect is significant. There are no SR or protocol on heat-sensitive moxibustion therapy for allergic rhinitis. Therefore, research on it is needed.

This project intends to connect PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/) records with their eventual publications to assess how many registrations are published and the time taken to submit for publication. This will be used to assess how prospective registrations were. We will also assess whether changes were made to the eligibility criteria of these studies in the time shortly before submission or during the peer review process.

The purpose of the current study is to examine the clinical relevance of Tai Chi on pain and physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis.

Increasing body temperature (Tb) prior to swimming can be beneficial for performance. However, previous studies reported controversial data regarding the effect of pre-swim peak Tb and its dynamics during the transition phase on swimming performance. Moreover, some scientific data suggest that temperature alone could not be responsible for the optimization of performance. Therefore, in the present meta-analysis we want to investigate the effect of pre-swim Tb and its changes on the performance of swimmers.

This review examines the reporting and the influence of conditions in which preclinical glioblastoma in vitro cell line research takes places. We focus on the common U87 cell line model where we defined about 15 parameters like cell line authentification and details on culture media. In the course of this we will analyse if possible differences in these parameters lead to differences in the outcome of cell growth - once in the response to temozolimde (standard of care therapy of glioblastoma) and secondly in the growth without pharmacologic intervention. Our aim is to identify relevant parameters which could be responsible for insufficient reproducibility and to improve the preclinical brain cancer research with these findings.

The objective of this systematic review will be to determine whether the cone beam computed tomography and the additional information provided by it have an impact on the selection of the implantation site in relation to two-dimensional radiographs and whether they can influence the mini-implant treatment plan. The search will be carried out in databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scielo. Clinical studies performed on humans or dry skulls that compare CBCT with other imaging tests will be included in mini-implant planning. Two reviewers will independently evaluate the titles and abstracts of all articles. Subsequently, all articles in full text of studies considered eligible for inclusion will be obtained and analyzed. Disagreements will be resolved between two reviewers and when consensus cannot be reached, a third author will be consulted. The methodological quality of each study will be critically reviewed using the QUADAS-2 tool.

A qualitative evidence synthesis of the experiences of midwives who have worked in continuity of carer teams since 2017

This is a scope review. Objective: Mapping and characterizing scientific productions and identifying the gaps of knowledge about ageism directed to the old people in health services. The scoping review will be conducted according to the methodology of the Joana Briggs Institute for target reviews.The search strategy will be applied in the PubMed Portal (NLM/NCBI), scientific electronic library online digital library (SCIELO) and in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), CINAHL (EBSCO) and PsycINFO, Ageline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science Collection databases. The search for grey literature will be carried out through: Theses Capes; Cybertesis Repositorio de Tesis Digitalis; DART-Europe E-theses portal; Scientific Repositories of Open Access of Portugal (RCAAP); The Online Knowledge Library.

It is known that some individuals greatly reduce or even quit drinking prior to the initiation of a scheduled treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). It is unclear how patterns of drinking prior to inpatient treatment predict post-treatment outcomes. We propose to conduct a latent class analysis of drinking patterns in the 4 months prior to residential AUD treatment and investigate how these classes relate to post-treatment alcohol use and problems.

Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

This is a cross-sectional study of the risk of bias and reporting quality of RCTs, systematic reviews and meta-analyses in paediatric pain research.

We aim to map current presentation approaches for evidence summaries in SRs with NMA. For this purpose, we will give a summary of the applied presentation formats in a representative sample of scientific publications for the period 2020-2021. We will describe these presentation formats (both graphical and tabular) with a focus on three domains: 1) How are estimates of effects presented, across benefits and harms? 2) How is certainty of the evidence evaluated and reported? 3) How the comparison between treatments displayed to the user?

Introduction Clinical prediction models (CPMs) aim to estimate the probability of an event or clinical condition by identifying a pre-defined set of indicators (e.g., patient characteristics, laboratory values) (Cowley 2019, Zhou 2019). Their main purpose is to assist healthcare professionals and decision-makers in making diagnostic, prognostic, and ultimately therapeutic decisions during the care of a population/patients (Cowley 2019). CPMs that aim to predict the probability of a future outcome are termed prognostic, and their impact on patient-important outcomes, healthcare professional behaviour and/or cost is assessed by an impact analysis (Steyerberg 2019). The development of such models is predicated on the assumption that clinical judgment/intuition will prove inferior to any proposed mathematical model. Evidence, some from long ago, exists suggesting that this is indeed the case: any statistical model will provide predictions superior to those from clinical judgment (Ægisdóttir 2006. Dawes 1989, Grove 2000). Other authors have, however, provided evidence that heuristics – intuitively developed rules of thumb - can be more accurate than statistical models (Gigerenzer 1999). Indeed, in 2015, authors of a systematic review comparing diagnostic clinical prediction rules (CPRs) against physicians’ clinical judgment reported that diagnostic CPRs were rarely superior to clinical judgment, with a trade-off between the false positive and negative rate (Sanders 2015). Understanding the extent to which CPMs consistently have better statistical properties than clinical judgment can help inform decisions regarding model adoption in clinical practice. Existing empirical research has compared the performance between prognostic CPMs and clinical judgment, however, there is no evidence synthesis available to fully synthesize the scope of this field. In order to understand this phenomenon, we will conduct a systematic review of studies that compared the performance of prognostic CPMs against the clinical judgment of the same study participants. Clinical judgment/intuition is commonly suggested as inferior compared to any mathematical model. Evidence, some from long ago, exists suggesting that any statistical model will provide predictions superior to those from clinical judgment (Ægisdóttir 2006. Dawes 1989, Grove 2000). Other sources have found that heuristics -a models for human reasoning- can be more accurate than statistical models (Gigerenzer 1999). In 2015, authors of a systematic review comparing diagnostic clinical prediction rules (CPRs) against physicians’ clinical judgment reported that diagnostic CPRs were rarely superior to clinical judgment, with a trade-off between the false positive and negative rate (Sanders 2015). Understanding whether CPMs have better statistical properties upon clinical judgment is a useful step during their implementation in the clinical setting. Existing empirical research has compared the performance between prognostic CPMs and clinical judgment, however, there is no evidence synthesis available to fully synthesize the scope of this field. In order to understand this phenomenon, we will conduct a systematic review of studies that compared the performance of prognostic CPMs against the clinical judgment of the same study participants.

This is a scoping review title registration. There are no previously existing registrations for this title.

This project will investigate the methodological approaches taken in the development of lists of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM).

The purpose of this review is to summarise the best available recent evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions for preventing or reversing pre-frailty and frailty in community dwelling adults aged 65 and over. This review also aims to explore the feasibility of interventions in terms of cost effectiveness, acceptability, and adherence.

Systematic review taking gamification and technology into account when designed to fit the job of medical practitioners.

Pharmacoepidemiologic studies of fracture risk are subject to biases common to all observational studies, and exposure- and outcome-specific study design guidance can be particularly helpful. Several recent publications have examined type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) medication effects on fracture risk using healthcare administrative data sources. Focusing on a specific medication class, such as those to treat T2DM, as a case study is a strategic way to map the application of observational studies that examine prescription drug effects on fracture risk. Among observational studies of fracture risk and T2DM medications, this scoping review will: summarize populations and time periods studied, exposure and outcome definitions, comparator groups, potential confounders and mediators considered, and statistical methods used. The results of the scoping review will inform a guidance document on best practices to employ in the study of medications on fracture risk.

Scoping Review Protocol

This preregistration describes a qualitative research study protocol that forms one component of a larger Medical Research Council funded DPhil at the University of Oxford.

The aim of the present scoping review is to summarize and evaluate the current state of evidence regarding the effects of evening/nocturnal light exposure on acute melatonin suppression in children and adolescents. To our best knowledge, this will be the first review to summarize this field of research. The evaluation of strengths and weaknesses of earlier studies hopefully contributes to an optimization of future research.

Background: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an emerging tool in physical medicine and rehabilitation which shows tremendous promise as a therapeutic modality for addressing a wide range of symptoms and functional impairments associated with chronic disease and disability. Although the standardized application of this tool is still in its nascence, there is growing demand for information related to SCS among the general public. Objective: This scoping review aimed to identify and assess web-based information regarding the use or application of SCS for the treatment or management of health conditions and symptoms. Methods: A systematic search was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s methodology for scoping reviews. Google Trends was used to identify the top trending, worldwide search queries (i.e., keyword terms) within a specified time frame (February 02, 2012 to February 02, 2022). From these results, “spinal stimulator” was identified as the top queried term. After entering this term in the 4 most widely used search engines (Google, Baidu, Yahoo, and Bing), information on SCS found on primary websites within the first two pages of returned results were assessed. Results: One hundred and three websites were identified for the term “spinal stimulator” (Google=30, Baidu=20, Yahoo=29, Bing=24). After duplicate removal, 46 unique primary sites were identified. Primary sites were scientific resources (n=5), non-profit (n=8), for-profit (n=17), news/media (n=3), independent/blogs (n=3), or peer-reviewed journal articles (n=10). Linked sites (n=55) with additional resources were also identified. Conclusions: Publicly available web-based information on the use of SCS mainly targets people with chronic pain. 29 websites described epidural SCS exclusively but did not describe any contraindications. Our preliminary search results suggest that more than half of all websites curating information on invasive (i.e., epidural) SCS did not describe potential risk factors and harms associated with these procedures. This review is currently on-going.

Regular physical activity has significant benefits for health, including improviment in muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness, bone and functional health, and reduce the risk of comorbities. On the other hand, insufficient physical activity level is one of the leading risk factors for global mortality. Digital health interventions are a very promising option to help adults to overcome geographic and physical barriers to increase physical activity levels. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of digital health interventions to improve physical activity levels in adults.