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A new earwig genus with a new species, Cylindopygia falcata gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on two well-preserved, nearly complete female specimens from the Lower Cretaceous, Yixian Formation in Huangbanjigou, Liaoning Province, China. C. falcata is assigned to Pygidicranidae mainly due to the following characters: head obtuse-triangular with posterior margin straight, abdomen robust, subcylindrical and densely setose, and femora compressed and carinate. The new finding represents the earliest fossil record of Pygidicranidae and the first record of Pygidicranidae in China.

Objectives. The purpose of this research was to study, in macerated adult human mandibles, the height of the lingula and provide morphometric data for its location considering aspects such as shape of the lingula, gender, and race.Material and Methods. 132 macerated mandibles of Brazilian adult individuals, both sexes, Amerindian and Caucasian, were used. The distances: from mandibular notch to lingula; from anterior margin of ramus of mandible to lingula; from posterior margin of ramus of mandible to lingula; from mandibular base to lingula, and the height of lingula were obtained. To perform these measurements we used a digital caliper. The variables such as gender and race were analyzed.Results. The mean values found for the height of lingula and its location were determined according to the gender, race, and the lingula shape.Conclusion. This research provides additional data on height of the lingula and morphometric data for its location considering aspects such as shape of the lingula, gender, and race, information that had not been reported in the literature to date. We emphasize that a careful study considering gender and ethnic group makes procedures involving the region of lingula safer.

Lucasioides nudus sp. n. is described from Jiangxi Province, China. The new species can be diagnosed by the cephalon having a well-developed median lobe, the pereonite 1 with acutely postero-lateral corners and sinuous posterior margin of epimeron, the male pleopod 1 endopod without setules, and the bilobed exopod with the outer lobe much shorter and broader than the acute triangular inner lobe.

Objectives Among the diagnostic features of the Neandertal mandible are the broad base of the coronoid process and its straight posterior margin. The adaptive value of these (and other) anatomical features has been linked to the Neandertal's need to cope with a large gape. The present study aims to test this hypothesis with regard to the morphology of the coronoid process. Materials and methods This admittedly simple, intuitive hypothesis was tested here via a comparative finite-element study of the primitive versus modified state of the coronoid process, using two-dimensional models of the mandible. Results Our simulations demonstrate that a large gape has an unfavorable effect on the primitive state of the coronoid process: the diagonal, almost horizontal, component of the temporalis muscle resultant (relative to the long axis of the coronoid process) bends the process in the sagittal plane. Furthermore, we show that the modification of the coronoid process morphology alone reduces the process' bending in a wide gape increasing the compression to tension ratio. Discussion These results provide indirect evidence in support of the hypothesis that the modification of the coronoid process in Neandertals is necessary for enabling their mandible to cope with a large gape.

A new species of the rare genus Corinnella is described based on nymphs from the Rio Pindaíba, a river located close to the Cerrado - Amazonian border. The new species is more related to C. eximia than to C. thomasi, but can be distinguished from them by the following combination of characters: 1) distomedial emargination of labrum broad and with very small process; 2) maxillary palp 2.0× length of galea-lacinia; 3) posterior margin of terga I–IX with pointed spaced spines; 4) claws with four denticles.

A new genus and species of Platyischnopidae from the sandy intertidal of two localities in the north of Chile are described. Ensigeropus cachinalito n. gen., n. sp. is similar to Eudevenopus Thomas & Barnard, 1983 in most characters; however, it presents characters hitherto not reported in the family, as the lobate upper lip and the absence of a mandibular molar. The new taxon is easily recognized among all American Platyischnopidae by the presence of a conspicuous tooth on the posterior margin of the basis of pereopod 7, a character present also in species of the Australian genus Tomituka Barnard & Drummond, 1979.

A new species of algae-scraping cyprinid of the genus Capoeta Valenciennes, 1842 is described from the Kheyroud River, located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea basin in Iran. The species differs from other members of this genus by a combination of the following characters: one pair of barbels; predorsal length equal to postdorsal length; maxillary barbel slightly smaller than eye¿s horizontal diameter and reach to posterior margin of orbit; intranasal length slightly shorter than snout length; lateral line with 46¿54 scales; 7¿9 scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, and 6¿7 scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line., This research was funded by Tehran University and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project number CGL2016-75262-P).

Gorochov (1993) erected the subgenus Xizicus (Xizicus), with the type species Xizicus (Xizicus) fascipes (Bey-Bienko, 1955). This subgenus is distinguished from the other subgenera of Xizicus by the following characters: male tenth abdominal tergite with a pair of contiguous posterior processes in the middle; subgenital plate simple, styli slender, located on the apices or subapices of lateral margins; posterior margin of female subgenital plate rounded.

The family Elmidae is represented by a single genus Hydora Broun in New Zealand; they are the most abundant Coleoptera encountered in streams there. There are nine previously described species of Hydora, six from New Zealand, to which we add Hydora musci sp. nov. based on larvae and adults. Hydora musci can be distinguished from all remaining New Zealand species by the following characters: adult with pronotum with weak lateral transverse depression, pronotal lateral carina incomplete extending from posterior margin approximately two-thirds anteriorly, sublateral longitudinal carina less than one-third of the average carina length; elytral punctate striae poorly developed, elytral setae no longer than one-third width of eye, outer surface of mesotibia polished, surface of metatibia not polished; larva with thoracic and abdominal segments bearing single dorsal and lateral protrusions (often reduced), tooth absent on anterior margin of head, laterotergites complete on abdominal segments I and II, complete t...

A new species of the genus Cranopygia Burr, 1908 (Dermaptera, Pygidicranidae), C. crockeri sp. n., is described from North Borneo, Sabah State. Cranopygia crockeri sp. n. differs from the congeners in a peculiar structure of the virga and metaparameres and in strongly reduced wings. A detailed morphological description of the new species is given.

A new species, Meloe (Meloe) kulabensis sp. n., is described from southwestern Tajikistan (Kulob, = Kulyab). The new species is characterized by rather slender legs with an almost straight middle tibia, comparatively long and narrow tarsi, the 1st segment of the hind tarsus almost 5 times as long as wide, a comparatively large transverse eye diameter (the distance between the eyes are 3 times the transverse eye diameter), a free (not merging) punctation, and a peculiar structure of the male genitalia. Similarly to Meloe ovalicollis Reitt., the new species bears a narrow brush of short and not dense hairs on the ventral surface of the 1st-4th segments of the fore tarsus. Meloe ovalicollis is recorded for the first time for Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.

We describe two new species of deep-water neotanaids collected from the Korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) Area in the eastern central Pacific. Neotanais pacificus is distinguished from other species of Neotanais by the following morphological combination: in the female: 1) pereiomere 5 is the longest of the pereiomeres, 2) distal claw of the cheliped fixed finger bulges outward, and the cutting edge descends steeply, 3) the uropod exopod is much longer than first endopodal article, 4) the setal row of the left mandible has bi-serrated setae and plumose seta, 5) the maxilliped endite bears three bipinnate spiniform setae on the inner posterior margin and medially expanded plumose seta on the distal margin, and 6) the propodi of pereipods 1 to 3 bear thick bi-pinnate spiniform setae. The female of N. capillus distinctly differs from other species of Neotanais by the following morphological combination: 1) pereiomeres 4 and 5 are longer than wide, 2) the pleomeres are without midventral spurs, 3) the pleotelson bears fine setules along the distal margin, 4) the maxilliped endite has a very long plumose seta on the distal outer corner and two bipinnate spiniform setae on inner posterior margin, 5) the propodi of pereiopods 1 to 6 have thick bipinnate spiniform setae, and 6) the uropod is shorter than the pleon. In this study, distinct morphological characters differentiating the N. pacificus and N. capillus from other species of Neotanais are given on the basis of detailed descriptions.

Larvae of Larinus fucatus Faust, 1891, L. capsulatus Gultekin, 2008, and Larinus sp. aff. leuzeae Fabre, 1870 are described for the first time. The larvae differ in the pattern on the head capsule, in the shape of the endocarinal line, and in the chaetotaxy of the epicranium, frons, and segments of the body, as well as in the presence or absence of stemmata. A key to larvae of 11 Larinus species is provided.

A new glyptosternine catfish, Creteuchiloglanis arunachalensis is described on the basis of a single specimen collected from the upper Brahmaputra River drainage, northeastern India. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: shorter adipose-fin base (25.9 vs. 26.2–37.3 % standard length; SL) except C. longipectoralis; shorter maxillary barbel (71.2 vs. 75.2–99.8 % head length) except C. macropterus; and longer prepelvic (45.4 vs. 36.4–44.9 % SL) except C. brachypterus. It can be further differentiated by a combination of the following characters: pectoral fin not reaching pelvic-fin origin; pelvic fin not reaching at vertical through adipose-fin origin; pale patches on body except occipital region; absence of milky-white patch on the base of posterior end of maxillary barbel; longer post adipose distance (10.1 % SL); tip of rectal lobe obtusely rounded; caudal-fin lobes equal; posterior margin of caudal fin slightly convex; adipose-fin separate from caudal fin; and caudal fin with broad bean-shaped medial band.

Three keys to the species of Neolebouria Gibson, 1976, representing three body types, are provided based on the location of the genital pore relative to the intestinal bifurcation. These are: the lanceolata body type, where the genital pore is clearly prebifurcal; the diacopae body type, where the genital pore is located at or near the level of the intestinal bifurcation; and the maorum body type, where the genital pore is clearly postbifurcal. Fifteen species were assigned to the lanceolata body type; eight species to the diacopae body type; and four species to the maorum body type. Neolebouria truncata (Linton, 1940) is redescribed and N. georgiensis Gibson, 1976 is reinstated as a valid species. Neither N. georgiensis, nor N. antarctica Szidat & Graefe, 1967 (syn. Crassicutis antarcticus Szidat & Graefe, 1967), as described by Zdzitowiecki et al. (1993), represent N. antarctica, as originally described, and N. georgiensis and N. antarctica, as described by Zdzitowiecki et al. (1993), may be conspecific.

A new species of Hemigrammus is described from the middle rio Tocantins basin, central Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by having a black midlateral stripe on the body extending from the posterior margin of the eye to the median caudal-fin rays. Mature males possess dorsal-, pelvic-, and anal-fin rays elongate, features that also help to recognize the new species. Although the new species is described in Hemigrammus, some specimens present a complete series of pored scales in the lateral line. A discussion about the generic allocation of the new species is presented. Uma espécie nova de Hemigrammus é descrita da bacia do médio rio Tocantins, Brasil central. A espécie nova distingue-se de seus congêneres por apresentar uma faixa mediana negra na lateral do corpo desde a margem posterior do olho até os raios medianos da nadadeira caudal. Machos maduros apresentam os raios das nadadeiras dorsal, pélvica e anal alongados, características que também auxiliam o reconhecimento da espécie. Apesar da espécie nova ser descrita em Hemigrammus, alguns exemplares possuem série completa de escamas perfuradas na linha lateral. Uma discussão sobre o posicionamento genérico da espécie nova é apresentada.

Two new taxa are described: Ecoporanga cooperi sp. nov. from Peru (Amazonas) and Ecoporanga wallacei sp. nov. from Ecuador (Tungurahua). The former differs from other species of the genus by the antennae and black legs and green elytra with metallic reflections. Ecoporanga wallacei differs from the other species by well-marked posterolateral depressions and tubercles near posterior margin of the pronotum, and apex of elytra laterally with recurved spine. A key to species of the genus is provided.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:58E5FC0E-F269-4A44-9A36-F1D1A9299D5D

The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of stature estimation by measuring the pelvic bones of Japa- nesecadaversusing three-dimensional (3D)computedtomog- raphy (CT). We assessed 3D reconstructed images of 210 Japanese subjects (108 males, 102 females) who had under- gone postmortem CT between May 2011 and November 2013. We defined the linear distance from the anterosuperior margin of the left and right anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) to the posterior margin of the left and right ischial spines as the LSS and RSS, respectively. We also defined the linear distance from the anterosuperior margin of the left and right ASIS to the anteroinferior margin of the left and right ischial tuberosities as the LST and RST, respectively. The correlation between the cadaver stature (CS) and each param- eter (LSS, LST, RSS, and RST) was evaluated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients and regression anal- ysis was performed for stature estimation. All four parameters correlated significantly with stature independent of sex, sug- gesting that they can be used as a tool for stature estimation. The LST had the closest correlation with stature in both sexes.

The aim of this study was to provide morphometric data, obtained from macerated mandibles, which might facilitate the topographic location of the mandibular foramen, considering aspects such as gender, age and ethnicity. One hundred and eighty-five macerated mandibles of adult black and white individuals of both sexes were analyzed. Initially, 5 points were established: MF, the lowest point of the mandibular foramen; S, greatest concavity of the mandibular notch; A, anterior margin of the ramus of mandible; P, posterior margin of the ramus of mandible; and Go, gonion. Then the following measurements were performed bilaterally: MF-S, MF-A, MF-P and MF-Go. The following mean values were found: MF-S: 21.02 mm for white females (WF) and 22.00 mm for black females (BF); 24.40 mm for white males (WM) and 24.35 mm for black males (BM); MF-A: 17.05 mm for WF and 18.09 mm for BF; 17.18 mm for WM and 18.11 mm for BM; MF-P: 11.11 mm for WF and 12.24 mm for BF; 13.10 mm for WM and 14.15 mm for BM; MF-Go: 19.00 mm for WF and 19.44 mm for BF; 23.13 mm for WM and 22.12 mm for BM. The values found in this study, considering gender, age and ethnic group, can be used as a parameter to carry out the sagittal split ramus osteotomy technique, making it more predictable and with less risk of complications.

A 7-year-old mare was brought to the clinic with a history of falling 1 month earlier and bilateral mucosanguinous nasal discharge, respiratory distress, and bilateral swelling caudal to the posterior margin of vertical rami of mandibles for 3 weeks. Lateral radiography of the neck region revealed gas-filled soft tissue density caudal to the mandibles. Empyema of the guttural pouches was diagnosed and surgical drainage was planned by placement of a fenestrated tube. A skin incision was made at the dependent part of the swelling in Viborg's triangle on both sides; guttural pouches were exposed and mucosanguinous contents drained by lancing the pouches. Fenestrated tubes, prepared from the tubing of a urine collection bag, were fixed into the guttural pouches by anchoring to the wall of the pouches and skin. Postoperatively, 5 g of streptomycin plus 4 million IU of penicillin and 75 mg of meloxicam were administered intramuscularly for 7 days and 5 days, respectively. Guttural pouches were lavaged daily with 0.1% potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4) and 5% topical povidone iodine diluted with normal saline solution to 1%. Tubes from both sides were removed on the 14th postoperative day, and wounds healed by second intention. The animal recovered uneventfully.

Pterois brevipectoralis (Mandrytsa, 2002), previously known only from the holotype and two paratypes collected from the Saya de Malha Bank (western Indian Ocean), in depths of 57–90 m, is redescribed on the basis of 10 additional specimens collected from the type locality and the Cargados Carajos Shoals, Mascarene Islands. The species is characterized by the presence of usually XIII, 10 dorsal-fin rays, usually 16 pectoral-fin rays, a relatively low number (6–10) of dark blotches on the pectoral-fin membrane, a relatively short pectoral fin [longest ray 44.5–66.4 (mean 53.4)% SL; not extending beyond the level of the posterior end of the dorsal-fin base in specimens over 91.3 mm SL], ctenoid scales covering the head and dorsolateral body, and the posterior portion of the pectoral-fin rays (not associated with fin membrane) with several bands. In addition, extremely large (greater than orbit diameter), fan-like skin flaps on the tip of the posterior lacrimal spine and the posterior margin of the preopercle in large adults are recognized herein as diagnostic characters for the species. The first report of fresh coloration, based on a specimen from the Saya de Malha Bank, is included, and ontogenetic changes in various features are described in detail.

Isolated teeth from the Middle Permian (early Guadalupian) Kaibab Formation of Arizona are described as a new species of the xenacanth shark genus Bransonella. Bransonella tribula n. sp. is a small tooth in which the intermediate cusp is 65% of the length of the principal cusps and the cristae on the labial face extend down over the base, covering it, and bifurcating to form distinctive double crested ridges. Fin spines from the same localities in the Kaibab Formation show the characteristic xenacanth feature of a double row of large thorn-like denticles along the posterior margin. Bransonella tribula n. sp. is the only xenacanth shark known from the Kaibab Formation at present, however, due to the lack of articulated material the fin spines are attributed to ?Bransonella tribula n. sp. The ecomorphology of Bransonella suggests a primitive, small, gracile, marine xenacanth that fed near the sea floor like the modern catsharks (Scyliorhinidae).

A new species of harpacticoid copepod, Cletocamptus goenchim sp. nov., was found in the mouth of the Mandovi estuary, Goa, India. This species seems to be the same reported in 1979 from Lake Kolleru (east coast of India) as C. deitersi, but until new specimens are studied, the 1979 record will remain as doubtful. The new species seems to be related to C. stimpsoni. They can be separated by the armature of the mandibular palp, the shape of the outer element of basis of P2, the ornamentation of the posterior margin of cephalothorax, pro-, and urosomites, and anal operculum of both male and female, the armature formula of male P5EXP, the armature formula of the male P2ENP2, and the relative length and shape of the inner apophysis of the male P3ENP2. Some comments on specimens of Cletocamptus from Korea and China are given.

We recognized Linnaemya microchaetopsis Shima, L. picta (Meigen) and L. zachvatkini Zimin in Korean Linnaemya subgenus Ophina Robineau-Desvoidy and the latter two are reported for the first time in Korea. The subgenus Ophina shares the following morphological characteristics (sensu Shima): 1) the male tergite 6 is fused mid-dorsally with sternite 7+8; 2) the female tergite 6 and tergite 7 are almost always divided longitudinally into two hemitergites; 3) the female tergite 6 is always longer than the tergite 7; 4) circus parallelsided in caudal view; 5) epiphallus present; and 6) pteropleural seta long, reaching posterior margin of lower calypter. We provide a key to the included Korean species, as well as descriptions and illustrations with their diagnostic characters indicated.

Four new species of Pycnophyes are described from Korean waters and the East China Sea. Pycnophyes pardosi n. sp. is distinguished from other congeners by the presence of a single paradorsal seta on segments 2-8 and a pair on segment 9, combined with the presence of longitudinal cuticular thickenings on the dorsal and ventral sides of segment 10. Pycnophyes chalgap n. sp. is easily distinguished by the shape of its midsternal plate with the rounded posterior margin, extending beyond and overlapping half of the following segment. Pycnophyes cristatus n. sp. is recognized by its lack of ventromedial setae on segments 3-6 combined with the presence of pointed middorsal processes that turn progressively longer towards the posterior segments from segment 6. The process on segment 10 is conspicuously long, extending beyond the posterior margin of segment 11. Pycnophyes smaug n. sp. is distinguished by its general scarcity of setae which, with the exception of those in lateroventral positions, only appear in laterodorsal positions on segments 2 and 9 and in ventromedial position on segment 9. The description of four additional species brings the total number of valid kinorhynch species around the Korean Peninsula up to 26.

External morphological criteria that enable the rapid determination of gender have been developed for Yellow Perch Perca flavescens. Criteria are based upon (1) shape of the urogenital papilla (UGP), (2) size of the UGP relative to the anal (AN) opening, and (3) coloration of the UGP. In females, the UGP appeared (1) rounded at the anterior margin, (2) pointed at the posterior margin and had a V or U shape (crescent shaped in mature animals), (3) generally lacked reddish coloration, and (4) narrower relative to the AN. In males, the UGP (1) appeared circular or oval around the entire margin, (2) typically displayed reddish coloration, and (3) was generally wider relative to the AN. To verify accuracy of these criteria, gender was verified internally in perch of various sizes, sex, and maturity from four domesticated geographic strains (n = 1,389). For all perch tested, accuracy was 97.3% for both sexes, 98.8% for females, and 95.9% for males. To experimentally verify accuracy of these criteria, j...

The perlid stonefly Brahmana flavomarginata Wu, originally described from China from the male adult, is described using reared male and female adults and nymphs from Vietnam. The male adult of B. flavomarginata is distinguished from its congeners by the blackish-brown body color and distinct head marking, hemitergal triangular chitin plates, and a median semicircular smooth subgenital plate (hammer) on the abdominal sternum IX. The female adult has a large and round subgenital plate which extends to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternum X. The nymph can be distinguished by the relatively small compound eyes and the body covered by many long stout setae and short golden brown hair-like setae. This species is known in southwestern China (Yunnan Province) and northern Vietnam (Lao Cai Province, Cao Bang Province).

A newly recorded hyalid species, Protohyale (Boreohyale) triangulata (Hiwatari, 2003), of Korean waters is reported with a description and illustrations. In this paper, the validity of its generic and subgeneric categories is considered. Protohyale triangulata has a specific shape of the propodus of gnathopod 1 in the matured male, forming a triangle with a subquadrate posteroproximal corner, and the palm and the posterior margin are not clear. This major characteristic feature serves to distinguish it from other Korean hyalid species. We also reexamined some previous reports of Korean hyalid species. It seems that this species had been confused with Hyale rubra in Korea.

Parapercis macrophthalma is confirmed as a valid species and redescribed on the basis of the holotype and other specimens collected from the type locality, Taiwan, and Japan. It is morphologically similar to P. muronis Tanaka, 1918, but differs in having five vertical transverse bars that extend well below the lateral line versus five oblique transverse bars, with the third to fifth bars ending on or above the lateral line. A new species is also described on the basis of a specimen collected from southwestern Taiwan. It is distinct in having numerous pores interconnected by canals on the head, forming 10 vertical or oblique rows on the cheek and opercular apparatus, predorsal scales extending to the level of the posterior margin of the eye, four dorsal-fin spines, six oblique bars laterally on the body, and a combination of other characters. A key to species of Parapercis with narrow transverse bars on the upper body is provided.

The male of Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956 (Acari: Ixodidae) is described for the first time and the female is redescribed in greater detail. Adults of I. tapirus are similar to those of Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956, Ixodes lasallei Méndez & Ortiz, 1958, Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944 and Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953 but can be distinguished by their overall size, the amount of sclerotisation of the conscutum and accessory plates, the shape of the scutum, the number of punctations and their pattern on the conscutum and scutum, the depth of the punctations on the basis capituli dorsally, the shape and size of the porose areas and the size and shape of the auriculae. Adults of I. tapirus were collected from tapirs and vegetation in the mountains of Colombia, Panama and recorded from Costa Rica for the first time. El macho de Ixodes tapirus Kohls, 1956 (Acari: Ixodidae) se describe por primera vez y la hembra se redescribe con mayor detalle. Los adultos de I. tapirus son similares a los de Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956, Ixodes lasallei Méndez y Ortiz, 1958, Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944 e Ixodes venezuelensis Kohls, 1953, pero pueden distinguirse por su tamaño total, la cantidad de esclerotización de la conscutum y placas accesorias, la forma del scutum, el número de punciones y su patrón en el conscutum y el scutum, la profundidad de las punciones en la base capitular dorsalmente, la forma y el tamaño de las áreas porosas y el tamaño y la forma del aurículas. Se recolectaron adultos de I. tapirus de tapires y vegetación en las montañas de Colombia, Panamá y se registraron en Costa Rica por primera vez. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica

Carapace hexagonal to longitudinally oval, dorsal surface slightly convex, smooth, polished, regions not defined; anterolateral margins entire, slightly diverging posteriorly, posterolateral margins sharply converging posteriorly; junction between lateral margins not distinct. Front straight, finely denticulate, markedly broad, broader than posterior margin of carapace. Antennules folded transversely. Antennae with basal antennal segment laterally produced, closing orbital hiatus. Orbits about half as broad as front; eyestalks long, slightly extending beyond exorbital tooth, not completely covered by orbit. Third maxillipeds with merus round, markedly smaller than ischium. Chelipeds markedly unequal. Walking legs relatively short, moderately flat. Abdomen of males and females with seven freely moving somites. G1 stout, nearly straight; G2 stout slightly curved, less than as half as length of G1. Genital opening of males coxal. Genital opening of females sternal.

Carapace distinctly broader than long, anterolateral margins with three broad lobes and tubercles. Front with four lobes, medians larger, frontal margin shorter than posterior margin of carapace. Orbits half as broad as front, eyestalks short. Third maxillipeds without gap between, completely covering buccal cavern, merus subquadrate. Sutures between abdominal sternums 4–5 and 7–8 entire. Chelipeds unequal, larger cheliped usually with proximal large blunt tooth. Walking legs medium-sized, with scarce setae on distal appendages. Abdomen of males and females with free-moving somites. G1 stout; G2 narrow, longer than G1. Genital opening of males coxal, genital opening of females sternal.

Carapace trapezoidal, hexagonal, octagonal, transversely oval; dorsalsurface moderately convex, smooth, polished; anterolateral margins entire, without denticles, posterolateral margins gently converging posteriorly, junction between lateral margins marked with epibranchial spine. Front straight, denticulate, markedly broad, distinctly broader than posterior margin of carapace. Orbits small, about as half as front breadth, eyestalks relatively large, not fully covered by orbits. Antennulesfolded transversely. Antennae with slender basal antennal segment, not expanded anteriorly. Third maxillipeds with merusquadrate, shorter than ischium.Chelipeds equal, slightly unequal. Walking legs moderately long,slightly flattened. Abdomen of males with somites 3–5 fused, sutures hardly visible. Abdomen of females with seven freely moving somites.G1relatively slender, nearly straight; G2 stout, nearly straight, less than as half as length of G1.Genital opening of males coxal.Genital opening of females sternal.

Carapace transversely rectangular to trapezoidal, markedly broader than long, dorsal surface slightly convex, smooth, regions not well defined. Anterolateral margins entire, usually without dentation, diverging posteriorly, posterior margin markedly broad. Front narrow, straight, gently deflexed. Orbits small, slightly smaller than front, eyes small, not fully covered with orbit dorsally, cornea not broader than stalk. Antennules folded obliquely or transversely. Antennae small, basal segment short. Third maxillipeds not fully covering buccal cavern. Chelipeds robust. Three pairs of walking legs, well developed, last legs characteristically lost. Abdominal sternite 8 markedly reduced, concealed under carapace. Abdomen of males with variable number of somites fused, first two somites reduced, not filling distance between coxae of last walking legs. Abdomen of females with seven free-moving somites. G1 slender, nearly straight; G2 smaller than G1. Genital opening of males coxosternal. Genital opening of females sternal.

Carapace subquadrate to subcircular, dorsal surface flat to slightly convex, smooth, without transverse ridges; anterolateral margins gently arched, often with two lobes or truncated teeth behind exorbital angle, junction between anterolateral and posterolateral margins more or less distinct. Front straight, mostly bilobed, slightly shorter than posterior margin of carapace. Orbits broad, as broad as or slightly shorter than front; eyestalks moderately long. Pterygostomian region without network of short setae. Antennules folded obliquely. Antennae well developed, with relatively long flagellum. Third maxillipeds with moderate rhomboidal gap between, mandibles hardly visible, longitudinal setose ridge on outer surface of ischium and merus. Chelipeds robust, subequal to unequal, palm characteristically massive. Walking legs without spines along dactylus. Abdomen of males and females with seven freely moving somites; abdomen of females usually rounded. G1 robust, slightly curved, setal patch on apical part; G2 smaller than G1. Genital opening of males and females sternal.

Carapace hexagonal, transversely rectangular or ovate; dorsal surface moderately convex, smooth, with granules or spines, usually with long setae, sometimes without setae, regions relatively well defined; anterolateral margins usually with three teeth, spines or lobes, junction between anterolateral and posterolateral margins demarcated with tubercles or spines. Front shorter than posterior margin of carapace, often bilobed with distinct median notch, not or slightly deflexed. Orbits slightly shorter than frontal margin, with or without fissures on supraorbital margin; eyestalks moderately long, not fully covered by orbit. Antennules folded transversely. Antennae with short flagellum. Abdomen of males and females with seven freely moving somites, male abdomen never reaching to anterior margin of cheliped coxa. G1 slender, distinctly S-shaped; G2 very short, stout, comma-shaped. Genital opening of males coxal. Genital opening of females sternal.

Carapace distinctly broader than long, anterolateral margins with several denticles. Front straight, broad, broader than posterior margin. Orbits shorter than front, eyestalks small. Third maxillipeds without gap between, completely covering buccal cavern, merus subquadrate. Sutures between sternums 4–5 and 5–6 interrupted. Chelipeds unequal, larger cheliped usually with proximal large blunt tooth. Walking legs with dense stout setae. Abdomen of males and females with free-moving somites. G1 stout; G2 narrow, longer than G1. Genital opening of males coxal. Genital opening of females sternal.

A second species of Qingryllus Chen & Zheng is described and illustrated, Q. jiguanshanensis sp. n., from Sichuan, China. This new species is similar to Q. striofemorus Chen & Zheng, 1995, but differs from the latter by the posterior margin of pronotum being distinctly widened, the veins of tegmina yellowish-white only on lateral side of dorsal area, and the epiphallus distinctly widened posteriorly. A distribution map of the species of this genus and habitus photographs of the new species are presented.

Carapace subquadrate to subpentagonal, slightly broader than long, markedly thick; anterolateral and posterolateral margins nearly parallel, distinct junction between them marked with tooth or small tubercle. Front straight or slightly produced, bilobed, much shorter than posterior margin of carapace. Orbits small, not fully covering eyes; eyestalks short. Antennules folded transversely. Antennae with long basal antennal segment, not reaching to frontal margin. Third maxillipeds with merus quadrate, much shorter than ischium. Chelipeds robust, subequal to unequal. Walking legs relatively slender, last legs without any modification. Abdomen of males and females with seven freely moving somites. G1 slender, long, nearly straight; G2 much shorter than G1. Genital opening of males coxal. Genital opening of females sternal.

An occipital emissary foramen has been traditionally described as a foramen present in the squamous part of the occipital bone at the occipital protuberance transmitting a vein that connects the confluence of sinuses with the occipital vein. The present study was done on 221 South Indian adult modern human skulls of unknown sex in the Department of Anatomy, St John’s Medical College, Bangalore, India. The foramen was observed in 21/221 (9.50%) skulls, 6/21 (28.57%) to the right of, 10/21 (47.61%) to the left of, and 2/21 (9.52%) on the External Occipital Crest. It was seen more often near the posterior margin of foramen magnum rather than at the External Occipital Protuberance as has been traditionally described. A new finding is that bilateral foramina were observed in 3 skulls (14.28%). The incidence was higher than seen in other Indian population. Since it is present near the foramen magnum in most cases, knowledge of the number and position of the foramen is important for suboccipital craniotomies. The extensive connections of the veins with cranial venous sinuses may lead to intracranial infections and vice versa.

The final larval stadium of Heteragrion majus Selys, 1886 and H. atrolineatum Donnelly, 1992 are described and illus-trated for the first time, using reared material from Costa Rica, and compared with other species of the genus known from the country. All species were very similar as larvae, but they can be separated by the presence and distribution of antennal setae, spines on the posterior margin of the abdominal segments, and size. A key to separate all five species known for Costa Rica is provided.