3,699 results on '"Processing Speed"'
Search Results
152. Wisdom and fluid intelligence are dissociable in healthy older adults.
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Lindbergh, Cutter A, Romero-Kornblum, Heather, Weiner-Light, Sophia, Young, J Clayton, Fonseca, Corrina, You, Michelle, Wolf, Amy, Staffaroni, Adam M, Daly, Rebecca, Jeste, Dilip V, Kramer, Joel H, Chiong, Winston, and Hillblom Aging Network
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Hillblom Aging Network ,aging ,cognition ,executive functioning ,neuroimaging ,processing speed ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Neurosciences ,Clinical Research ,Aging ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Brain Disorders ,Geriatrics ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences - Abstract
ObjectivesThe relationship between wisdom and fluid intelligence (Gf) is poorly understood, particularly in older adults. We empirically tested the magnitude of the correlation between wisdom and Gf to help determine the extent of overlap between these two constructs.DesignCross-sectional study with preregistered hypotheses and well-powered analytic plan (https://osf.io/h3pjx).SettingMemory and Aging Center at the University of California San Francisco, located in the USA.Participants141 healthy older adults (mean age = 76 years; 56% female).MeasurementsWisdom was quantified using a well-validated self-report-based scale (San Diego Wisdom Scale or SD-WISE). Gf was assessed via composite measures of processing speed (Gf-PS) and executive functioning (Gf-EF). The relationships of SD-WISE scores to Gf-PS and Gf-EF were tested in bivariate correlational analyses and multiple regression models adjusted for demographics (age, sex, and education). Exploratory analyses evaluated the relationships between SD-WISE and age, episodic memory performance, and dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortical volumes on magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsWisdom showed a small, positive association with Gf-EF (r = 0.181 [95% CI 0.016, 0.336], p = .031), which was reduced to nonsignificance upon controlling for demographics, and no association with Gf-PS (r = 0.019 [95% CI -0.179, 0.216], p = .854). Wisdom demonstrated a small, negative correlation with age (r = -0.197 [95% CI -0.351, -0.033], p = .019), but was not significantly related to episodic memory or prefrontal volumes.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that most of the variance in wisdom (>95%) is unaccounted for by Gf. The independence of wisdom from cognitive functions that reliably show age-associated declines suggests that it may hold unique potential to bolster decision-making, interpersonal functioning, and other everyday activities in older adults.
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- 2021
153. Associations of Baseline Sleep Microarchitecture with Cognitive Function After 8 Years in Middle-Aged and Older Men from a Community-Based Cohort Study
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Parker JL, Vakulin A, Melaku YA, Wittert GA, Martin SA, D'Rozario AL, Catcheside PG, Lechat B, Toson B, Teare AJ, Appleton SL, and Adams RJ
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quantitative eeg ,spindles ,attention ,processing speed ,executive function ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 ,Neurophysiology and neuropsychology ,QP351-495 - Abstract
Jesse L Parker,1 Andrew Vakulin,1,2 Yohannes Adama Melaku,1 Gary A Wittert,3,4 Sean A Martin,3,4 Angela L D’Rozario,2,5 Peter G Catcheside,1 Bastien Lechat,1 Barbara Toson,6 Alison J Teare,1 Sarah L Appleton,1,4,* Robert J Adams1,4,7,* 1Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 3Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 4South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 5The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; 6College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia; 7Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Jesse L Parker, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Mark Oliphant Building, Flinders University, 5 Laffer Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia, Tel +61 0420431392, Email park0769@flinders.edu.auPurpose: Prospective studies examining associations between baseline sleep microarchitecture and future cognitive function recruited from small samples with predominantly short follow-up. This study examined sleep microarchitecture predictors of cognitive function (visual attention, processing speed, and executive function) after 8 years in community-dwelling men.Patients and Methods: Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study participants (n=477) underwent home-based polysomnography (2010– 2011), with 157 completing baseline (2007– 2010) and follow-up (2018– 2019) cognitive assessments (trail-making tests A [TMT-A] and B [TMT-B] and the standardized mini-mental state examination [SMMSE]). Whole-night F4-M1 sleep EEG recordings were processed following artifact exclusion, and quantitative EEG characteristics were obtained using validated algorithms. Associations between baseline sleep microarchitecture and future cognitive function (visual attention, processing speed, and executive function) were examined using linear regression models adjusted for baseline obstructive sleep apnoea, other risk factors, and cognition.Results: The final sample included men aged (mean [SD]) 58.9 (8.9) years at baseline, overweight (BMI 28.5 [4.2] kg/m2), and well educated (75.2% ≥Bachelor, Certificate, or Trade), with majorly normal baseline cognition. Median (IQR) follow-up was 8.3 (7.9, 8.6) years. In adjusted analyses, NREM and REM sleep EEG spectral power was not associated with TMT-A, TMT-B, or SMMSE performance (all p> 0.05). A significant association of higher N3 sleep fast spindle density with worse TMT-B performance (B=1.06, 95% CI [0.13, 2.00], p=0.026) did not persist following adjustment for baseline TMT-B performance.Conclusion: In this sample of community-dwelling men, sleep microarchitecture was not independently associated with visual attention, processing speed, or executive function after 8 years.Keywords: quantitative EEG, spindles, attention, processing speed, executive function
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- 2023
154. Availability of healthy foods, fruit and vegetable consumption, and cognition among urban older adults
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Jinshil Hyun, Mindy J. Katz, Carol A. Derby, Nelson Roque, Elizabeth Muñoz, Martin J. Sliwinski, Gina S. Lovasi, and Richard B. Lipton
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Availability of healthy foods ,Subjective and objective measures ,Fruit and vegetable consumption ,Ecological momentary assessments ,Processing speed ,Spatial working memory ,Geriatrics ,RC952-954.6 - Abstract
Abstract Background . Although prior studies have examined the associations between neighborhood characteristics and cognitive health, little is known about whether local food environments, which are critical for individuals’ daily living, are associated with late-life cognition. Further, little is known about how local environments may shape individuals’ health-related behaviors and impact cognitive health. The aim of this study is to examine whether objective and subjective measures of healthy food availability are associated with ambulatory cognitive performance and whether behavioral and cardiovascular factors mediate these associations among urban older adults. Methods . The sample consisted of systematically recruited, community-dwelling older adults (N = 315, mean age = 77.5, range = 70–91) from the Einstein Aging Study. Objective availability of healthy foods was defined as density of healthy food stores. Subjective availability of healthy foods and fruit/vegetable consumption were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Cognitive performance was assessed using smartphone-administered cognitive tasks that measured processing speed, short-term memory binding, and spatial working memory performance 6 times a day for 14 days. Results . Results from multilevel models showed that subjective availability of healthy foods, but not objective food environments, was associated with better processing speed (estimate= -0.176, p = .003) and more accurate memory binding performance (estimate = 0.042, p = .012). Further, 14~16% of the effects of subjective availability of healthy foods on cognition were mediated through fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusions . Local food environments seem to be important for individuals’ dietary behavior and cognitive health. Specifically, subjective measures of food environments may better reflect individuals’ experiences regarding their local food environments not captured by objective measures. Future policy and intervention strategies will need to include both objective and subjective food environment measures in identifying impactful target for intervention and evaluating effectiveness of policy changes.
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- 2023
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155. Rates of Cognitive and Functional Impairments Among Sheltered Adults Experiencing Homelessness
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Mahmood, Zanjbeel, Vella, Lea, Maye, Jacqueline E, Keller, Amber V, Van Patten, Ryan, Clark, Jillian MR, and Twamley, Elizabeth W
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Acquired Cognitive Impairment ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Rehabilitation ,Aging ,Brain Disorders ,Clinical Research ,Mental health ,Adult ,Cognition ,Cognition Disorders ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Ill-Housed Persons ,Humans ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Functional capacity ,Homelessness ,Intellectual functioning ,Processing speed ,Public Health and Health Services ,Psychiatry - Abstract
ObjectiveThis study examined rates of objective cognitive and functional impairments and associations between cognitive performance and performance-based functional capacity in a well-characterized sample of adults experiencing homelessness.MethodsOne hundred participants completed a brief neuropsychological and functional capacity assessment and self-report questionnaires. Cognitive impairment rates were determined by comparing mean scores with published normative data, as well as by examining frequency of scores >1 SD below the mean. Pearson correlations were used to examine associations between cognitive and functional capacities.ResultsOverall, 65% of the study participants had scores in the cognitively impaired range on a brief cognitive screening test, 30% had impaired processing speed, and 11% met cognitive criteria for intellectual disability. Furthermore, 48% of the sample met functional impairment criteria, and poorer cognitive performance was strongly associated with poorer performance-based functional capacity (p
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- 2021
156. Chronically elevated depressive symptoms interact with acute increases in inflammation to predict worse neurocognition among people with HIV
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Saloner, Rowan, Paolillo, Emily W, Heaton, Robert K, Grelotti, David J, Stein, Murray B, Miller, Andrew H, Atkinson, J Hampton, Letendre, Scott L, Ellis, Ronald J, Grant, Igor, Iudicello, Jennifer E, and Moore, David J
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Mental Illness ,HIV/AIDS ,Infectious Diseases ,Neurosciences ,Mental Health ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Clinical Research ,Brain Disorders ,Depression ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Mental health ,Adult ,Aged ,Anti-HIV Agents ,C-Reactive Protein ,Cognition ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Inflammation ,Longitudinal Studies ,Male ,Middle Aged ,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder ,C-reactive protein ,Processing speed ,Medical Microbiology ,Virology ,Clinical sciences ,Medical microbiology - Abstract
We examined the joint effects of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)) and systemic inflammation (plasma C-reactive protein (CRP)) on longitudinal profiles of neurocognition in a cohort of 143 people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy. Global neurocognition, processing speed, motor skills, and attention/working memory all worsened as CRP increased but only among PWH who, on average, exhibited moderate to severe depressive symptoms (BDI-II > 22). Findings suggest that some PWH with chronically elevated depressive symptoms may have an inflammatory subtype of depression and a particular vulnerability to neurocognitive changes that may respond to drugs targeting inflammation or its neural sequelae.
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- 2021
157. Neurocognitive Function Domains Are Not Affected in Active Professional Male Footballers, but Attention Deficits and Impairments Are Associated with Concussion
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Lervasen Pillay, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Steve den Hollander, Gopika Ramkilawon, Gino Kerkhoffs, and Vincent Gouttebarge
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executive functioning ,reaction time ,cognitive flexibility ,psychomotor speed ,complex attention ,processing speed ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 - Abstract
Objective: To determine the neurocognitive function of active professional male footballers, determine whether deficits/impairments exist, and investigate the association between previous concussion(s) and neurocognitive function. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study conducted via electronic questionnaires. The CNS Vital Signs online testing system was used to evaluate neurocognitive function. Results: Of the 101 participants, 91 completed the neurocognitive function testing. Neurocognitive function domain deficits or impairments were unlikely in 54.5–89.1%, slight in 5.9–21.8%, moderate in 1.0–9.9%, and likely in 4.0–14.9% of participants. A history of zero concussions found a significant association between the neurocognitive index (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.6; 95% CI 0.2–0.4) and complex attention domain (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1–0.9), with 40% and 70% less odds, respectively, of deficit/impairment. Among the 54.5% who reported any number of concussions, there were increased odds of neurocognitive domain deficits/impairments for complex attention (CA) [3.4 times more] and simple attention (SA) [3.1 times more]. Conclusion: In the active professional male footballer, most neurocognitive functions do not have significant deficits/impairments. The odds of neurocognitive function deficit/impairment were significantly increased threefold for CA and SA in those who reported a history of any concussion(s).
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- 2024
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158. Exploring synchrony effects in performance on tasks involving cognitive inhibition: An online study of young adults.
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Tseng, Hayley and Damian, Markus F.
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YOUNG adults , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *SYNCHRONIC order , *TASK performance , *CONTROL (Psychology) , *RESPONSE inhibition , *CHRONOTYPE - Abstract
Inhibition is one of the core components of cognitive control. In experimental tasks which measure cognitive inhibition, performance may vary according to an interplay of individuals' chronotype and the time of day of testing ("synchrony effect", or the beneficial impact on cognitive performance of aligning testing with the time of day preferred by an individual's chronotype). Some prior studies have reported a synchrony effect specifically emerging in activities which require cognitive inhibition, but not in general processing speed, but existing findings are inconsistent. If genuine, synchrony effects should be taken into account when comparing groups of participants. Here we explored whether synchrony effects emerge in a sample of young adults. In a multi-part online study, we captured various components of inhibition (response suppression; inhibitory control; switching) plus a general measure of processing speed across various times of the day. Individuals' chronotype was included as a predictor of performance. Critically, we found no evidence of a synchrony effect (an association between chronotype and component of interest where the directionality is dependent on time of testing) in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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159. Predicting employment deterioration with the Processing Speed Test (PST) and SDMT in multiple sclerosis.
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Jaworski III, Michael G, Gillies, John K, Youngs, Margaret, Wojcik, Curtis, Santivasci, Celeste, Jakimovski, Dejan, Bergsland, Niels, Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca, and Benedict, Ralph HB
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MULTIPLE sclerosis , *WALKING speed , *EMPLOYMENT , *LAYOFFS , *LOGISTIC regression analysis , *PEOPLE with disabilities - Abstract
Background: Employment deterioration is common in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Clinicians often learn of job loss after its occurrence, leaving no opportunity for preventive measures. Objectives: Identify which neuropsychological measures discriminate between healthy volunteers (HVs) and employed/disabled PwMS at baseline and predict work deterioration over 2 years. Methods: We examined 198 PwMS with computerized tests such as the Processing Speed Test (PST) and conventional tests such as the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), administered at baseline. Employment was assessed via Buffalo Vocational Monitoring Survey. Univariate and regression analyses identified significant predictors of PwMS categorized as work-stable versus work-deteriorated status. Results: PwMS were impaired on all baseline assessments relative to HVs (p 's < 0.001). Post hoc analyses showed that employed PwMS and HVs performed similarly and better than work-disabled PwMS. At the univariate level, both PST and SDMT discriminated between work-deteriorated and work-stable PwMS (p 's < 0.01). The logistic regression model accounting for all measures retained PST and the computerized Walking Speed Test. PwMS with increased negative work events had lower PST (p < 0.001), SDMT (p < 0.001), and BVMT- R (p < 0.01) scores than stable PwMS. The related regression model retained PST and BVMT- R (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Cognition, as measured by the PST and BVMT-R, are predictive of job deterioration in PwMS and may be a useful screening tool to identify those at high risk of unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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160. Neurophysiological correlates of non-motor symptoms in late premanifest and early-stage manifest huntington's disease.
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Davis, Marie-Claire, Hill, Aron T., Fitzgerald, Paul B., Bailey, Neil W., Stout, Julie C., and Hoy, Kate E.
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HUNTINGTON disease , *FUNCTIONAL connectivity , *SYMPTOMS , *MEDICAL research , *BIOMARKERS - Abstract
• We examined EEG oscillatory power and functional connectivity as potential correlates of non-motor symptoms in Huntington's disease (HD). • The HD group had lower theta power, higher delta power and connectivity, and theta power was correlated with processing speed. • Our findings support the use of quantitative EEG metrics as a potential marker of processing speed for clinical research in HD. To find sensitive neurophysiological correlates of non-motor symptoms in Huntington's disease (HD), which are essential for the development and assessment of novel treatments. We used resting state EEG to examine differences in oscillatory activity (analysing the isolated periodic as well as the complete EEG signal) and functional connectivity in 22 late premanifest and early stage people with HD and 20 neurotypical controls. We then assessed the correlations between these neurophysiological markers and clinical measures of apathy and processing speed. Significantly lower theta and greater delta resting state power was seen in the HD group, as well as significantly greater delta connectivity. There was a significant positive correlation between theta power and processing speed, however there were no associations between the neurophysiological and apathy measures. We speculate that these changes in oscillatory power and connectivity reflect ongoing, frontally concentrated degenerative and compensatory processes associated with HD. Our findings support the potential utility of quantitative EEG as a proximate marker of processing speed, but not apathy in HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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161. A new rationalist account of the development of false-belief understanding.
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Antilici, Francesco
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BELIEF & doubt , *RATIONALISTS , *EVIDENCE , *EXECUTIVE function , *NATIVISM (Psychology) - Abstract
Rationalists accounts of the development of folk-psychology maintain that the acquisition of this capacity is aided by special-purpose mechanisms rich in innate structure. Rationalists have typically maintained that false-belief understanding (FBU) emerges very early on, before the age of two. To explain why young children nonetheless fail the false-belief task, rationalists have suggested that they may have troubles expressing their FBU. Here I do two things. First, I argue that extant proposals about what might prevent children from expressing their FBU cannot explain some of the relevant data. Second, I put forward a new rationalist proposal, the processing-time account, according to which young children fail because they cannot carry out all the required processing in the time available. I argue that the processing-time account overcomes the challenges extant rationalist accounts face while being compatible with the evidence in their support, thereby providing a compelling explanation of the development of FBU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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162. Speed of Cognitive Processing Within a Test of Executive Functions and Information Integration.
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Das, J.P. and Samantaray, Swagatika
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,EXECUTIVE function ,STROOP effect ,LIMITED English-proficient students ,RUNNING speed ,SHORT-term memory - Abstract
Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) has been widely recognized as a reliable predictor of reading proficiency. Although RAN represents the speed of cognitive processing, there are few studies that have addressed RAN as a cognitive process in its own right Furthermore, RAN performance of ELL (English Language Learners) has been less frequently investigated. We have two parts to this study. First, we examine the factor structure of an enlarged composite measure of speed measure by adding four additional tests comprising color naming, and two number naming tasks to the traditional RAN of digit and letter naming. In the second part, we determine the association of Speed with broad cognitive processes comprising Executive Functions, and Information processing. Participants were students in English medium schools in India. They were divided into two age groups (8–14 and 15–20) for statistical analyses of six Speed measures Results show a strong unitary speed factor in the 8 to 14 age group. In contrast, in the 15 to 20 group RAN tests comprising digits and letters showed a very small loading on the same factor. Addressing the second objective, which is the impact of speed on various cognitive tasks, the results show that response speed has a minimal influence on Nonverbal Configurations (simultaneous) tasks, and tasks of executive functions comprising Working Memory, and Visual-Spatial Processing. These tests will enable us to isolate specific cognitive deficiencies from response speed. In a re-examination of the relation between Reading & RAN-type tests, we could suggest that serial articulation is the common and essential feature that binds rapid naming tasks and reading fluency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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163. Differentiation of the retinal morphology aging trajectories in schizophrenia and their associations with cognitive dysfunctions.
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Domagała, Adam, Domagała, Lucyna, Kopiś-Posiej, Natalia, Harciarek, Michał, and Krukow, Paweł
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SCHIZOAFFECTIVE disorders ,MORPHOLOGY ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,AGE groups ,AGING ,BRAIN diseases ,NEUROLEPTIC malignant syndrome - Abstract
Previous studies evaluating the morphology of the selected retinal layers in schizophrenia showed abnormalities regarding macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). Concurrently, accumulating neuroimaging results suggest that structural alterations of the brain in this disease might be an effect of accelerated aging. Referring to these findings, we aimed to determine whether the thinning of the retinal layers assessed with the optic coherence tomography (OCT) in a group of schizophrenia patients (n = 60) presents a significant age-related decrease exceeding potential changes noted in the control group (n = 61). Samples of patients and controls were divided into three age subgroups, namely, younger, middle-aged, and older participants. OCT outcomes, such as macular thickness and volume, macular RNFL, peripapillary RNFL, andGCC, were analyzed concerning a diagnosis status (controls vs. patients) and age subgroups. Additionally, associations between retinal parameters, age, and selected cognitive functions were evaluated. post-hoc tests revealed that macular thickness and volume in patients undergo significant age-dependent thinning, which was not observed in the control group. Regression analyses confirmed the association between macular morphology and age. Selected speed-dependent cognitive functions in patients decreased significantly with age, and these features were also significantly associated with some OCT outcomes also after controlling for antipsychotic treatment. Our results suggest that reduced measures of retinal structure detected in schizophrenia may be an effect of accelerated aging; however, further research is needed using computational solutions derived from brain imaging studies based on large datasets covering representatives of all age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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164. Associations between early efficiency in language processing and language and cognitive outcomes in children born full term and preterm: similarities and differences.
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Marchman, Virginia A., Ashland, Melanie D., Loi, Elizabeth C., Munevar, Mónica, Shannon, Katherine A., Fernald, Anne, and Feldman, Heidi M.
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PREMATURE infants , *LANGUAGE & languages , *CHILDREN'S language , *PREMATURE labor , *INFORMATION skills , *BIRTH weight , *EXPRESSIVE language - Abstract
Associations between children's early language processing efficiency and later verbal and non-verbal outcomes shed light on the extent to which early information processing skills support later learning across different domains of function. Examining whether the strengths of associations are similar in typically developing and at-risk populations provides an additional lens into the varying routes to learning that children may take across development. In this follow-up study, children born full-term (FT, n = 49) and preterm (PT, n = 45, ≤32 weeks gestational age, birth weight <1800 g) were assessed in the Looking While Listening (LWL) task at 18 months (corrected for degree of prematurity in PT group). This eye-tracking task assesses efficiency of real-time spoken language comprehension as accuracy and speed (RT) of processing. At 4 ½ years, children were assessed on standardized tests of receptive vocabulary, expressive language, and non-verbal IQ. Language processing efficiency was associated with both language outcomes (r2-change: 7.0–19.7%, p < 0.01), after covariates. Birth group did not moderate these effects, suggesting similar mechanisms of learning in these domains for PT and FT children. However, birth group moderated the association between speed and non-verbal IQ (r2-change: 4.5%, p < 0.05), such that an association was found in the PT but not the FT group. This finding suggests that information processing skills reflected in efficiency of real-time language processing may be recruited to support learning in a broader range of verbal and non-verbal domains in the PT compared to the FT group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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165. Processing Speed Predicts Mean Performance in Task-Switching but Not Task-Switching Cost.
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Li, Bingxin, Li, Xiangqian, Stoet, Gijsbert, and Lages, Martin
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COGNITIVE processing speed , *COGNITIVE flexibility , *COGNITIVE ability , *CONTROL (Psychology) , *ATTENTIONAL bias , *SPEED measurements - Abstract
In several studies, it has been suggested that task-switching performance is linked to processing speed. Here we argue that the relation between processing speed and high-level cognitive ability found in previous studies may be due to confounded measurements of processing speed and task-switching ability. In the present study, we required participants to complete an inspection time (IT) task to probe their processing speed. We employed conventional task-switching paradigms but applied a linear integrated speed-accuracy score (LISAS) which combines latency and accuracy scores to express task-switching ability. The results of regression analyses show that IT predicted average performance in task-switching paradigms. However, IT did not relate to any specific effects common in the task-switching task, which contradicts previous results. Our results suggest independent mechanisms of processing speed and tasks that require a high level of cognitive flexibility and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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166. The Relative Strengths of Relationships Between Fine Motor Skills, Working Memory, Processing Speed and Fluid Intelligence in Early Elementary School Children.
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Memisevic, Haris, Dedic, Admira, and Malec, Daniel
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COGNITIVE processing speed , *REGRESSION analysis , *SHORT-term memory , *INTELLECT , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *SCHOOL children , *MOTOR ability - Abstract
The goal in the present paper was to examine the combined and relative impact of fine motor ability, auditory working memory, and processing speed on fluid intelligence in a sample of early elementary school students. Our participant sample was 145 children (M age = 9.1 years, SD = 1.1; 80 boys, 65 girls). We used the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test as a measure of fluid intelligence and five other measures to represent the three predictor variables: the Grooved Pegboard Test as a measure of fine motor skills, Digit Span Forwards and Digit Span Backwards tests as measures of working memory, and Rapid Automatized Naming and Letter-Digit Substitution tasks as measures of processing speed. Regression analyses indicated that only two of these measures had a statistically significant association with the fluid intelligence test scores, namely, scores on the Grooved Pegboard (fine motor skills) and Digit Span Backwards (working memory) tests, with these two measures explaining 35% of the variance in the fluid intelligence test scores. Thus, fine motor skills and working memory were correlated with fluid intelligence in early elementary-grade students. Until the directions of these relationships are better understood, we might assume that interventions aiming to increase young children's fluid intelligence, or at least their intelligence scores, might partly target working memory and fine motor skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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167. Processing Speed is Related to the General Psychopathology Factor in Youth.
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Kramer, Eliza, Willcutt, Erik G., Peterson, Robin L., Pennington, Bruce F., and McGrath, Lauren M.
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,EXECUTIVE function ,MENTAL illness ,CONFIRMATORY factor analysis ,CAREGIVERS - Abstract
The relationship between the p factor and cognition in youth has largely focused on general cognition (IQ) and executive functions (EF). Another cognitive construct, processing speed (PS), is dissociable from IQ and EF, but has received less research attention despite being related to many different mental health symptoms. The present sample included 795 youth, ages 11–16 from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC) sample. Confirmatory factor analyses tested multiple p factor models, with the primary model being a second-order, multi-reporter p factor. We then tested the correlation between the p factor and a latent PS factor. There was a significant, negative correlation between the p factor and PS (r(87) = -0.42, p <.001), indicating that slower processing speed is associated with higher general mental health symptoms. This association is stronger than previously reported associations with IQ or EF. This finding was robust across models that used different raters (youth and caregiver) and modeling approaches (second-order vs. bifactor). Our findings indicate that PS is related to general psychopathology symptoms. This research points to processing speed as an important transdiagnostic construct that warrants further exploration across development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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168. Evolution of Cognitive Impairments in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Results from the Longitudinal French Centers of Expertise for Treatment-Resistant Depression (FACE-DR) Cohort.
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Vancappel, Alexis, Dansou, Yecodji, Godin, Ophelia, Haffen, Emmanuel, Yrondi, Antoine, Stephan, Florian, Richieri, Raphaelle Marie, Molière, Fanny, Holtzmann, Jérôme, Horn, Mathilde, Allauze, Etienne, Genty, Jean Baptiste, Bouvard, Alex, Dorey, Jean-Michel, Hennion, Vincent, Camus, Vincent, Fond, Guillaume, Peran, Barbara, Walter, Michel, and Anguill, Loic
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COGNITION disorders , *COGNITIVE remediation , *MEMORY span , *EXPERTISE , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *MENTAL arithmetic - Abstract
Previous studies set out profound cognitive impairments in subjects with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, little is known about the course of such alterations depending on levels of improvement in those patients followed longitudinally. The main objective of this study was to describe the course of cognitive impairments in responder versus non-responder TRD patients at one-year follow-up. The second aim was to evaluate the predictive aspect of cognitive impairments to treatment resistance in patients suffering from TRD. We included 131 patients from a longitudinal cohort (FACE-DR) of the French Network of Expert TRD Centers. They undertook comprehensive sociodemographic, clinical, global functioning, and neuropsychological testing (TMT, Baddeley task, verbal fluencies, WAIS-4 subtests, D2 and RLRI-16) at baseline (V0) and one-year follow-up (V1). Most patients (n = 83; 63.36%) did not respond (47 women, 49.47 ± 12.64 years old), while one-third of patients responded (n = 48, 30 women, 54.06 ± 12.03 years old). We compared the cognitive performances of participants to average theoretical performances in the general population. In addition, we compared the cognitive performances of patients between V1 and V0 and responder versus non-responder patients at V1. We observed cognitive impairments during the episode and after a therapeutic response. Overall, each of them tended to show an increase in their cognitive scores. Improvement was more prominent in responders at V1 compared to their non-responder counterparts. They experienced a more marked improvement in code, digit span, arithmetic, similarities, and D2 tasks. Patients suffering from TRD have significant cognitive impairments that persist but alleviate after therapeutic response. Cognitive remediation should be proposed after therapeutic response to improve efficiency and increase the daily functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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169. Is variability in working memory capacity related to differences in the reactivation of memory traces? A test based on the time-based resource sharing (TBRS) model.
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Gonthier, Corentin and Gavornikova-Baligand, Zdenka
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SHORT-term memory , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *CONTROL (Psychology) , *ATTENTION control , *MEMORY , *MEMORY trace (Psychology) - Abstract
Working memory performance depends on reactivating memory traces, by rapidly switching between refreshing item representations and performing concurrent cognitive processing (time-based resource sharing (TBRS) account). Prior research has suggested that variation in the effectiveness of this process could be a plausible source of developmental changes in working memory capacity. This could conceivably extend to adults, potentially bridging the barrier between developmental and adult experimental research and providing a possible functional role for attention control and processing speed in working memory tasks. The present work was designed to replicate the finding of developmental differences in reactivation in children, and to test whether the same process could be related to individual differences in adults. Experiment 1 confirmed the finding of more effective reactivation for 14-year-old children than for 8-year-old children. Experiment 2 using the same task in adults manipulated the feasibility of reactivation within an experimental-correlational approach, and failed to find more effective reactivation for individuals with high working memory capacity, contrary to our predictions. Overall, our results support the role of reactivation as defined by the TBRS model as an important process in working memory tasks, and as a possible source of developmental increase in working memory capacity; however, they rule out the possibility that adult individual differences in the effectiveness of this process are a major cause of variability in working memory capacity, suggesting that differences between adults are of a different nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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170. The Formation of Specific and Gist Associative Episodic Memory Representations During Encoding: Effects of Rate of Presentation.
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Greene, Nathaniel R. and Naveh-Benjamin, Moshe
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Assessing the time course under which underlying memory representations can be formed is an important question for understanding memory. Several studies assessing item memory have shown that gist representations of items are laid out more rapidly than verbatim representations. However, for associations among items/components, which form the core of episodic memory, it is unclear whether gist representations form more quickly than, or at least in parallel with, verbatim representations, as fuzzy-trace theory predicts, or whether gist is extracted more slowly from inferring the meaning of verbatim representations, as in gist macroprocessor theories. To test these contrasting possibilities, we used a novel associative recognition task in which participants studied face-scene pairs for .75, 1.5, or 4 seconds each, and were later tested on their ability to discriminate intact pairs from foils which varied in how similar they were to originally studied pairs. Across 2 experiments, we found that verbatim memory for associations, measured using a multinomial-processing-tree model, improved from .75 to 1.5 to 4 seconds of presentation time. Paralleling these effects of encoding time on verbatim memory, for gist memory, there were improvements from .75 seconds to 1.5 seconds in both experiment 1 and 2, while improvements from 1.5 seconds to 4 seconds were only evident when the retention interval between study and test was increased (experiment 2). These results provide strong support for the parallel processing framework of fuzzy-trace theory over the slow gist extraction framework of an alternative gist macroprocessor theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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171. The influence of information processing speed on benefit from learning and memory rehabilitation in TBI: a sub-analysis of the TBI-MEM trial.
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Chiaravalloti, Nancy D., Costa, Silvana, Armknecht, Caroline, Costanza, Kristen, Alexander, Aubree, and DeLuca, John
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THOUGHT & thinking , *MEMORY , *STATISTICS , *COGNITION disorders , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *LEARNING , *PLACEBOS , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *ACADEMIC achievement , *BLIND experiment , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *DATA analysis , *DATA analysis software , *REHABILITATION for brain injury patients - Abstract
This study examined the influence of processing speed (PS) on benefit from treatment with the Kessler Foundation modified Story Memory Technique® (KF-mSMT®), a cognitive rehabilitation intervention shown to improve new learning and memory in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Non-profit research center 62 participants with moderate-to-severe TBI were included, 31 assigned to the treatment group and 31 to the placebo-control group. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. The present study represents a post-hoc analysis to examine the role of PS on treatment efficacy. Baseline and follow-up neuropsychological assessment including the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II), Memory Assessment Scales – Prose Memory (MAS-PM) and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). A treatment effect was not observed on the CVLT-II learning slope in the treatment group relative to the placebo group post-treatment, after co-varying for education, baseline CVLT slope and PS performance. However, performance on a measure of PS, the SDMT, was a significant predictor of post-treatment change following KF-mSMT® treatment. PS was not a significant predictor of benefit from treatment as documented by the MAS-PM immediate or delayed recall score, both of which showed a significant treatment effect. Performance on measures of cognitive dysfunction aside from learning and memory impact the benefit from KF-mSMT® treatment. Implications for cognitive rehabilitation for individuals with TBI are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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172. In search of a measure to investigate mental performance among children: Development of the mental speed test.
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Avcı‐Doğan, Gülşah, Akbulut, Yavuz, and Sak, Uğur
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COMPETENCY assessment (Law) ,MEMORY ,NONVERBAL communication ,RESEARCH evaluation ,COGNITIVE processing speed ,RESEARCH methodology evaluation ,GOODNESS-of-fit tests ,LEARNING ,PSYCHOMETRICS ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,FACTOR analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,PORTABLE computers ,INTELLIGENCE tests ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Processing speed is a component of general intelligence and an indicator of learning potential. There is a need for robust measures of mental speed based on contemporary theoretical developments. The current study addressed this need by proposing a mental speed test for children aged 60 to 96 months (5 to 8 years) and examining its psychometric properties. The test included indicators of perceptual speed, memory speed, reasoning speed, and fluency‐flexibility speed presented through nonverbal items administered individually using touchscreen tablets. After establishing gender non‐bias and concurrent validity with a contemporary intelligence test (i.e., ASIS, r =.59) with 107 children, the next administration included 373 children. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with subtest scores revealed a single‐factor structure accounting for 45% of the total variance. Additional data from 212 children were used to assess structural validity and gender bias, which showed acceptable goodness of fit, providing evidence of the validity and reliability of the new measure for further use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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173. A Bayesian Network Approach to Social and Nonsocial Cognition in Schizophrenia: Are Some Domains More Fundamental than Others?
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Abplanalp, Samuel J, Lee, Junghee, Horan, William P, Kern, Robert S, Penn, David L, and Green, Michael F
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SCHIZOPHRENIA treatment ,PROBLEM solving ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,COGNITIVE processing speed ,COGNITION ,TASK performance ,FACIAL expression ,NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH funding ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,SHORT-term memory ,ATTENTION ,SOCIAL skills ,EMOTIONS ,SECONDARY analysis ,PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
Objectives Social and nonsocial cognition are defined as distinct yet related constructs. However, the relative independence of individual variables—and whether specific tasks directly depend on performance in other tasks—is still unclear. The current study aimed to answer this question by using a Bayesian network approach to explore directional dependencies among social and nonsocial cognitive domains. Study Design The study sample comprised 173 participants with schizophrenia (71.7% male; 28.3% female). Participants completed 5 social cognitive tasks and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery. We estimated Bayesian networks using directed acyclic graph structures to examine directional dependencies among the variables. Study Results After accounting for negative symptoms and demographic variables, including age and sex, all nonsocial cognitive variables depended on processing speed. More specifically, attention, verbal memory, and reasoning and problem solving solely depended on processing speed, while a causal chain emerged between processing speed and visual memory (processing speed → attention → working memory → visual memory). Social processing variables within social cognition, including emotion in biological motion and empathic accuracy, depended on facial affect identification. Conclusions These results suggest that processing speed and facial affect identification are fundamental domains of nonsocial and social cognition, respectively. We outline how these findings could potentially help guide specific interventions that aim to improve social and nonsocial cognition in people with schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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174. Modifiable Risk Factors for Accelerated Decline in Processing Speed: Results from Three Dutch Population Cohorts
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Jaarsma, E., Nooyens, A., Kok, Almar A. L., Köhler, S., van Boxtel, M., Verschuren, W. M. M., and Huisman, M.
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- 2024
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175. Comparison of the impact of cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback on attention, working memory, processing speed, and anxiety in dyslexia
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Roya Chegini
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rehabilitation ,neurofeedback ,attention ,working memory ,processing speed ,anxiety ,Medicine - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback (NFB) on attention, working memory, processing speed, and anxiety among dyslexic children. METHODS: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest- posttest, follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all dyslexic students (boys and girls) of 7 to 10 years of age in Peiyk Enghelab School, District 2 of Karaj city, Iran, who were referred to Irana Counseling Center in 2018. The subjects were selected through available sampling method and were randomly divided in two groups of 15 people (Cognitive Rehabilitation and NFB). The educational content included cognitive rehabilitation sessions and NFB training. The data collection tools included the Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) function test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Clinical evaluation of Q, and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used in SPSS software to compare the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and NFB on attention, working memory, processing speed, and anxiety in dyslexic children. RESULTS: The findings showed a greater increase in attention, memory, and processing speed scores in the NFB group, compared to the cognitive rehabilitation group, and in contrast, a greater decrease in anxiety scores in this group in the follow-up phase. Moreover, the continuation of the results of neurofeedback treatment compared to cognitive rehabilitation was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that NFB can be used to increase attention, working memory, and processing speed, as well as reduce the anxiety of dyslexic children. The results of such studies can help psychiatrists, psychologists, and counselors provide useful treatments.
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- 2022
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176. Fast machine translation on parallel and massively parallel hardware
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Bogoychev, Nikolay Veselinov, Lopez, Adam, and Heafield, Kenneth
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418 ,machine translation systems ,memory speed ,machine translation ,efficient algorithms ,processing speed ,phrase tables ,GPU-based n-gram language model ,optimized CPU implementation ,Moses ,Marian - Abstract
Parallel systems have been widely adopted in the field of machine translation, because the raw computational power they offer is well suited to this computationally intensive task. However programming for parallel hardware is not trivial as it requires redesign of the existing algorithms. In my thesis I design efficient algorithms for machine translation on parallel hardware. I identify memory accesses as the biggest bottleneck to processing speed and propose novel algorithms that minimize them. I present three distinct case studies in which minimizing memory access substantially improves speed: Starting with statistical machine translation, I design a phrase table that makes decoding ten times faster on a multi-threaded CPU. Next, I design a GPU-based n-gram language model that is twice as fast per £ as a highly optimized CPU implementation. Turning to neural machine translation, I design new stochastic gradient descent techniques that make end-to-end training twice as fast. The work in this thesis has been incorporated in two popular machine translation toolkits: Moses and Marian.
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- 2019
177. Processing speed in children and adolescents
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Gamman, L., Limond, J., and Smith, A.
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150 ,white-matter damage ,intervention ,children ,adolescents ,processing speed ,academic achievement ,typically developing children ,reading ,mathematics - Abstract
Literature Review Background: Mathematical and reading abilities are predictive of academic achievement. To date, limited research has examined the relationship between processing speed and academic achievement in typically developing children. Greater insight into this relationship could help to identify the impact that reduced processing speed may have on long-term academic achievement. This review aimed to explore the relationship between these variables in typically developing children. Method: Studies conducted in the past twenty years measuring mathematics and/or reading abilities and processing speed in typically developing children using a standardised assessment measure were included in the review. In total 1278 studies were screened, which led to the identification of eight eligible studies that were included in the review. Results: No relationship was found between processing speed and reading ability. The findings on mathematics abilities were conflicting, with some studies identifying a relationship and other finding no significant association between these variables. Age appeared to be a moderating factor in studies that reported a significant relationship between mathematics and processing speed. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the relationship between processing speed and academic achievement is complex and the following review was unable to ascertain the direct relationship between these variables. It is recommended that future research examines the relationship between age and academic achievement in further detail. Empirical Paper Processing speed interventions have been found to be acceptable in children; however, there is limited evidence that they are effective in this population. This study investigated whether a processing speed intervention was effective in improving processing speed (PS) in children with suspected white matter disorders. The study hypothesised that children would demonstrate improvement on a daily outcome measure and between pre-baseline and post-intervention measures of PS. A single case experimental design utilising a multiple baseline approach was used to observe the effect of the intervention within and across participants. Three participants were recruited, each completing a choice reaction time (CRT) task three times a week that acted as the outcome measure. The processing speed intervention involved playing single player, multiplayer and iPad/android games. Overall there was no significant change in CRT between phases; however two participants demonstrated a medium effect size. There was no significant change in pre- or post-PS measures but there was evidence of reliable change in overall and cognitive fatigue. These findings suggest that the processing speed intervention was not effective in improving PS abilities. This paper highlights a number of challenges in implementing a processing speed intervention and explores the clinical implications of these findings.
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- 2019
178. Processing speed and memory test performance are associated with different brain region volumes in Veterans and others with progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Spain, Rebecca I., Hildebrand, Andrea, Waslo, Carin S., Rooney, William D., Emmons, Joshua, Schwartz, Daniel L., Freedman, Mark S., Paz Soldan, M. Mateo, Repovic, Pavle, Solomon, Andrew J., Rinker II, John, Wallin, Mitchell, Haselkorn, Jodie K., Stuve, Olaf, Gross, Robert H., and Turner, Aaron P.
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,MEMORY testing ,MULTIPLE sclerosis ,CEREBRAL atrophy ,COGNITIVE testing - Abstract
Background: Cognitive dysfunction and brain atrophy are both common in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) but are seldom examined comprehensively in clinical trials. Antioxidant treatment may affect the neurodegeneration characteristic of progressive MS and slow its symptomatic and radiographic correlates. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate cross-sectional associations between cognitive battery components of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis with whole and segmented brain volumes and to determine if associations differ between secondary progressive (SPMS) and primary progressive (PPMS) MS subtypes. Design: The study was based on a baseline analysis from a multi-site randomized controlled trial of the antioxidant lipoic acid in veterans and other people with progressive MS (NCT03161028). Methods: Cognitive batteries were conducted by trained research personnel.MRIs were processed at a central processing site for maximum harmonization. Semi- partial Pearson's adjustments evaluated associations between cognitive tests and MRI volumes. Regression analyses evaluated differences in association patterns between SPMS and PPMS cohorts. Results: Of the 114 participants, 70% had SPMS. Veterans with MS made up 26% (n = 30) of the total sample and 73% had SPMS. Participants had a mean age of 59.2 and sd 8.5 years, and 54% of them were women, had a disease duration of22.4 (sd 11.3) years, and had amedian Expanded Disability Status Scale of 6.0 (with an interquartile range of 4.0-6.0,moderate disability). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (processing speed) correlated with whole brain volume (R = 0.29, p = 0.01) and total white matter volume (R = 0.33, p < 0.01). Both the California Verbal Learning Test (verbal memory) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (visual memory) correlated withmean cortical thickness (R = 0.27, p = 0.02 and R = 0.35, p < 0.01, respectively). Correlation patterns were similar in subgroup analyses. Conclusion: Brain volumes showed differing patterns of correlation across cognitive tasks in progressive MS. Similar results between SPMS and PPMS cohorts suggest combining progressiveMS subtypes in studies involving cognition and brain atrophy in these populations. Longitudinal assessment will determine the therapeutic effects of lipoic acid on cognitive tasks, brain atrophy, and their associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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179. Enhancing Cognition in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment through High-Intensity Functional Training: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Rivas-Campo, Yulieth, Aibar-Almazán, Agustín, Rodríguez-López, Carlos, Afanador-Restrepo, Diego Fernando, García-Garro, Patricia Alexandra, Castellote-Caballero, Yolanda, Achalandabaso-Ochoa, Alexander, and Hita-Contreras, Fidel
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VERBAL behavior testing , *MILD cognitive impairment , *FUNCTIONAL training , *EXECUTIVE function , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *OLDER people - Abstract
Physical exercise is a very promising non-pharmacological approach to prevent or reduce the cognitive decline that occurs in people aged 60 years or older. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a high-intensity intervallic functional training (HIFT) program on cognitive functions in an elderly Colombian population with mild cognitive impairment. A controlled clinical trial was developed with a sample of 132 men and women aged >65 years, linked to geriatric care institutions, which were systematically blind randomized. The intervention group (IG) received a 3-month HIFT program (n = 64) and the control group (CG) (n = 68) received general physical activity recommendations and practiced manual activities. The outcome variables addressed cognition (MoCA), attention (TMTA), executive functions (TMTB), verbal fluency (VFAT test), processing speed (Digit Symbol Substitution Test-DSST), selective attention and concentration (d2 test). After the analysis, improvement was found in the IG with significant differences with respect to the CG in the level of cognitive impairment (MoCA), attention (TMTA), verbal fluency and concentration (p < 0.001). Executive functions (TMTB) showed differences in both groups, being slightly higher in the IG (p = 0.037). However, no statistically significant results were found for selective attention (p = 0.55) or processing speed (p = 0.24). The multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed the influence of the education level on all cognition assessments (p = 0.026); when adjusting for sociodemographic variables, the influence of the intervention remained significant (p < 0.001). This study empirically validates that the implementation of a HIFT program has a positive effect on cognitive functions in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. Therefore, professionals specialized in the care of this population could consider including functional training programs as an essential part of their therapeutic approaches. The distinctive features of this program, such as its emphasis on functional training and high intensity, appear to be relevant for stimulating cognitive health in the geriatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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180. The relationship between processing speed and remodeling spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity in the elderly with different sleep duration.
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Li Pu, Yao Zou, Yan Wang, Jia-Ling Lei, Xiao-Nan Zhao, Xia Zeng, and Guo-Jian Yan
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,SLEEP duration ,FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging ,PREFRONTAL cortex ,OLDER people - Abstract
Objective: Brain neuroplasticity in which sleep affects the speed of information processing in the elderly population has not been reported. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effects of sleep on information processing speed and its central plasticity mechanism in the elderly. Methods: A total of 50 individuals aged 60 and older were enrolled in this case control study. All subjects were divided into two groups according to the sleep time: short sleep duration (< 360 min) (6 men and 19 women; mean age: 66.96 ± 4.28 years old), and non-short sleep duration (> 360 min) (13 men and 12 women). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected, and the amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and degree centrality (DC) were calculated for each participant. Two-sample t-tests were performed to compare the ALFF, ReHo, and DC maps between the two groups. Then, the relationships among clinical features, fMRI and cognitive function were analyzed using general linear model. Results: Short sleep duration group showed significantly increased ALFF value in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus and right insula; significantly increased ReHo value in the left superior parietal gyrus, and decreased ReHo value in the right crebellum; significantly decreased DC value in the left inferior occipital gyrus, left superior parietal gyrus and right cerebellum (p < 0.05, AlphaSim correction). The ALFF value of right insula is significantly associated with symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) score (ß = -0.363, p = 0.033). Conclusion: Short sleep duration and processing speed are significantly associated with remodeling spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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181. Leveraging expertise and optimizing clinical research: Initial success of a pediatric epilepsy surgery collaborative.
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Berl, Madison M., Koop, Jennifer I., Ailion, Alyssa, Bearden, Donald J., Boyer, Katrina, Cooper, Crystal M., Decrow, Amanda M., Duong, Priscilla H., Espe‐Pfeifer, Patricia, Gabriel, Marsha, Hodges, Elise, Marshall, David F., McNally, Kelly A., Molnar, Andrew E., Olsen, Emily K., Ono, Kim E., Patrick, Kristina E., Paul, Brianna M., Romain, Jonathan, and Sepeta, Leigh N.
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PEDIATRIC surgery , *EPILEPSY surgery , *MEDICAL research , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *COGNITIVE ability , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging - Abstract
Objective: Improve data‐driven research to inform clinical decision‐making with pediatric epilepsy surgery patients by expanding the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium Epilepsy Surgery (PERC‐Surgery) Workgroup to include neuropsychological data. This article reports on the process and initial success of this effort and characterizes the cognitive functioning of the largest multi‐site pediatric epilepsy surgery cohort in the United States. Methods: Pediatric neuropsychologists from 18 institutions completed surveys regarding neuropsychological practice and the impact of involvement in the collaborative. Neuropsychological data were entered through an online database. Descriptive analyses examined the survey responses and cognitive functioning of the cohort. Statistical analyses examined which patients were evaluated and if composite scores differed by domain, demographics, measures used, or epilepsy characteristics. Results: Positive impact of participation was evident by attendance, survey responses, and the neuropsychological data entry of 534 presurgical epilepsy patients. This cohort, ages 6 months to 21 years, were majority White and non‐Hispanic, and more likely to have private insurance. Mean intelligence quotient (IQ) scores were below to low average, with weaknesses in working memory and processing speed. Full‐scale IQ (FSIQ) was lowest for patients with younger age at seizure onset, daily seizures, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities. Significance: We established a collaborative network and fundamental infrastructure to address questions outlined by the Epilepsy Research Benchmarks. There is a wide range in the age and IQ of patients considered for pediatric epilepsy surgery, yet it appears that social determinants of health impact access to care. Consistent with other national cohorts, this US cohort has a downward shift in IQ associated with seizure severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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182. Youth pre-pandemic executive function relates to year one COVID-19 difficulties.
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Aizza, Alice, Porter, Blaire M., and Church, Jessica A.
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EXECUTIVE function ,COGNITIVE processing speed ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COGNITIVE ability - Abstract
Introduction: The first year of the COVID-19 pandemic presented a series of stressors that could relate to psychological difficulties in children and adolescents. Executive functioning (EF) supports goal achievement and is associated with life success, and better outcomes following early life adversity. EF is also strongly related to processing speed, another predictor of life outcomes. Methods: This longitudinal study examined 149 youths' pre-pandemic EF and processing speed abilities as predictors of self-reported emotional, cognitive, and social experiences during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. EF and processing speed were measured with a total of 11 behavioral tasks. The COVIDera data was collected during two timepoints, during early (May-July 2020) and mid- (January-March of 2021) pandemic. Results: Better pre-pandemic EF skills and processing speed abilities predicted more mid-COVID-19 pandemic emotional and cognitive difficulties. On the other hand, better switching (a subcomponent of EF) and processing speed abilities predicted more mid-pandemic social interactions. EF and processing speed abilities did not relate to the well-being reports from the initial months of the pandemic. Our EF - but not processing speed - results were largely maintained when controlling for pre-pandemic mental health burden, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender. Discussion: Better cognitive abilities may have contributed to worse midpandemic functioning by supporting the meta-cognition needed for attending to the chaotic and ever-changing pandemic news and advice, leading to higher stress-induced worry and rumination. Our study highlights a potential downside of higher EF - often largely viewed as a protective factor - in youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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183. Assessing prospective and retrospective metacognitive accuracy following traumatic brain injury remotely across cognitive domains.
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Bourke, N. J., Trender, W., Hampshire, A., Lai, H., Demarchi, C., David, M., Hellyer, P., Sharp, D. J., and Friedland, D.
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COGNITION , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *PROSPECTIVE memory , *EXECUTIVE function , *BRAIN injuries , *COGNITIVE ability - Abstract
The ability to monitor one's behaviour is frequently impaired following TBI, impacting on patients' rehabilitation. Inaccuracies in judgement or self-reflection of one's performance provides a useful marker of metacognition. However, metacognition is rarely measured during routine neuropsychology assessments and how it varies across cognitive domains is unclear. A cohort of participants consisting of 111 TBI patients [mean age = 45.32(14.15), female = 29] and 84 controls [mean age = 31.51(12.27), female = 43] was studied. Participants completed cognitive assessments via a bespoke digital platform on their smartphones. Included in the assessment were a prospective evaluation of memory and attention, and retrospective confidence judgements of task performance. Metacognitive accuracy was calculated from the difference between confidence judgement of task performance and actual performance. Prospective judgment of attention and memory was correlated with task performance in these domains for controls but not patients. TBI patients had lower task performance in processing speed, executive functioning and working memory compared to controls, maintaining high confidence, resulting in overestimation of cognitive performance compared to controls. Additional judgments of task performance complement neuropsychological assessments with little additional time–cost. These results have important theoretical and practical implications for evaluation of metacognitive impairment in TBI patients and neurorehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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184. Rare genetic variants correlate with better processing speed.
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Song, Zeyuan, Gurinovich, Anastasia, Nygaard, Marianne, Mengel-From, Jonas, Andersen, Stacy, Cosentino, Stephanie, Schupf, Nicole, Lee, Joseph, Zmuda, Joseph, Ukraintseva, Svetlana, Arbeev, Konstantin, Christensen, Kaare, Perls, Thomas, and Sebastiani, Paola
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COGNITIVE processing speed , *GENETIC variation , *GENOME-wide association studies , *THYROID hormone receptors , *COGNITIVE aging , *THYROID hormone regulation - Abstract
• Identifying factors that help people maintain good cognitive functions as they age is important. • We conducted a genome-wide association study of processing speed in members of families enriched for extreme human longevity. • We discovered rare variants that are associated with maintaining excellent processing speed at very old age. • These variants may help identify therapeutic targets for the preservation of cognitive function. We conducted a genome-wide association study of Digit Symbol Substitution Test scores administered in 4207 family members of the Long Life Family Study (LLFS). Genotype data were imputed to the HRC panel of 64,940 haplotypes resulting in ∼15M genetic variants with a quality score > 0.7. The results were replicated using genetic data imputed to the 1000 Genomes phase 3 reference panel from 2 Danish twin cohorts: the study of Middle Aged Danish Twins and the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins. The genome-wide association study in LLFS discovered 18 rare genetic variants (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 1.0%) that reached genome-wide significance (p -value < 5 × 10−8). Among these, 17 rare variants in chromosome 3 had large protective effects on the processing speed, including rs7623455, rs9821776, rs9821587, rs78704059, which were replicated in the combined Danish twin cohort. These SNPs are located in/near 2 genes, THRB and RARB , that belonged to the thyroid hormone receptors family that may influence the speed of metabolism and cognitive aging. The gene-level tests in LLFS confirmed that these 2 genes are associated with processing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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185. Velocidad de procesamiento en escolares chilenos con y sin Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH).
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Gatica-Ferrero, Sergio, Milla-Cano, Cristopher, Ardiles-González, Elizabeth, and Rosas-Molina, Valeria
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,EXECUTIVE function ,SHORT-term memory ,ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder ,SCHOOL children - Abstract
Copyright of Avances en PsicologÍa Latinoamericana is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2023
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186. White matter, cognition and psychotic-like experiences in UK Biobank.
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Bosma, M. J., Cox, S. R., Ziermans, T., Buchanan, C. R., Shen, X., Tucker-Drob, E. M., Adams, M. J., Whalley, H. C., and Lawrie, S. M.
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TISSUE banks , *PSYCHOSES , *SCHIZOPHRENIA , *COGNITION , *WHITE matter (Nerve tissue) , *EXPERIENCE , *RISK assessment , *RESEARCH funding , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *FACTOR analysis , *PATH analysis (Statistics) - Abstract
Background: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are risk factors for the development of psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, particularly if associated with distress. As PLEs have been related to alterations in both white matter and cognition, we investigated whether cognition (g-factor and processing speed) mediates the relationship between white matter and PLEs. Methods: We investigated two independent samples (6170 and 19 891) from the UK Biobank, through path analysis. For both samples, measures of whole-brain fractional anisotropy (gFA) and mean diffusivity (gMD), as indications of white matter microstructure, were derived from probabilistic tractography. For the smaller sample, variables whole-brain white matter network efficiency and microstructure were also derived from structural connectome data. Results: The mediation of cognition on the relationships between white matter properties and PLEs was non-significant. However, lower gFA was associated with having PLEs in combination with distress in the full available sample (standardized β = −0.053, p = 0.011). Additionally, lower gFA/higher gMD was associated with lower g-factor (standardized β = 0.049, p < 0.001; standardized β = −0.027, p = 0.003), and partially mediated by processing speed with a proportion mediated of 7% (p = < 0.001) for gFA and 11% (p < 0.001) for gMD. Conclusions: We show that lower global white matter microstructure is associated with having PLEs in combination with distress, which suggests a direction of future research that could help clarify how and why individuals progress from subclinical to clinical psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, we replicated that processing speed mediates the relationship between white matter microstructure and g-factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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187. Daily association of stressors with perceived cognitive performance: Moderating role of age.
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Joshi, Rhitik Samir, Vigoureux, Taylor F. D., and Lee, Soomi
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SPECIALTY hospitals , *JOB stress , *AGE distribution , *EMPLOYEE promotions , *SMARTPHONES , *ECOLOGICAL research , *PSYCHOLOGY of nurses , *CANCER treatment , *SEVERITY of illness index , *HOSPITAL nursing staff , *RESEARCH funding , *COGNITIVE testing - Abstract
Stress can elicit both positive and negative impacts on cognition. Less is known about whether and how daily stressors are associated with perceived cognitive performance in healthcare workers. We examined daily associations between stressors and perceived cognitive performance in nurses and whether these associations differed by age or nursing tenure. Using 14‐day smartphone‐based ecological momentary assessment, 60 inpatient nurses at a U.S. cancer hospital reported the frequency and severity of daily stressors (e.g., arguments, accidents). Each day, participants subjectively evaluated their mental focus, memory, and processing speed. Multilevel modelling examined the within‐ and between‐person associations of daily stressors with cognitive performance. More stressors were associated with poorer perceived cognitive performance at both within‐ and between‐person levels for both daily stressor frequency and severity. For moderation by age, the within‐person stressor severity—cognitive performance relationship was only significant for nurses who were younger, but not for those who were older. Similarly, the within‐person associations of daily stressor frequency and severity with cognitive performance were only significant for nurses with a shorter tenure. Findings suggest daily stressors may degrade perceived cognitive performance in nurses and the impact may be stronger for those who are younger or with less experience on the job. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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188. A proposed new taxonomy of cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis: The International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in MS (IC-CoDiMS).
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Hancock, Laura M, Galioto, Rachel, Samsonov, Alexey, Busch, Robyn M, Hermann, Bruce, and Matias-Guiu, Jordi A
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- *
MULTIPLE sclerosis , *COGNITIVE processing speed , *COGNITION disorders , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL rehabilitation , *NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *EXECUTIVE function - Abstract
Background: Characterization of cognitive impairment (CI) in multiple sclerosis into distinct phenotypes holds promise for individualized treatments and biomarker exploration. Objective: Apply a previously validated, neuropsychologically driven diagnostic algorithm to identify a taxonomy of the type of cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. Methods: An algorithm developed and validated in other neurological diseases was applied to a cohort of 1281 people with multiple sclerosis who underwent clinical neuropsychological evaluation across three multiple sclerosis centers. A domain was marked impaired if scores on two tests within the domain fell below one of the two thresholds of interest (compared to controls; −1.0 SD and −1.5 SD below the mean). Results were then tabulated for each participant to determine the type of impairments across the sample. Results: At −1 SD threshold, 48.7% were intact, 21.6% had single-domain, 14.3% bi-domain, and 15.4% multi-domain impairment. At −1.5 SD threshold, 72.9% were intact, 14.0% had single-domain, 8.2% bi-domain, and 5.0% multi-domain impairment. Processing speed was the most frequent single-domain impairment, followed by executive function and memory. Conclusions: These findings advance the taxonomy of cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis and clarify the type and distribution of possible cognitive diagnoses, pave the way for further investigation of associated biomarkers, and provide clinically meaningful information to guide individualized treatment and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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189. The relevance of processing speed in the functioning of people with first-episode psychosis.
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Abella, Manuel, Vila-Badia, Regina, Serra-Arumí, Clara, Vallejo-Rius, Georgina, Colomer-Salvans, Alícia, Rolduà-Ros, Júlia, Del Cacho-Ortega, Nuria, Butjosa, Anna, Muñoz-Samons, Daniel, Cuevas-Esteban, Jorge, Profep, Grup, and Usall, Judith
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- *
COGNITIVE processing speed , *COGNITION , *SUICIDE risk factors , *COGNITIVE ability , *PSYCHOSES - Abstract
Deficits in functioning affect people with first-episode psychosis. Deficits in cognitive performance are common in such individuals and appear to be related to functioning. The present study examined the relationship between the domains of cognitive performance and personal and social functioning, as well as evaluating which cognitive domains are the most closely related to personal and social functioning and whether they explain variations once other clinical and sociodemographic aspects are accounted for. Ninety-four people with first-episode psychosis participated in the study; they were assessed with the MATRICS battery. Symptoms were evaluated with the Emsley factors of the positive and negative syndrome scale. Cannabis use, duration of untreated psychosis, suicide risk, perceived stress, antipsychotic doses, and premorbid intelligence quotient was accounted for. Processing speed, attention/vigilance, working memory, visual learning, reasoning and problem solving correlated to personal and social functioning. Processing speed emerged as the strongest predictor of social and personal functioning and underscores the importance of targeting this domain in treatment. Moreover, suicide risk and excited symptoms were also significant variables in functioning. Early intervention, focusing on improvement of processing speed, may be crucial to the improvement of functioning in first-episode psychosis. The relationship of this cognitive domain with functioning in first-episode psychosis should be studied further. • Processing speed emerged as the strongest predictor of social and personal functioning. • None of the other cognitive domains have a significant effect on functioning after controlling for confounding variables. • Early intervention to improve processing speed may be crucial to the improvement of functioning in first-episode psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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190. Neighborhood segregation and cognitive change: Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
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Besser, Lilah M., Meyer, Oanh L., Jones, Miranda R., Tran, Duyen, Booker, Michaela, Mitsova, Diana, Peterson, Rachel, Galvin, James E., Bateman, James R., Hayden, Kathleen M., and Hughes, Timothy M.
- Abstract
Introduction: We investigated associations between neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and cognitive change. Methods: We used data (n = 1712) from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Racial/ethnic segregation was assessed using Getis‐Ord (Gi*) z‐scores based on American Community Survey Census tract data (higher Gi* = greater spatial clustering of participant's race/ethnicity). Global cognition and processing speed were assessed twice, 6 years apart. Adjusted multilevel linear regression tested associations between Gi* z‐scores and cognition. Effect modification by race/ethnicity, income, education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and neighborhood social support was tested. Results: Participants were on average 67 years old; 43% were White, 11% Chinese, 29% African American/Black, 17% Hispanic; 40% had high neighborhood segregation (Gi* > 1.96). African American/Black participants with greater neighborhood segregation had greater processing speed decline in stratified analyses, but no interactions were significant. Discussion: Segregation was associated with greater processing speed declines among African American/Black participants. Additional follow‐ups and comprehensive cognitive batteries may further elucidate these findings. Highlights: A study of neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation and change in cognition.Study was based on a racially and geographically diverse, population‐based cohort of older adults.Racial/ethnic segregation (clustering) was measured by the Getis‐ord (Gi*) statistic.We saw faster processing speed decline among Black individuals in segregated neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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- View/download PDF
191. DAYLIGHTING PERFORMANCE SIMULATION: PREDICTION ACCURACY/PROCESSING SPEED TRADE-OFF.
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Abdelwahab, Sahar, Rutherford, Peter, and Mayhoub, Mohammed
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COGNITIVE processing speed ,DAYLIGHTING ,SENSITIVITY analysis ,FORECASTING ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
In daylighting performance simulations of façade systems, a trade-off is often required between processing speed and prediction accuracy. This is particularly relevant at design onset, where plausible simulation outcomes are essential to drive decisions between several alternative façade configurations. To help address this trade-off, this paper presents a sensitivity analysis evaluating the influence of key input parameter settings, namely ambient bounces and grid size, on the convergence of performance outcomes and on simulation run times. The results provide statistical evidence that, although lower precision settings mostly accelerate calculations, they decrease the accuracy of prediction estimates, particularly for complex façades. Conversely, the relative increased accuracy resulting from higher precision simulations might reach a point where differences have a negligible practical impact. The paper concludes with a range of recommendations to support the early-stage selection of parameter settings and contributes to more robust simulation outcomes towards reducing the gap between simulated and measured data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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192. Causal influences of salience/cerebellar networks on dorsal attention network subserved age-related cognitive slowing.
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Wong, Clive H. Y., Liu, Jiao, Tao, Jing, Chen, Li-dian, Yuan, Huan-ling, Wong, Mabel N. K., Xu, Yan-wen, Lee, Tatia M. C., and Chan, Chetwyn C. H.
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LARGE-scale brain networks ,INTERORGANIZATIONAL networks ,DEFAULT mode network ,COGNITIVE processing speed ,SALIENCE network ,CONTROL (Psychology) - Abstract
Age-related cognitive slowing is a prominent precursor of cognitive decline. Functional neuroimaging studies found that cognitive processing speed is associated with activation and coupling among frontal, parietal and cerebellar brain networks. However, how the reciprocal influences of inter- and intra-network coupling mediate age-related decline in processing speed remains insufficiently studied. This study examined how inter- and intra-brain network influences mediate age-related slowing. We were interested in the fronto-insular salience network (SN), frontoparietal dorsal attention network (DAN), cerebellar network (CN) and default mode network (DMN). Reaction time (RT) and functional MRI data from 84 participants (aged 18–75) were collected while they were performing the Arrow Task in visual or audial forms. At the subject level, effective connectivities (ECs) were estimated with regression dynamic causal modelling. At the group level, structural equation models (SEMs) were used to model latent speed based on age and the EC mediators. Age was associated with decreased speed and increased inter-network effective connectivity. The CN exerting influence on the DAN (CN → DAN EC) mediated, while the SN → DAN EC suppressed age-related slowing. The DMN and intra-network ECs did not seem to play significant roles in slowing due to ageing. Inter-network connectivity from the CN and SN to the DAN contributes to age-related slowing. The seemingly antagonizing influences of the CN and SN indicate that increased task-related automaticity and decreased effortful control on top-down attention would promote greater speed in older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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193. Microstructural Gray Matter Integrity Deteriorates After an Ischemic Stroke and Is Associated with Processing Speed.
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Sagnier, Sharmila, Catheline, Gwenaëlle, Dilharreguy, Bixente, Linck, Pierre-Antoine, Coupé, Pierrick, Munsch, Fanny, Bigourdan, Antoine, Poli, Mathilde, Debruxelles, Sabrina, Renou, Pauline, Olindo, Stéphane, Rouanet, François, Dousset, Vincent, Tourdias, Thomas, and Sibon, Igor
- Abstract
Microstructural changes after an ischemic stroke (IS) have mainly been described in white matter. Data evaluating microstructural changes in gray matter (GM) remain scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the integrity of GM on longitudinal data using mean diffusivity (MD), and its influence on post-IS cognitive performances. A prospective study was conducted, including supra-tentorial IS patients without pre-stroke disability. A cognitive assessment was performed at baseline and 1 year, including a Montreal Cognitive Assessment, an Isaacs set test, and a Zazzo cancelation task (ZCT): completion time and number of errors. A 3-T brain MRI was performed at the same two time-points, including diffusion tensor imaging for the assessment of GM MD. GM volume was also computed, and changes in GM volume and GM MD were evaluated, followed by the assessment of the relationship between these structural changes and changes in cognitive performances. One hundred and four patients were included (age 68.5 ± 21.5, 38.5% female). While no GM volume loss was observed, GM MD increased between baseline and 1 year. The increase of GM MD in left fronto-temporal regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior and medial temporal gyrus, p < 0.05, Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement, 5000 permutations) was associated with an increase time to complete ZCT, regardless of demographic confounders, IS volume and location, GM, and white matter hyperintensity volume. GM integrity deterioration was thus associated with processing speed slowdown, and appears to be a biomarker of cognitive frailty. This broadens the knowledge of post-IS cognitive impairment mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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194. Hub architecture of the human structural connectome: Links to aging and processing speed
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Xin Li, Alireza Salami, and Jonas Persson
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Connectome ,Fiber bundle capacity ,Processing speed ,Diffusion-weighted imaging ,Aging ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
The human structural brain network, or connectome, has a rich-club organization with a small number of brain regions showing high network connectivity, called hubs. Hubs are centrally located in the network, energy costly, and critical for human cognition. Aging has been associated with changes in brain structure, function, and cognitive decline, such as processing speed. At a molecular level, the aging process is a progressive accumulation of oxidative damage, which leads to subsequent energy depletion in the neuron and causes cell death. However, it is still unclear how age affects hub connections in the human connectome. The current study aims to address this research gap by constructing structural connectome using fiber bundle capacity (FBC). FBC is derived from Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD) modeling of white-matter fiber bundles, which represents the capacity of a fiber bundle to transfer information. Compared to the raw number of streamlines, FBC is less bias for quantifying connection strength within biological pathways. We found that hubs exhibit longer-distance connections and higher metabolic rates compared to peripheral brain regions, suggesting that hubs are biologically costly. Although the landscape of structural hubs was relatively age-invariant, there were wide-spread age effects on FBC in the connectome. Critically, these age effects were larger in connections within hub compared to peripheral brain connections. These findings were supported by both a cross-sectional sample with wide age-range (N = 137) and a longitudinal sample across 5 years (N = 83). Moreover, our results demonstrated that associations between FBC and processing speed were more concentrated in hub connections than chance level, and FBC in hub connections mediated the age-effects on processing speed. Overall, our findings indicate that structural connections of hubs, which demonstrate greater energy demands, are particular vulnerable to aging. The vulnerability may contribute to age-related impairments in processing speed among older adults.
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- 2023
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195. Differentiation of the retinal morphology aging trajectories in schizophrenia and their associations with cognitive dysfunctions
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Adam Domagała, Lucyna Domagała, Natalia Kopiś-Posiej, Michał Harciarek, and Paweł Krukow
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schizophrenia ,retina ,processing speed ,accelerated aging ,optical coherance tomography ,Psychiatry ,RC435-571 - Abstract
Previous studies evaluating the morphology of the selected retinal layers in schizophrenia showed abnormalities regarding macular thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). Concurrently, accumulating neuroimaging results suggest that structural alterations of the brain in this disease might be an effect of accelerated aging. Referring to these findings, we aimed to determine whether the thinning of the retinal layers assessed with the optic coherence tomography (OCT) in a group of schizophrenia patients (n = 60) presents a significant age-related decrease exceeding potential changes noted in the control group (n = 61). Samples of patients and controls were divided into three age subgroups, namely, younger, middle-aged, and older participants. OCT outcomes, such as macular thickness and volume, macular RNFL, peripapillary RNFL, and GCC, were analyzed concerning a diagnosis status (controls vs. patients) and age subgroups. Additionally, associations between retinal parameters, age, and selected cognitive functions were evaluated. post-hoc tests revealed that macular thickness and volume in patients undergo significant age-dependent thinning, which was not observed in the control group. Regression analyses confirmed the association between macular morphology and age. Selected speed-dependent cognitive functions in patients decreased significantly with age, and these features were also significantly associated with some OCT outcomes also after controlling for antipsychotic treatment. Our results suggest that reduced measures of retinal structure detected in schizophrenia may be an effect of accelerated aging; however, further research is needed using computational solutions derived from brain imaging studies based on large datasets covering representatives of all age groups.
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- 2023
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196. Decline in Processing Speed Tells Only Half the Story: Developmental Delay in Children Living with Sickle Cell Disease
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Elise Jade Walker, Fenella Jane Kirkham, and Anna Marie Hood
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sickle cell disease ,processing speed ,longitudinal ,delay ,decline ,cognition ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) may experience cognitive difficulties, including slowed processing speed. Thus, we investigated if processing speed changes over time. From 1992–2001, 103 participants with SCD aged 3–16 years (n ≤ 8.99 = 45; n ≥ 9.00 = 58) completed cognitive assessments. MRI was available for 54 participants. Between 1992–2002, 58 participants consented to one or two further assessments. A repeated measures regression using linear mixed-effects modelling determined longitudinal changes in processing speed index (PSI), examining the interaction between age (continuous variable) and timepoint (i.e., assessment 1 or 3) and controlling for MRI infarct status (i.e., no infarct, silent infarct, or stroke). Those aged ≤8.99 and ≥9.00 at first assessment experienced PSI decline. Declines were most prominent for the processing speed coding subtest, with a significant interaction between timepoint and age, t(31) = 2.64, p = 0.01. This decline may reflect a developmental delay, likely due to disease progression, with slower improvements in processing speed. Although there have been significant improvements in SCD treatments, mostly in high-income countries, processing speed still remains a target; thus, incorporating clinical monitoring of processing speed may help identify delay and allow for early intervention.
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- 2024
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197. Supporting Learning Differences: Effects of Cognitive Training on Cognitive Abilities in a School-Based Sample
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Lisa Looney, Eugene H. Wong, Kevin P. Rosales, Jennifer M. Bacon, and Dudley J. Wiest
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working memory ,executive function ,processing speed ,computerized cognitive training ,educational interventions ,Education - Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates the effectiveness of computerized cognitive training (CCT) in building specific abilities (e.g., working memory) among school-age children. As a result, CCT is increasingly cited as a means to enhance and support students’ academic performance and school experience. However, many studies exploring CCT as an intervention have done so outside of the school setting, limiting its potential impact with regard to students who may benefit from it but cannot access such supports. This project examined the efficacy of a CCT program implemented within the academic day for all students attending a private school. The findings showed that two CCT programs resulted in improvements in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and/or processing speed among third graders through sixth graders (N = 95). Furthermore, this project demonstrates a model for the effective integration of CCT into a school day without interrupting the academic curriculum. The present results have important implications for the current ideological shift in education that focuses on how to more broadly address students’ learning differences.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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198. Beneficial Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function in Adolescents.
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Park, SeYun and Etnier, Jennifer L.
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AEROBIC exercises ,PHYSICAL activity ,EXECUTIVE function ,TEENAGERS ,EXERCISE ,HIGH school students ,PHYSICAL fitness - Abstract
Background: Evidence supports that a single session of exercise has benefits for cognitive performance following exercise. Although the vast majority of research has been conducted with young adults, very few studies to date have tested these effects in adolescents (high school aged students). As executive function (EF) develops through late adolescence and into young adulthood, it is important to assess the extent to which acute exercise benefits EF in adolescents. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of moderate-intensity acute exercise on subsequent EF performance in this population. Methods: Healthy high school students (N = 22; age: 15.90 [0.29] y) volunteered to participate in the study. Using a within-subjects design with order of conditions randomized and counterbalanced, participants performed the Stroop Test, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, and the Tower of London Test following control and following exercise with sessions performed on different days. Results: Exercise resulted in significant benefits for Stroop Color, Stroop Color-Word tests, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Tower of London total moves, and Tower of London total excess moves. Conclusions: These results provide an important extension to the literature by confirming that 20 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise benefits EF performance in high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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199. Benzodiazepine Use Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV.
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Saloner, Rowan, Grelotti, David J, Tyree, Griffin, Sundermann, Erin E, Ma, Qing, Letendre, Scott, Heaton, Robert K, and Cherner, Mariana
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Mental Health ,Neurosciences ,HIV/AIDS ,Adult ,Aged ,Alprazolam ,Benzodiazepines ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Diazepam ,Executive Function ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Lorazepam ,Male ,Memory ,Short-Term ,Mental Recall ,Mental Status and Dementia Tests ,Middle Aged ,Motor Skills ,Neurocognitive Disorders ,Propensity Score ,Retrospective Studies ,Self Report ,Young Adult ,benzodiazepines ,neuroHIV ,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders ,executive functions ,memory ,processing speed ,Public Health and Health Services ,Virology ,Clinical sciences ,Epidemiology ,Public health - Abstract
ObjectiveDespite potential for dependence and adverse neurological effects, long-term benzodiazepine (BZD) use is common among people living with HIV (PLWH). As PLWH are at risk for central nervous system dysfunction, we retrospectively examined the association between BZD use and HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (NCI).MethodsThree hundred six PLWH underwent comprehensive neurobehavioral evaluations. Current BZD use (BZD+) was determined through self-report. Using propensity scores, 153 BZD- individuals were matched to 153 BZD+ participants on demographics and medical comorbidities. Multiple regression models examined NCI and demographically adjusted neurocognitive T-scores as a function of BZD status, adjusting for estimated premorbid ability, current affective symptoms, and nadir CD4 count. Secondary analyses explored neurocognitive correlates of positive BZD urine toxicology screens (TOX+) and specific BZD agents.ResultsMedian duration of BZD use was 24 months. Current BZD use related to higher likelihood of NCI (odds ratio = 2.13, P = 0.003) and poorer global (d = -0.28, P = 0.020), processing speed (d = -0.23, P = 0.047), and motor T-scores (d = -0.32, P = 0.008). Compared with BZD-/TOX-, BZD+/TOX+ exhibited additional decrements in executive function (d = -0.48, P = 0.013), working memory (d = -0.49, P = 0.011), and delayed recall (d = -0.41, P = 0.032). For individual agents, diazepam, lorazepam, and alprazolam were most strongly associated with NCI (odds ratios >2.31).DiscussionBZD use may elevate risk for NCI in PLWH, potentially through diffuse neurocognitive slowing and acute compromise of recall and higher-order capacities. These effects are robust to psychosocial and HIV-specific factors and occur in comparison with a tightly matched BZD- group. Prospective and interventional studies should evaluate causal associations between NCI and BZD use and explore treatment alternatives to BZDs in PLWH.
- Published
- 2019
200. Plasma oxytocin and vasopressin levels in young and older men and women: Functional relationships with attachment and cognition
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Plasencia, Gabriela, Luedicke, Joerg M, Nazarloo, Hossein P, Carter, C Sue, and Ebner, Natalie C
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Aging ,Clinical Research ,Mental Health ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Neurosciences ,Basic Behavioral and Social Science ,Mental health ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Age Factors ,Aged ,Aged ,80 and over ,Anxiety ,Avoidance Learning ,Cognition ,Cohort Studies ,Female ,Humans ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Object Attachment ,Oxytocin ,Sex Factors ,Vasopressins ,Young Adult ,Age ,Attachment anxiety ,Processing speed ,Sex ,Vasopressin ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Psychiatry - Abstract
A growing literature associates the neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) with affiliative and cognitive outcomes. The majority of this work in humans, however, considers these neuropeptides separately. Also, despite evidence that OT and AVP interact with gonadal hormones, still warranted is an examination of sex and age variations in endogenous neuropeptide levels, their interrelations, and their functional relationships with attachment and cognition in humans. This study measured endogenous plasma OT and AVP levels in generally healthy young (18-31 years) and older (63-81 years) men and women to (i) determine levels of and interrelations between OT and AVP; (ii) explore functional relationships with self-reported attachment (attachment anxiety and avoidance) and performance-based cognition (processing speed, verbal memory); and (iii) identify variations in these effects by sex and age. We observed sex- and age-differential patterns of results: Women had higher plasma OT levels than men and older adults had higher plasma AVP levels than young adults. The two neuropeptides were highly negatively intercorrelated across all groups. Functionally, higher AVP levels were associated with greater attachment anxiety and higher OT and lower AVP levels were associated with faster sensorimotor processing speed, with sex and age moderating these effects. This integrated approach identifies variations in endogenous peripheral neuropeptide levels in humans, supporting their sex- and age-specific role as "difference makers" in attachment and cognition.
- Published
- 2019
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