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In recent years, a number of synthetic potentiators of antibiotics have been discovered. Their action can significantly enhance the antibacterial effect and limit the spread of antibiotic resistance through inhibition of bacterial cystathionine-γ-lyase. To expand the known set of potentiators, we developed methods for the synthesis of five new representatives of 6-bromoindole derivatives—potential inhibitors of bacterial cystathionine-γ-lyase—namely potassium 3-amino-5-((6-bromoindolyl)methyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate (MNS2) and its 6-bromoindazole analogs (MNS3 and MNS4), along with two 6-broindazole analogs of the parent compound NL2. Their syntheses are based on 6-bromoindole, 6-bromoindazole and methyl 5-(bromomethyl)-3-((ethoxycarbonyl)amino)thiophene-2-carboxylate as the main building blocks, assembling the rest of the heterocyclic system on their basis at the nitrogen atom. We assessed the ability of the new inhibitors to potentiate the antimicrobial activity of gentamicin.

The review examines recent advances in the design and synthesis of 1,3-selenazole derivatives since 2000. Various synthetic approaches to 1,3-selenazoles and reaction conditions are discussed. The beneficial properties of 1,3-selenazoles, especially their biological activity, are emphasized. Compounds with antitumor, antiviral (HIV-1 and HIV-2), antibacterial, antifungal, antiproliferative, anticonvulsant, and antioxidant activity are highlighted.

The national-level land cover database is essential to sustainable landscape management, environmental protection, and food security. In Afghanistan, the existing national-level land cover data from 1972, 1993, and 2010 relied on satellite data from diverse sensors adopted three different land cover classification systems. This inconsistent land cover map across the various years leads to the challenge of assessing landscape changes that are crucial for management efforts. To address this challenge, a 19-year national-level land cover dataset from 2000 to 2018 was developed for the first time to aid policy development, settlement planning, and the monitoring of forests and agriculture across time. In the development of the 19 year span of land cover data products, a state-of-the-art remote sensing approach, employing a harmonized classification scheme was implemented through the utilization of Google Earth Engine (GEE). Publicly accessible Landsat imagery and additional geospatial covariates were integrated to produce an annual land cover database for Afghanistan. The generated dataset bridges historical data gaps and facilitates robust land cover change information. The annual land cover database is now accessible through https://rds.icimod.org/. This repository ensures that the annual land cover data is readily available to all users interested in comprehending the dynamic land cover changes happening in Afghanistan.

Abstract Background Obesity is a known cardiovascular risk factor and associated with higher postoperative complication rates in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. In heart failure (HF), conflicting evidence in terms of survival has been reported, whereas sarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis. An increasing number of HF patients require left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantations. The postoperative mortality has improved in recent years but is still relatively high. The impact of body composition on outcome in this population remains unclear. The aim of this investigation was to examine the preoperative computed tomography (CT) body composition as a predictor of the postoperative outcome in advanced HF patients, who receive LVAD implantations. Methods Preoperative CT scans of 137 patients who received LVADs between 2015 and 2020 were retrospectively analysed using an artificial intelligence (AI)‐powered automated software tool based on a convolutional neural network, U‐net, developed for image segmentation (Visage Version 7.1, Visage Imaging GmbH, Berlin, Germany). Assessment of body composition included visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas (VAT and SAT), psoas and total abdominal muscle areas and sarcopenia (defined by lumbar skeletal muscle indexes). The body composition parameters were correlated with postoperative major complication rates, survival and postoperative 6‐min walk distance (6MWD) and quality of life (QoL). Results The mean age of patients was 58.21 ± 11.9 years; 122 (89.1%) were male. Most patients had severe HF requiring inotropes (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support [INTERMACS] profile I–III, 71.9%) secondary to coronary artery diseases or dilated cardiomyopathy (96.4%). Forty‐four (32.1%) patients were obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2), 96 (70.1%) were sarcopene and 19 (13.9%) were sarcopene obese. Adipose tissue was associated with a significantly higher risk of postoperative infections (VAT 172.23 cm2 [54.96, 288.32 cm2] vs. 124.04 cm2 [56.57, 186.25 cm2], P = 0.022) and in‐hospital mortality (VAT 168.11 cm2 [134.19, 285.27 cm2] vs. 135.42 cm2 [49.44, 227.91 cm2], P = 0.033; SAT 227.28 cm2 [139.38, 304.35 cm2] vs. 173.81 cm2 [97.65, 254.16 cm2], P = 0.009). Obese patients showed no improvement of 6MWD and QoL within 6 months postoperatively (obese: +0.94 ± 161.44 months, P = 0.982; non‐obese: +166.90 ± 139.00 months, P

Background: A prolonged course of the autoimmune inflammatory process in Bekhterev's disease is accompanied by calcification of the vertebral column’s ligaments, damage to the costovertebral and true joints of the spine, and their ankylosis, that ultimately leads to a decrease in the support capacity of the spine, so that even a minor injury can lead to a fracture. Spinal fractures in ankylosing spondylitis often have an unstable character and a high risk of the spinal cord injury. The main methods for diagnosing the spinal instability in Bekhterev's disease are multispiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, since the informative significance of survey radiography is not high. An early surgical treatment is the method of choice for unstable fractures in ankylosing spondylitis, despite the comorbid pathology and age, which significantly burden the prognosis. Сlinical case description: Patient K., born in 1969, injured on October 07, 2021 as a result of falling on his back from a height of 2 meters. An MSCT study of the thoracolumbar spine revealed a fracture of the ThXII–LI vertebrae, rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament, and instability of the ThXII–LI vertebral-motor segment. The following diagnosis was established: closed uncomplicated injury of the thoracolumbar spine; grade I unstable compression fracture of the ThXII, LI vertebrae with a damage to the posterior support complex against the background of ankylosing spondylitis; grade I kyphotic deformity of the thoracolumbar spine; bilateral vertebrogenic lumboishialgia syndrome; pronounced persistent pain and muscle-tonic syndromes. A surgical treatment was applied which included correction of the spinal deformity and stabilization of the thoracolumbar spine using a transpedicular fixation system. The pain vertebrogenic syndrome and clinical neurological disorders regressed. The MSCT control was carried out in 6 months with the detected completed fusion at the ThXII–LI level. Conclusion: A timely diagnosis using multispiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data allows us to assess the full picture of traumatic changes in the spinal column and choose the most effective type of surgical intervention, using, if necessary, stabilizing systems.

Geophysical observations of the structure of glacial-permafrost rock formations (hereinafter referred to as GPRF), common in the Central Altai in the valleys of the Chuya, Dzhelo, Elangash and Akkol rivers, were carried out by way of electrical resistivity tomography using the multi-electrode electro-prospecting station “Skala-48”. The main objective of the research was to identify the features of the internal structure of GPRF basing on the data of electrical sounding and aerial photography. The application of the geophysical method made it possible to localize rock-ice cores within the GPRF. Analysis of the geoelectrical crosssections allowed finding that the rock-ice cores were characterized by high values of specific electrical resistance (SER) – from 10 to 100 kOhm × m and more. The depths of occurrence of rock-ice material on the geoelectrical sections varied from 2 to 10 m, on the average. Using the data of the aerial photography carried out above the studied areas, three-dimensional geoelectric models and maps of the distribution of SER were built for different depths. When analyzing the three-dimensional model of the GPRF, it is clearly noticeable that the features of the nature of the SER distribution reflects the inhomogeneous distribution of ice within the rock-ice core of the GPRF. As a result of our studies performed by the method of electrical tomography and interpretation of a three-dimensional geoelectric model, it was estimated that thicknesses of the rock-ice material varied from 7 to 32 m, thawing niches were revealed and localized, and the potential volume of the rock-ice core was determined. Thus, the above mentioned geophysical and geomorphological studies in that the features of the internal structure of GPRF in key areas have been established. For each GPRF, the thicknesses, resistivity, and depth of occurrence of rock-ice cores were determined, and the dependence of the morphological structure of the GPRF surface on internal structure of them was analyzed. A preliminary assessment of water reserves in individual GPRF had also been made.

Combined cardiological and ophthalmological pathology has a high prevalence in older age groups of the population and common pathogenetic mechanisms, among which, of course, is a violation of the cytokine profile. However, the cytokine profile of the blood was practically not analyzed in elderly patients with combined ischemic heart disease with glaucoma. The aim of the study was to study the cytokine profile in patients with combined cardio- and ophthalmopathology. The study was performed at the S.N. Fedorov National Medical Research Center “MNTK Eye Microsurgery”, in two groups: patients with combined coronary heart disease with glaucoma (n = 58 people), and patients with coronary heart disease (n = 49 people), who in both cases have the same age of 60-74 years. The diagnosis of glaucoma was carried out in accordance with the criteria of the “National Glaucoma Guidelines”. Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, radiographic, and enzyme studies were performed to diagnose coronary heart disease. The determination of cytokines in blood plasma was carried out on the device “Becton Dickinson FACS Canto 2 (USA)” using a special set of CBA (BD Biosciences, USA). Among the patients of the compared groups of the same age, significant differences in most cytokines were revealed, namely, a predominant increase in patients with combined cardio- and ophthalmopathology relative to the group with coronary heart disease. The content of IL-5, IL-12, IFNγ, TNFα in the blood plasma of patients with coronary heart disease combined with glaucoma increased with a significant difference compared to patients with coronary heart disease. However, the highest increase among the cytokines under consideration is characteristic of IL-6 and IL-17, which amounted to 23.8±1.1 pg/mL and 20.2±1.7 pg/mL in patients with combined cardio- and ophthalmopathology versus 6.3±0.3 pg/mL and 7.9±0.5 pg/mL, respectively, in patients with coronary heart disease. At the same time, the level of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased significantly to 2.2±0.2 pg/mL and 6.4±0.4 pg/mL versus 4.8±0.3 pg/mL and 11.9±0.6 pg/mL. The use of logistic regression made it possible to determine the relative risk values of the studied blood cytokines and to develop uncorrected and adjusted models, according to which the closest association with the risk of developing combined coronary heart disease with glaucoma was established for IL-6 and IL-17, with the relative risk values in the uncorrected model of 2.87 and 2.71, respectively (p < 0.001). However, in the adjusted model, the association of IL-6 with combined coronary heart disease with glaucoma increased to 2.92 (CI 2.80-3.27, p = 0.004), and IL-17 decreased to 2.64 (CI 2.51-2.85, p = 0.003). There was also a significant association of IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, IFNγ and TNFα with combined coronary heart disease with glaucoma. The study demonstrated new associations of systemic cytokines with the risk of developing combined coronary heart disease associated with glaucoma.

Issues related to possible problems in the implementation of digitalization programs for large enterprises for the processing of natural hydrocarbon and mineral raw materials, due to the discrepancy between the technical level of the existing fleet of compressor equipment of these enterprises, both with the requirements of modern production and modern achievements in the field of compressor engineering, are considered. It is noted that the discrepancy between virtual and physical technological objects leads to an overestimation of the costs of creating and maintaining IT products, as well as to a decrease in their efficiency. The ways of improving the element base of compressor equipment are proposed. A theoretical analysis of the functioning of an alternative design of a rotary vane compressor with water supply to its flow part is performed. Its example shows that there are obvious prerequisites for replacing the fleet of existing reciprocating process compressors with more advanced designs, the production of which can be completely based on domestic technologies and localized in the Russian Federation in the interests of the core industries of the processing industry.

The present paper considers the problem of ensuring compliance with the principle of equality of all before the law when applying the institute of insignificance to the committed administrative offense. The Author examines the chronology of the appearance of the norm of insignificance in the legislation of Russia. He compares procedural legislation in cases of administrative offenses of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Belarus in the context of the institute of insignificance. Study of Article 2.9 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses, judicial acts of the courts of the first and subsequent instances, the analysis of scientific works devoted to the problem of the application of the institute of insignificance allow studying the problem of the application of the institute of insignificance to all material norms establishing administrative responsibility under Article 2.9 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses. In the aspect of the principle of equality of all people and citizens before the law, questions are raised about the validity of assigning the status of “exceptional” to the norm under study. Comparison of the practice of application of Article 2.9 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences by courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts clearly demonstrates the application of the institute of insignificance in the judicial process. The problem of the application of Article 2.9 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation by authorized executive authorities in the administrative process is also considered in this paper. Arguments against the existence of a discretionary power in the institute of insignificance are given. The constitutional norms violated by the presence of discretionary authority in the institute of insignificance are called. The constitutional rights of delinquents violated due to the existence of discretionary powers in the institute of insignificance are named. The Author discusses the possibility of changing the existing legislation in order to ensure compliance with the balance of interests of delinquents and other participants in the case of an administrative offense to increase the effectiveness of public prosecution and the preventive value of administrative responsibility. The Author proposes to state Article 2.9 of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation in the wording that ensures the right of all delinquents to equality before the law and the court in order to ensure their constitutional rights, including to maintain the balance of interests of delinquents and other participants in the case of an administrative offense to increase the effectiveness of public prosecution and the preventive value of administrative responsibility.

The aim. To study the effectiveness of using monosegmental fixation systems in surgeries involving resection of part of the facet joint in patients with posterolateral and foraminal hernias in the lumbar spine.Materials and methods. The study included 40 patients with degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine who underwent medial facet resection and the removal of posterolateral or foraminal disc hernia. Among them, 10 patients underwent unilateral single-level transpedicular fixation with interbody fusion using titanium cage (UTPF cage group), and the other 10 patients underwent unilateral monosegmental transpedicular fixation (UTPF group). The remaining 20 patients underwent bilateral transpedicular fixation (BTPF group). The amount of intraoperative blood loss, duration of surgery and length of hospital stay, as well as the frequency of perioperative complications in the groups were assessed. Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, Oswestry index and McNab score were assessed before and 6 and 12 months after surgery.Results. Intraoperative blood loss in the UTPF cage and UTPF groups was less than in the BTPF group, as was the duration of surgery; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Indicators of VAS score and Oswestry Quality of Life Index in the studied groups indicated the effectiveness of the technology.Discussion. Unilateral decompressive and stabilizing surgeries in patients with posterolateral and foraminal hernias of the lumbar spine can reduce the duration of the surgery, the volume of blood loss and the severity of pain in the postoperative period due to adequate decompression of the neurovascular formations of the spinal canal and stabilization of the spinal motion segment, which prevents the relapse of the disease and provides early rehabilitation of patients.Conclusion. Unilateral transpedicular fixation is acceptable and safe for lumbar degenerative diseases and improves the quality of life of the patients.

The aim. To study the frequency and treatment options for dysfunction of the dynamic stabilization system of the lumbar spine. Materials and methods. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the treatment of 58 patients with degenerative pathology of the lumbar spine and instability of the spinal motion segments, who were treated at the neurosurgical unit of the Irkutsk Scientific Centre of Surgery and Traumatology in 2011–2020. The stability of spinal motion segment was assessed using X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and multi-layer spiral computed tomography of the lumbar spine. Revision surgery was performed in 7 out of 58 previously operated patients using the dynamic fixation system of spinal motion segments “Coflex” (Paradigm Spine LLC, Germany). Results. Revision surgery was performed in 7 out of 58 patients with dynamic fixation of the spinal motion segments with an interosseous implant due to an increase in pain syndrome. In 1 patient, the reason for repeated surgery was primary instability of the hardware caused by a fracture of the spinous process. In the delayed period, 4 patients had an X-ray picture with heterotopic ossification of the implant and instability of PDS. In two observations, a recurrence of intervertebral hernia was diagnosed at the level of the operated spinal motion segment. During revision surgery, a facetectomy was performed with stabilization by a peek cage, followed by pain management and clinical manifestation regression. Conclusion. The conducted study shows that a number of patients after discectomy and dynamic stabilization of the spine using “Coflex” system have inconsistency and heterotypic ossification of the implant and neoarthrosis. Implantation of a lumbar peek cage while maintaining the “Coflex” device makes it possible to form a rigid interbody fusion, which means it is sufficient and justified surgical technology for treating the failure of the dynamic stabilization system.