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As one of the most important post-translational modification processes, lysine phosphoglycerylation modifications affect many important biosynthetic processes in the human body. However, traditional experimental methods for the recognization of lysine phosphoglycerylation sites are not only expensive but also time-consuming. Computational techniques may provide an economical and efficient way to predict lysine phosphoglycerylation sites. Therefore, it is extremely necessary and meaningful to study and establish prediction models with high accuracy. In the present study, we propose a BERT-based model, BERT PLPS, which could predict accurately lysine phosphoglycerylation sites. This model extracts amino acid sequence features with three algorithms: CKSAAP, AAC, and BE. Sample equalization is performed using the ADASYN and KNN algorithms. The data are dimensionalized by the ISOMap algorithm, and the features are encoded into feature sequences by an encoder as the input to a BERT-based prediction model. To learn better the intrinsic biological language of lysine, we replaced the original static mask with a dynamic random mask. Compared to other machine learning or deep learning-based models, BERT PLPS exhibits up to 99.53% accuracy and outperforms the most advanced model (PLP FS) with an increase of approximately 0.35% on ACC and approximately 0.93% on MCC.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have suffered from being frequently penetrated by micro-/nano-droplets in high humidity, which severely deteriorates their water repellency. So far, various biological models for the high water repellency have been reported, which, however, focused mostly on the structural topology with less attention on the dimension character. Here, we revealed a common dimension character of the superhydrophobic fibrous structures of both

With the development of the global shale oil and gas revolution, shale oil has became an important replacement field to increase oil and gas reserves and production. The Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is an important shale oil exploration series in China. To study the micropore-throat structure characteristics of the Chang 7 member, we have conducted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI) experiments to analyze the pore-throat structure features of the Chang 7 reservoir, and we have considered fractal theory to study the fractal characteristics. The NMR results indicate that the [Formula: see text] spectral morphology of the Chang 7 reservoir can be characterized by three main patterns encompassing early and late peaks with different amplitudes: the type 1 reservoir contains mostly small pores and few large pores, and the porosities of the small and large pores range from 4.16% to 9.04% and 0.70% to 2.40%, respectively; the type 2 reservoir contains similar amounts of small and large pores; and the type 3 reservoir contains few small pores and mostly large pores, while the porosities of the small and large pores range from 1.81% to 2.74% and 3.32% to 5.64%, respectively. The pore-throat structure parameters are obviously affected by the pore size distribution, which in turn influences the reservoir seepage characteristics of the reservoir. The micropore-throat structure of the reservoir exhibits obvious piecewise fractal characteristics and mainly includes dichotomous and trilateral fractals. The type 1 reservoirs are dominated by dichotomous fractals, and these two fractal types are equally distributed in the type 2 and 3 reservoirs. The fractal dimension of the pore throats of different scales exhibits a negative correlation with the corresponding porosity, but no correlation is observed with the permeability, indicating that the size of the reservoir determined by pore throats imposes a strong controlling effect on their fractal characteristics.

The scale of data shows an explosive growth trend, with wide use of cloud storage. However, there are challenges such as network latency and energy consumption. The emergence of edge computing brings data close to the edge of the network, making it a good supplement to cloud computing. The spatiotemporal characteristics of data have been largely ignored in studies of data placement and storage optimization. To this end, a temperature matrix-based data placement method using an improved Hungarian algorithm (TEMPLIH) is proposed in this work. A temperature matrix is used to reflect the influence of data characteristics on its placement. A data replica matrix selection algorithm based on temperature matrix (RSA-TM) is proposed to meet latency requirements. Then, an improved Hungarian algorithm based on replica matrix (IHA-RM) is proposed, which satisfies the balance among the multiple goals of latency, cost, and load balancing. Compared with other data placement strategies, experiments show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the cost of data placement while meeting user access latency requirements and maintaining a reasonable load balance between edge servers. Further improvement is discussed and the idea of regional value is proposed.

There are still two problems of the existing methods of defending against poisoning attacks of the blockchain-based federated learning: 1) It is difficult to accurately identify the nodes under attack; 2) The effect of the model is greatly affected when the number of malicious nodes exceeds a half. So, an innovative secure mechanism is proposed for blockchain-based federated learning, which is called the training behavior verification mechanism. The mechanism describes the consistent training behavior rules of nodes by constructing the training behavior model, and distinguishes honest nodes from malicious nodes by comparing the differences in training behavior models on the training behavior verification algorithm. Experiments show that the new mechanism can effectively resist more than half of the label-flipping attacks and backdoor attacks, and has the advantages of higher stability and higher accuracy than methods such as Krum, Trimmed Mean, and Median.

Functional regulation and structural maintenance of the different organelles in plants contribute directly to plant development, reproduction and stress responses. To ensure these activities take place effectively, cells have evolved an inter-connected network amongst various subcellular compartments, regulating rapid signal transduction and the exchange of biomaterial. Many proteins that regulate membrane connections have recently been identified in plants and this is the first step in elucidating both the mechanism and function of these connections. Amongst all organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum is the key structure which likely links most of the different subcellular compartments through membrane contact sites (MCS) and the ER-PM contact sites (EPCS) have been the most intensely studied in plants. However, the molecular composition and function of plant MCS are being found to be different from other eukaryotic systems. In this article, we will summarize the most recent advances in this field, and discuss the mechanism and biological relevance of these essential links in plants.

Transients-based earth fault protections cannot trip reliably for earthing faults with high resistance in a small current distribution system due to low magnitude of the high-frequency transient signals. Directional protection based on zero-sequence active power can trip reliably only with the presence of damping resistor during fault, and can be used as back-up protection. Phase comparison method is not applicable to arcing fault and intermittent fault. Energy method also has a drawback because of its vulnerability to current transformer error. This method which use the active power coefficient of the zero-sequence signal which is lower than 100 Hz is proposed. This method determines the faulty point direction through this coefficient. Digital simulation and actual fault recordings data have verified the feasibility of the proposed method, and is not subject to measurement error of current transformer.

Inspired by Pistia stratiotes, here we present a superhydrophobic/hydrophilic 3D Janus floater with ultra-stable floating abilities, including self-regulated floatation, directional water drainage, and high compatibility.

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is an effective approach for citrus genetic improvement, overcoming some of the obstacles presented in conventional breeding. It is known that the remodeling of endomembrane structures and cytoskeleton are essential for plant growth and reproduction, but their behaviors and functions in citrus SE has not been studied. In order to investigate the behaviors of various subcellular structures during this process, we used fluorescent proteins to label multiple endomembrane structures and cytoskeletal network in citrus callus. Confocal microscopy studies indicated that the morphology of endoplasmic reticulum and the numbers of peroxisomes changed significantly after the initiation of embryogenesis. On the other hand, the arrangement of actin filaments also exhibits significant differences in callus maintaining high embryogenic potential, in contrast to callus that are recalcitrant in forming embryos. The treatment of actin depolymerizing drug latrunculin B significantly reduced the number of somatic embryos, indicating that actin filaments play an important role in regulating SE in citrus. In summary, our results suggested that organelle biogenesis, morphogenesis and the dynamic rearrangement of cytoskeleton are crucial in SE of citrus. We have studied the remodelling of endomembrane systems and cytoskeleton in cultured citrus cells, and found that the actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in somatic embryogenesis.

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.

Folate (vitamin B9) is important for plant root development, but the mechanism is largely unknown. Here we characterized a root defective mutant, folb2, in Arabidopsis, which has severe developmental defects in the primary root. The root apical meristem of folb2 mutant is impaired, and adventitious roots are frequently found at the root-hypocotyl junction. Positional cloning revealed that a 61-bp deletion is present in the predicted promoter - 5' untranslated region of AtFolB2, a gene encoding a dihydroneopterin aldolase that functions in folate biosynthesis. This mutation led to a significant reduction in the transcriptional level of AtFolB2. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the content of the selected folate compounds was decreased in folb2. RNA interference lines wåith knocked down expression of AtFolB2 in Arabidopsis could phenocopy folb2 mutant. On the other hand, the application of exogenous 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid could rescue the root phenotype of folb2, indicating the root phenotype is indeed related to the level of folate. Further analysis revealed that folate could promote rootward auxin transport through auxin transporters, and that folate may affect particular auxin/indole-3-acetic acid proteins and auxin response factors. Our findings provide new insights into the important role of folic acid in shaping root structure.

Determination of gas adsorption capacity under geological conditions is essential in evaluating shale gas resource potential. A quantitative determination of gas adsorption capacity was proposed through 1) investigating controlling geological factors (including both internal ones and external ones) of gas adsorption capacity in organic-rich marine shale with geochemical analysis, XRD diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and methane sorption isotherms; 2) defining the relationship between gas adsorption capacity and single controlling factor; 3) establishing a comprehensive determination model with the consideration of all these controlling factors. The primary controlling factors of the sorption capacity for the studied O3w-Lower S1l shale are TOC, illite and quartz, temperature, pressure, Ro, and moisture (water saturation). Specifically, TOC, thermal maturity, illite, and pressure are positively correlated with sorption capacity, whereas, quartz and temperature contribute negatively to the sorption capacity. We present the quantitative model along with application examples from the Wufeng-Lower Longmaxi Shale in the southeast Sichuan Basin, west China, to demonstrate the approach in shale gas evaluation. The result shows that the comprehensive determination model provides a good and unbiased estimate of gas adsorption capacities with a high correlation coefficient (0.96) and bell-shaped residues centered at zero.

Energy management strategies are one of the key factors affecting the working efficiency of electric vehicle energy power systems. At present, electric vehicles will develop real-time and efficient energy management strategies according to the topology of on-board energy power system to improve the driving performance of vehicles. In this paper, a new electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is studied. Firstly, the characteristics of the topological scheme of the electromechanical flywheel hybrid system are analyzed, and the working modes are designed. Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of vehicles’ energy utilization and ensure the real-time performance of the management strategy, an energy management strategy based on fuzzy rules is designed with the flywheel’s state of energy (SOE) as the key reference parameter. Then, considering the directional stability in the braking process, the braking force distribution strategy between the front axle and the rear axle is designed. In order to improve the braking energy recovery efficiency, the secondary distribution strategy consisting of a mechanical braking force and regenerative braking force on the front and rear axles is designed. Finally, the bench test of a electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is carried out. Experiments show that compared with the original dual-motor four-wheel drive scheme, the electromechanical flywheel hybrid four-wheel drive system scheme developed in this paper can reduce the current variation range of lithium batteries by 43.16%, increase the average efficiency by 1.04%, and increase the braking energy recovery rate by 40.61% under the Japan urban cycle conditions. In addition, taking advantage of the energy and power regulation advantages of the electromechanical flywheel device, the power consumption of the lithium battery is reduced by 1.82% under cycling conditions.

In Eukaryotes, organelle interactions occur at specialised contact sites between organelle membranes. Contact sites are regulated by specialised tethering proteins, which bring organelle membranes into close proximity, and facilitate functional crosstalk between compartments. While contact site proteins are well characterised in mammals and yeast, the regulators of plant contact site formation are only now beginning to emerge. Having unique subcellular structures, plants must also utilise unique mechanisms of organelle interaction to regulate plant-specific functions. The recently characterised NETWORKED proteins are the first dedicated family of plant-specific contact site proteins. Research into the NET proteins and their interacting partners continues to uncover plant-specific mechanisms of organelle interaction and the importance of these organelle contacts to plant life. Moreover, it is becoming increasingly apparent that organelle interactions are fundamental to autophagy in plants. Here, we will present recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of plant organelle interactions, their functions, and emerging roles in autophagy.

The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications.