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Two FGF4 retrogenes on chromosomes 12 (12-FGF4RG) and 18 (18-FGF4RG) contribute to short-limbed phenotypes in dogs. 12-FGF4RG has also been associated with intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Both of these retrogenes were found to be widespread among dog breeds with allele frequencies ranging from 0.02 to 1; however, their additive contribution to disease is unknown. Surgical cases of IVDD (n = 569) were evaluated for age of onset, disc calcification, and genotypes for the FGF4 retrogenes. Multivariable linear regression analysis identified the presence of one or two copies of 12-FGF4RG associated with significantly younger age at first surgery in a dominant manner. 18-FGF4RG had only a minor effect in dogs with one copy. Multivariable logistic regression showed that 12-FGF4RG had an additive effect on radiographic disc calcification, while 18-FGF4RG had no effect. Multivariable logistic regression using mixed breed cases and controls identified only 12-FGF4RG as highly associated with disc herniation in a dominant manner (Odds Ratio, OR, 18.42, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 7.44 to 50.26; P < 0.001). The relative risk for disc surgery associated with 12-FGF4RG varied from 5.5 to 15.1 within segregating breeds and mixed breeds. The FGF4 retrogene on CFA12 acts in a dominant manner to decrease the age of onset and increase the overall risk of disc disease in dogs. Other modifiers of risk may be present within certain breeds, including the FGF4 retrogene on CFA18.

Combining 13 years of satellite measurements led to the discovery of 300 global hotspots of atmospheric ethylene (C2H4). They are found to be linked to heavy industries and megacities, and are currently misrepresented in emission inventories.

Abstract Background The Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) infection prevalence in Cameroon has decreased from $$5.28\%$$ 5.28 % in 2004 to $$2.8\%$$ 2.8 % in 2018. However, this decrease in prevalence does not show disparities especially in terms of spatial or geographical pattern. Efficient control and fight against HIV infection may require targeting hotspot areas. This study aims at presenting a cartography of HIV infection situation in Cameroon using the 2004, 2011 and 2018 Demographic and Health Survey data, and investigating whether there exist spatial patterns of the disease, may help to detect hot-spots. Methods HIV biomarkers data and Global Positioning System (GPS) location data were obtained from the Cameroon 2004, 2011, and 2018 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) after an approved request from the MEASURES Demographic and Health Survey Program. HIV prevalence was estimated for each sampled area. The Moran’s I (MI) test was used to assess spatial autocorrelation. Spatial interpolation was further performed to estimate the prevalence in all surface points. Hot-spots were identified based on Getis–Ord (Gi*) spatial statistics. Data analyses were done in the R software(version 4.1.2), while Arcgis Pro software tools’ were used for all spatial analyses. Results Generally, spatial autocorrelation of HIV infection in Cameroon was observed across the three time periods of 2004 ( $$MI=0.84$$ M I = 0.84 , $$p-value < 0.001$$ p - v a l u e < 0.001 ), 2011 ( $$MI=0.80$$ M I = 0.80 , $$p-value < 0.001$$ p - v a l u e < 0.001 ) and 2018 ( $$MI=0.87$$ M I = 0.87 , $$p-value < 0.001$$ p - v a l u e < 0.001 ). Subdivisions in which one could find persistent hot-spots for at least two periods including the last period 2018 included: Mbéré, Lom et Djerem, Kadey, Boumba et Ngoko, Haute Sanaga, Nyong et Mfoumou, Nyong et So’o Haut Nyong, Dja et Lobo, Mvila, Vallée du Ntem, Océan, Nyong et Kellé, Sanaga Maritime, Menchum, Dounga Mantung, Boyo, Mezam and Momo. However, Faro et Déo emerged only in 2018 as a subdivision with HIV infection hot-spots. Conclusion Despite the decrease in HIV epidemiology in Cameroon, this study has shown that there are spatial patterns for HIV infection in Cameroon and possible hot-spots have been identified. In its effort to eliminate HIV infection by 2030 in Cameroon, the public health policies may consider these detected HIV hot-spots, while maintaining effective control in other parts of the country.

Background & aim: Today, the production of effluents containing medicinal compounds, including tetracyclines, is one of the major threats to the environment and endanger human health. Accordingly, the need for an efficient system to remove these compounds from aquatic environments is felt. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize and model the removal of tetracycline antibiotics using TiO2 / N / S nanocatalyst in the presence of visible light in aqueous solutions. Methods: In this experimental study conducted in 2019, nanocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method and then its characteristics were analyzed using SEM, XRD, EDS and BET analyzes. Secondly, by changing the reaction conditions such as changing the synthesized photocatalyst dose (0.1-2) g/l, antibiotic concentration (1-50) mg/l, reaction time (2-90) minutes and solution pH (2-10) and by visible light irradiation to remove tetracycline from synthetic effluent and the effect of these variables on process performance by response surface method and CCD method and determination of optimal conditions, investigation of reaction kinetics, tetracycline mineralization and photocatalyst performance in real wastewater treatment Was evaluated. Tetracycline was determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Results: The software has proposed a complete quadratic model as the best model, based on ANOVA analysis of variance. The maximum removal efficiency of tetracycline with this process in optimal conditions with a pH of 6 and a time of 56 minutes and a concentration of tetracycline of 13 mg/l was the catalyst value of 1.2 g/l was 77%. The mineralization efficiency of tetracycline antibiotics under optimal conditions was 47% and the kinetic study presented that the data followed the quasi-first-order model well and eliminate the tetracycline process in the wastewater of Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasuj by 72%. Conclusion: The results indicated that the efficiency of TiO2/N/S photocatalytic process exposed to visible light radiation in the removal of tetracycline due to lack of by-products as well as mineral end products (carbon dioxide and water) as a desirable process.

The improvement of the quality of life within the residential environment is the ultimate objective of sustainable development, in which its environmental, economic and social dimensions are constantly identified and updated. To this end, the development of a reference framework for the actors of the housing sector can formulate new policy trends related to the planning and design of the residential environment. Post-occupancy evaluation is an appropriate method for assessing and evaluating the impact of housing policies on residents' behaviour. Then, the results of these policies are tested by measuring residential satisfaction and by determining the factors that affect it. To achieve this objective, the technique of a head-of-household interview form was used. We relied on eighteen well-known potential variables in studies related to housing satisfaction, focusing on the social dimension. A sample consisting of two social housing clusters in the city of Boussaâda, comprising 121 households was randomly selected. Finally, the data were statistically processed using a factor analysis which is the principal components method, through which four factors containing fourteen variables that control residential satisfaction were extracted.

La commune de Djilor est marquée par une tendance à la dégradation des ressources. Elles sont soumises aux effets des changements climatiques. Ainsi, l’étude de la vulnérabilité de la commune de Djilor aux changements climatiques et stratégies d’adaptation des communautés fait l’objet de cette contribution. La démarche intègre les outils d’analyse de la vulnérabilité et de la capacité d’adaptation aux changement climatique (AVCA) et d’identification des risques au niveau communautaire - adaptation et moyens d’existence (CRiSTAL). Cela a permis de faire un diagnostic participatif des menaces, contraintes et opportunités liées aux changements climatiques et aux savoirs endogènes en matière de mesure d’adaptation. Les résultats montrent l’existence de 05 catégories de ressources : les ressources naturelles, les ressources physiques, les ressources humaines, les ressources financières et les ressources sociales. L’analyse de la vulnérabilité révèle que des aléas liés directement ou indirectement à ces changements climatiques sont présents et se manifestent plus par la salinisation, la variabilité pluviométrique, la sécheresse et les inondations. Ces aléas influencent négativement ces ressources et entrainent des conséquences sur l’agriculture, l’élevage, la pêche, l’exploitation forestière, le commerce. Face à cette situation, les populations adoptent des stratégies d’adaptation. Néanmoins, la situation persiste et ses effets sont encore remarquables.

Aim. A definition and systematisation of sigmoid diverticulitis semiotics in a comprehensive ultrasonic check-up for early illness diagnosis.Materials and methods. Ultrasound examination data on 64 patients with sigmoid diverticulum have been analysed. The primary visit reason was recurrent varying-intensity pain in left abdominal quadrant, unstable stool and flatulence. The patients were 28 (43.75%) men and 36 (56.25%) women aged 38–85 years, mean age 55.6 years; 31 (48.44%) were diagnosed with diverticulitis. We used the HD15 (Philips, the Netherlands), HS 60 (Samsung, South Korea) and Hi Vision Preirus (Hitachi, Japan) ultrasound instruments equipped with convex and intracavitary microconvex 2–12 MHz linear transducers. Patients were examined on an empty stomach and unprepared intestine. Colon and rectum were explored at different approaches, transabdominally, transperineally, transrectally and transvaginallyResults. The findings laid out a more elaborated ultrasound semiotics of diverticulitis. Ultrasound check-up enables a reliable estimation of blood supply and peristalsis, colonic wall thickness and layers, presence of asymptomatic diverticula, signs of acute diverticulitis (pain on sensor touch, mesocolic tissue infiltration, presence of faecal calculi and gas in diverticulum, peridiverticulitis) and other complications of diverticular disease (fistulae, abscess or peritonitis), as well as a consistent differential instrumental diagnosis of other organ illnesses.Conclusion. Ultrasound is an indispensable supplement in clinical diagnosis of diverticula, diverticulitis and their complications in the cases when other methods like X-ray, CT or colonoscopy are contraindicated.

Résumé : L’enseignement et la formation d’un enfant d’un terroir bien déterminé doivent s’appuyer sur ses réalités culturelles pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par les politiques publiques dans le domaine de l’éducation. C’est pourquoi les politiques publiques en matière d’éducation doivent évoluer au fur et à mesure que les réalités changent. En prenant l’exemple du Sénégal, nous pouvons affirmer que, l’ancien président, feu Léopold S. Senghor a pensé que l’enseignement général peut utiliser l’éducation artistique pour être plus efficace ou plus efficient. La politique éducative que Senghor a mise en place, tout juste après les indépendances, est en train de faire ses preuves. Cette politique éducative a facilité l’installation du «Programme national de l’Éducation artistique » qui prend en compte les enjeux du XXIème siècle. C’est pourquoi l’éducation est incontournable dans nos pays africains, surtout l’éducation artistique qui peut être un vecteur essentiel de la culture. Il est question, ici, de repenser la nécessité d’intégrer les cultures respectives dans tous les aspects de la politique éducative. Notre objectif est de montrer que l'éducation artistique doit être une priorité dans un système éducatif qui se veut efficient.