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The Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) is the main sensor launched in May of 2002 on the Chinese first ocean color satellite named HY-1A. In this paper, first, the properties of HY-1A and COCTS are introduced briefly. Second, the theory and methodology of cross-calibration for COCTS ocean color bands by using the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data are discussed in detail. Third, with the quasi-synchronized SeaWiFS data, we simulate the COCTS radiances at the top of atmosphere (TOA), and then obtain the calibration coefficients for COCTS ocean color bands. The results show that the cross-calibration TOA radiances are consistent with the in situ vicarious calibration TOA radiances at the COCTS ocean color bands. Finally, we compare the COCTS-retrieved water leaving radiances with SeaWiFS-retrieved ones and the results show that the cross-calibration method could provide reasonable accuracy for ocean color measurement.

Shikimate kinase (SK), an indispensable enzyme in shikimate pathway, catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3-hydroxyl of shikimate to form shikimate 3-phosphate. There are many active metabolites from shikimate pathway in Cassia obtusifolia. A new member of SKs from C. obtusifolia named CoSK was cloned and subjected to in silico characterization analysis. The constructed 3D structure of CoSK adopted α-β-α fold with five parallel β-sheets flanked by 12 α-helices. CoSK was shown to possess the potential ability to catalyze the phosphorylation of shikimate. Residues Lys118 and Arg223 binding with ATP and residue Asp137 binding with shikimate might be essential for phosphorylating shikimate. These results will provide useful information concerning the catalytic and physiology mechanism of SK in plants.

The mild environment where most proteins and antibodies in living systems are prepared has inspired fascination among chemists. Herein, a new, rapid, low-cost, and environment-friendly method is proposed to synthesize molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) via visible light activated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in aqueous media at room temperature for highly selective electrochemical assay of glucose. The MIPs with microsphere morphology, the better hydraulic distribution, large surface area, uniform large pore sizes, and high pore volume exhibit a significant adsorption efficiency compared with nonimprinted polymers for glucose. In addition, the MIP sensor recognizing the glucose significantly exceeds that of the other saccharide analogs, possesses regenerative ability, and presents high sensitivity by applying for the detection of glucose in human urine samples.

Lake ecological environment is changing, driving by natural and human factors, and in turn influence people's living and producing. Therefore, dynamic monitoring of lake based on remote sensing technologies will play an important role to the disaster prevention and reduction work of lakes. In this paper, we expounded a series of work to realized monitor Poyang Lake dynamically by using HJ-CCD images. First, we did pretreatment to all HJ-CCD images, which mainly contain geometric correction, atmospheric correlation, image clipping, etc. Then, based on different features between water and non-water in different index layers, we extracted the covered area by water in different times from the corresponding HJ-CCD images, and we also extracted the true area through visual interpretation method. After that, by combining the water boundaries and DEM, we also estimated water level and water capacity in different times. Results of our work showed that the mean absolute error of water area extracted through remote technologies is 5.57%. The relationship of remote sensing areas and visual interpretation areas could be described as S true = 0.8757*S interp + 110.24, with R 2 = 0.9807. Besides, there was obvious relationship between water area and water capacity of Poyang Lake too, and the relations can be described with linear function. Based on such results, we can realize the dynamic estimation of Poyang Lake’s area and capacity from daily gotten HJ-CCD image which covers the District of Poyang Lake. In other words, the results of this paper can provide decision basis for Poyang Lake’s real-time, dynamic, economic monitoring.

A trypsin inhibitor gene (CoTI1) from Cassia obtusifolia was isolated and the deduced amino acid sequence was attributed to the Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor. The recombined CoTI1, expressed in E. coli, exhibited strong inhibitory effect on bovine trypsin and trypsin-like proteases from Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera exigua, and Spodoptera litura. CoTI1 thus presents insecticidal properties that may be useful for the genetic engineering of plants. Leu84, Arg86 and Thr88 were predicted as three key residues by molecular modeling in which Arg86, inserted into the substrate pocket of trypsin, interacted directly with residue Asp189 of trypsin causing the specific inhibition against trypsin. The predicted results were confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis with L84A, R86A and T88A, respectively. The substantial changing expression level of CoTI1 under salt, drought and abscisic acid treatment suggested that CoTI1 might play important role in the resistance against abiotic stress.

Built-up area is the result of human activities, which is one of the most important input parameters for the simulation of biogeochemical cycle, and has very important significance for the research of earth system science. Therefore, it is very necessary to map the distribution of built-up area and monitor the changes of it by using new technologies and methods at high spatiotemporal resolution. This article mainly explored the changes of built-up areas at the beginning of the 21st century in Zhejiang Province, China, based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). In the article, we first introduced the mapping processes of built-up areas in the study area based on the method which combined object-oriented method and the mapping precision were high. Then, we analyzed the changes of built-up areas in the study area from 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010. Through the study of this article, we got that most of the changes have distributed at the northeast part of Zhejiang from 2000 to 2005, and all parts of Zhejiang except Lishui have significant changes from 2005 to 2010. There were about 1564.07km2 and 1607.73km2 non-built-up areas turned into built-up areas from 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010 respectively. Of course, the contrary conversion also exist which accounted for 22.52km2 and 96.32 km2 respectively. Moreover, the city with the greatest increase of built-up areas from 2000 to 2005 and 2005 to 2010 is Ningbo and Jiaxing respectively.

The total suspended particulate matter (TSM) in coastal waters has a great impact on the ocean ecosystem. Based on the in situ measurements of the TSM as well as the degree of polarization (DOP) of the upward radiance just above sea surface, the relationships between the TSM and DOP were investigated. The results indicated that the DOP was negatively correlated with the TSM concentration well. Moreover, the regional TSM algorithms were developed using band ratios of DOP at 490nm/570nm and 520nm/570nm, respectively. There were good agreements between the DOPretrieved and in-situ TSM concentrations, with the minimum relative deviation of27.8% and 29.9%, respectively.

Dynamic variations of suspended sediment (TSM) in extremely turbid waters of Hangzhou Bay (HZB) have been studied using a tower-based high-frequency water-spectrum observing system. We developed a practical data processing method for the high-frequency water-spectrum observation. In addition, the method was validated by the ASD measurement, and the results showed that the tower-measured normalized water-leaving radiance was consistent with it measured by ASD, with the correlation coefficient greater than 0.90 and the mean relative error of 6.48%. Based on the tower-measured water spectrum, the TSM was retrieved further with high frequency, and the results showed that the TSM in the HZB had significant diurnal and seasonal variations. The diurnal dynamics might mainly be caused by tidal induced resuspension, yet the seasonal variations might be derived by winds largely.

A cDNA library generated from seeds of Cassia obtusifolia was sequenced using Illumina/Solexa platform. More than 12,968,231 high quality reads were generated, and have been deposited in NCBI SRA (SRR 1012912). A total of 40,102 unigenes (>200 bp) were obtained with an average sequence length of 681 bp by de novo assembly. About 34,089 (85%) unique sequences were annotated and 8694 of the unique sequences were assigned to specific metabolic pathways by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Among them, 131 unigenes, which are involved in the biosynthesis and (or) regulation of anthraquinone, carotenoid, flavonoid, and lipid, the 4 best known active metabolites, were identified from cDNA library. In addition, three lipid transfer proteins were obtained, which may contribute to the lipid molecules transporting between biological membranes. Meanwhile, 30 cytochrome P450, 12 SAM-dependent methyltransferases, and 12 UDP-glucosyltransferase unigenes were identified, which could also be responsible for the biosynthesis of active metabolites.

Climate change has become one of the hotspots of global attention in recent progress of globalization and industrialization. The mainstream opinion presented by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regards that the global warming was caused mainly by greenhouse gases generated by human activities, such as anthropogenic CO 2 , which also resulting in the high-frequent happening of abnormal climate events. Satellite remote sensing is an efficient and economic method for CO 2 flux observation. In this paper, we describe an Information System of Ocean Satellite Monitoring for Ari-sea CO 2 Flux (IssCO2) which developed by the Second Institute of Oceanography, China. The IssCO2can achieve the whole procedure automatically from the satellite remote data receiving to products distribution, including the data acquirement and satellite image process, products generation, etc. The IssCO2 can process various types of in situ data, satellite data and model data, and validate the final satellite-derived CO 2 flux products by in situ data; it can provide a real-time browsing and download of remote sensing products on the web based on the Geo-information System (GIS) technologies. The IssCO2 can meet the concurrent queries of different levels of users, and the query results can be visual displayed and analyzed on the client.

NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factors regulate the expression of the target genes by formation of NAC-DNA complex, which are involved in development, stress responses and nutrient distribution in many metaphyta plants. AtNAC1, a NAC transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana, plays an important role in auxin signaling and root development. In order to understand the structure and DNA binding model of AtNAC1, the 3D structure model of AtNAC1 was constructed and docked with its target DNA. The structure of AtNAC1 monomer contained four α-helices and eight β-sheets. Two homo monomers of AtNAC1 formed a homo-dimer. The N-terminal sheet S1, Arg24 and Glu31 played an important role in forming AtNAC1 homo-dimer. AtNAC1 dimer interacted with DNA via its core β-sheet (S5) which contained WKATGKD motif inserting into the major groove of DNA and formed a tight AtNAC1-DNA complex. The DNA sites for AtNAC1 binding were 5'-CTGACGTA-3' and 5'-GATGACGC-3'. Lys102, Ala103, Thr104, Gly105, Lys106, and Asp107 interacting with sugars/bases of DNA were probably responsible for specific recognition of DNA sites. Meanwhile, Arg91, Lys135, and Lys171 binding with phosphate groups of DNA backbone might be the key residues for affinity with DNA. The study provided the in silico framework to understand the interactions of AtNAC1 with DNA at the molecular level.

Numerous empirical algorithms have been operationally used to retrieve global ocean chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentrations from ocean color satellite data, for example, the OC4V4 algorithm for sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor and the OC3M algorithm for moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer. However, the algorithms have been established and validated based on in situ data mainly measured under low to moderate solar zenith angle (SZA) (

The vertical profiles of beam attenuation coefficient (c) can provide information about the distribution and variability of suspended particles in the water column. Vertical profiles of particulate beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm (c p (660)), Chlorophyll a (chla) and Particulate Organic Carbon(POC) were analyzed to examine patterns and controlling factors of vertical distributions in the East China Sea (ECS), based on two cruises in summer and late autumn. In late autumn, the c p (660) profiles showed uniform distribution with depth in most of shelf regions, and high value of c p (660) was observed in some inshore stations caused by strong resuspension. In summer, c p (660) exhibited weak subsurface maxima phenomenon in outer shelf, while with the well vertical mixed structures in the northern coast areas of ECS. The variability of c p (660) between summer and autumn were mainly influenced by the changes of thermocline distribution in the ECS. In the late autumn, water potential density were characterized as fully vertical mixed, on the contrary, the strong stratifications of water column were observed in summer. Except for several inshore stations with highly influenced by terrestrial input, significant relationships between POC and c P (660) were observed in both late autumn and summer. The close relationship between POC and c p (660) could be an potential application to retrieve the POC profiles from in situ c P (660) measurements, and be applied to the surface POC estimated from space.

Asian dust often occurring in the spring can be transported to the China Sea, even far to the North Pacific region. In this process, the dust deposition brings some nutrients and microelements into ocean and can affect the marine ecosystem significantly, such as the phytoplankton populations. In this study, we firstly analyze the monthly variations of chlorophyll a (Chla) concentrations and aerosol optical thickness (AOT), and then consider three major dust storm events during April 2006 to study their impact on the chlorophyll concentrations along the track of the dust storm using satellite observations over the Yellow Sea, including AOT and the Chla from Modis, composited sea surface temperature (SST) from TRMM / TMI and AMSR-E, and sea surface winds (SSW) from Quikscat. The central of North Yellow Sea (38- 39°N,123-124°E) and South Yellow Sea (35-37°N, 123-125°E) are regions where Chla blooming frequently during dust events. The Chla usually up to 5-12mg/m 3 and the max value even greater than 30 mg/m 3 . Without high wind speed and suitable temperature, dust deposition could also cause chlorophyll concentrations increased, but its impact region is limited and intensity is small in the Yellow Sea. Due to the AOT usually overflow or failure over dust regions, the high AOT can denote dust event. In the future, the dust aerosol optical thickness and other properties need to be estimated for further study on the ocean biogeochemical response to Asian dust events.

The absorption and particulate backscattering coefficients are the basic parameters of the water inherent optical properties (IOPs), which are also the basic parameters for the development and validation of the semi-analysis models of the ocean color remote sensing. In this work, the absorption and backscattering coefficients in the East China Sea (ECS) were measured in the summer and winter of 2009 using the three in-situ optical instruments, including the WET Labs acs, and the HOBI Labs HydroScat-6. Based on the in-situ measured data, the distribution of the absorption and backscattering coefficients in the ECS are analyzed. The results show that in the summer the water absorption coefficient at 440nm (a(440nm),excluding the absorption of the pure sea water) in the surface layer is ranged from 0.022 to 0.067 m-1, and the particulate backscattering coefficient at 442nm(bbp(442nm), is between 0.00064 and 0.03274 m-1. As a whole, both of the absorption and backscattering coefficients decrease with the offshore direction, and the high values located at the mouth of Changjiang River. In the winter, a(440nm) is between 0.051 and 0.887 m-1, and bbp(442nm) is ranged from 0.000639 to 0.14614 m-1 at the surface layer. The spatial distributions in winter are similar as the summer, with the high value in the coast and low value in the offshore. The absorption and backscattering coefficients in winter are significantly larger than the summer's, especially in coastal area near the mouth of Changjiang River, which maybe caused by the southward Fujian-Zhejiang coastal current occurring in winter. As the vertical profile distributions, we find that both of the absorption and backscattering coefficients present a layer structure, which caused by the stratification of the sea water in the summer; while in the winter, affected by the strong wind disturbing, both of the absorption and backscattering coefficients are thoroughly vertical mixing. To our knowledge, it is the first time giving the distribution of the absorption and backscattering coefficients in the East China Sea.

The coastal area of East China Sea (ECS) suffers from the harmful algal blooms ( HAB ) frequently every year in the warm season. The most common causative phytoplankton algal species of HAB in the ECS in recent years are Prorocentrum donghaiense (dinoflagellates) , Karenia mikimotoi (dinoflagellates which could produce hemolytic and ichthyotoxins) and Skeletonema costatum (diatom) . The discrimination between the dinoflagellates and diatom HAB through ocean color remote sensing approach can add the knowledge of HAB events in ECS and help to the precaution. A series of in-situ measurement consisted of absorption coefficient, total scattering and particulate backscattering coefficient was conducted in the southern coast of Zhejiang Province in May 2009, and the estuary of Changjiang River in August 2009 and December 2010, which encountered two HAB events and a moderate bloom. The Inherent Optical Properties ( IOPs ) of the bloom waters have significant difference between phytoplankton species in absorption and backscattering properties. The chlorophyll a specific absorption coefficient (a* phy (λ)) for the bloom patches (chlorophyll a concentration >6mg m -3 ) differ greatly from the adjacent normal seawater, with the a* phy (λ) of bloom water lower than 0.03 m 2 mg -1 while the a* phy (λ) of the adjacent normal seawater is much higher (even up to 0.06 m 2 mg -1 ). Meanwhile, the backscattering coefficients at 6 wavebands (420, 442, 470, 510, 590 and 700nm) are also remarkably lower for bloom waters ( -1 ) than the normal seawater (> 0.02 m -1 ). The backscattering coefficient ratio (Rbp(λ)) is much lower for diatom bloom waters than for dinoflagellates types (0.01079 vs. 0.01227). A discrimination model based on IOPs is established, and several typical dinoflagellates and diatom bloom events including Prorocentrum donghaiense, Karenia mikimotoi and Skeletonema costatum in the ECS are picked out for testing with the MODIS-L2 and L3 ocean color remote sensing products from NASA website. The result proves that the satellite-derived inherent optical properties can be used to HAB detection and the discrimination of HAB species from dinoflagellates and the diatom types in the ECS.

A cruise was conducted in the East China Sea (ECS) in autumn 2010 to collect Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) samples. The distribution of DOC mainly controlled by the hydrography since the relationship between DOC and salinity was significant in both East China Sea. The biological activity had a significant influence on the concentration of DOC with a close correlation between DOC and Chl a. The absorption coefficient of CDOM (a355) decreased with the salinity increasing in the shelf of East China Sea (R 2 =0.9045). CDOM and DOC were significantly correlated in ECS where DOC distribution was dominated largely by the Changjiang diluted water. Based on the relationship of CDOM and DOC, we estimated the DOC concentration of the surface in ECS from satellite-derived CDOM images. Some deviations induced by the biological effect and related marine DOC accumulations were discussed.

The operational atmospheric correction algorithm for Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) uses the predefined aerosol models to retrieve aerosol optical properties, and their accuracy depends on how well the aerosol models can represent the real aerosol optical properties. In this paper, we developed a method to evaluate the aerosol models (combined with the model selection methodology) by simulating the aerosol retrieval using the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data. Our method can evaluate the ability of aerosol models themselves, independent of the sensor performance. Two types of aerosol models for SeaWiFS and MODIS operational atmospheric correction algorithms are evaluated over global open oceans, namely the GW1994 models and Ahmad2010 models. The results show that GW1994 models significantly overestimate the aerosol optical thicknesses and underestimate the Angstrom exponent, which is caused by the underestimation of the scattering phase function. However, Ahmad2010 models can significantly reduce the overestimation of the aerosol optical thickness and the underestimation of the Angstrom exponent as a whole, but this improvement depends on the backscattering angle. Ahmad2010 models have a significant improvement in the retrieval of the aerosol optical thickness at a backscattering angle less than 140°. For a backscattering angle larger than 140°, GW1994 models are better at retrieving the aerosol optical thickness than the Ahmad2010 models.

A new approach has been developed for the highly sensitive and selective sensing of a protein. Lysozyme binding to its aptamer prevents SSB protein binding, and the subsequent binding of the free SSB protein to a molecular beacon results in a turn-on fluorescence signal, which can be used for lysozyme quantification.

East China Seas locate in the East Asia Monsoon region, which have large seasonal variation. In this paper, we use the remote sensing data from AVHRR, SeaWiFS and MODIS to analysis the climatology and long-time change of sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration in the East China Seas. First, the monthly-averaged sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration remote sensing data sets from 1998 to 2009 are generated. Second, the climatology distributions of the sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration in the East China Seas are analyzed both for the seasonal cycle and monthly cycle, and the results show that there is remark seasonal variation in the East China Seas. Finally, based on the long-time data sets we have generated, the annual variation of the sea-surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration in the East China Seas are analyzed, and results shows that sea-surface temperature generally decreases for the whole East China Seas in the last 10 years, but with spatial variation. The chlorophyll concentration increases in the Yellow Sea in the last 10 years; however, it is decreases in the shelf of the East China Sea and the Kuroshio region.

The Changjiang River is the third largest river of the annual flux around the world, which has a great impact on the ecosystem of the East China Sea and adjacent areas. Because of the shallow water, tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and Qiantang River, the suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration is extremely high in the Changjiang Estuary, which is ever up to 2000mg/L. Due to the large water-leaving radiance at the near-infrared wavelength, the operational atmospheric correction algorithm for the open ocean can not be applied to this region, and the existing remote sensing algorithms for SPM may not be applicable for this extremely high turbidity waters. In this paper, we firstly apply the blue wavelength atmospheric correction algorithm to MERIS Level-1 data to get the reasonable spectral water-leaving radiances in the Changjiang Estuary. Based on the winter cruise data in 2007, a regional SPM algorithm was developed using the bands ratio of the normalized water-leaving radiances between 779nm and 560nm. This algorithm was validated by the summer cruise data in 2006, and the results show that the performance of the algorithm was very well, and there was good agreement between the retrieved data and in-situ measured concentrations of the SPM in the Changjiang Estuary, with the correlation coefficient of 0.98 in the logarithm form and the averaged absolute relative error of 27.2%, and the standard deviation of 20.8mg/l in the linear form. Finally, the seasonal variations of the SPM in the Changjiang Estuary were analyzed by the MERIS SPM maps retrieved by the algorithms developed in this paper.

Polarization response could significant affect the accuracy of the radiance measured by the ocean color remote sensors, and it should be corrected before the atmospheric correction processing. For the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) onboard the HY-1B satellite which was launched on 11 Apr., 2007, the design goal of the polarization response degree is less than 5% for the scanning angle less than 20°. However, the polarization response coefficients of Hy-1B/COCTS have not yet been completely measured pre-launched, which should be estimated by the on-orbit assessment method. In this paper, we have developed an on-bit assessment method of the polarization response coefficient for satellite ocean color remote sensor. First, the principle of the polarization response of the satellite ocean color sensor is introduced. Then, we provide the on-orbit assessment method of the polarization response for the satellite ocean color sensor. The method has been applied to the Aqua/MODIS to validate its applicability, and the derived polarization response coefficients consist well with the pre-launched measured values. Finally, we apply the method to the HY-1B/COCTS, and the results show that HY-1B/COCTS has large polarization response for the 412nm and 490nm bands with the maximum polarization response degree more than 30%, and the polarization responses at 443nm, 520nm and 565nm are relative small with the degree all less than 15%. The mean values of the polarization response degree are 17.2%, 9.4%, 23.2%, 7.7% and 4.7% for the first five bands of HY-1B/COCTS, respectively.

The petroleum pollution is one of the main pollutants of Chinese ocean, and developing algorithms and systems for realtime oil spill monitoring is an urgent matter of the moment. Because the satellite remote sensing is efficient, fargoing and inexpensive, this paper is focused on making use of satellite data of EOS/MODIS, and attempting to monitor oil spill of maritime space in China. The method is built based on the analysis of oil spectral characteristic, and then the remote sensing spectral characters of several petroleum types under the maritime circumstance and the difference of thermal infrared spectrum of oil are observed to provide oil information for oil film monitoring. The research will be used water quality monitoring and early warning for larger ocean disaster, and shows a good application example of satellite data of the EOS/MODIS.

Suspended sediment is an important parameter of water quality and a main factor to affect the lifetime of port use, which needs to be monitored on the spatial distribution and temporal changes. It also dominates the optical properties in the coastal ocean and makes it difficult to retrieve chlorophyll concentration and other water constituents from satellite remote sensing data. Many algorithms were developed to retrieve suspended sediment concentration (SSC) from satellite remote sensing data and most of them were tested to be used for the region of the East China Sea. The results show that relative errors are too large to be more than 100% under high concentration of sediments. This region, especially in the Yangtze estuary and Hangzhou Bay, is famous for large area distribution of high concentration of suspended sediment, as high as more than 1000 mg/l. A new algorithm is developed, based on a large amount of in-situ measurements of four big cruises, each of these cruises employ two big ships to take about two months to measure about 200 stations. First, the relationship between the water-leaving radiance at different wavelengths and SSC was analyzed and the results show that the radiance at green bands is sensible to SSC at low concentration and almost saturated at high concentration, while the radiance at red bands has a good relationship with SSC at high concentration, meanwhile the radiance at near-infrared bands has also a big value under high SSC. Then the accuracy of the algorithm is evaluated and shows that the algorithm has a nice performance both at low and high SSC. Finally, the algorithm is used to obtain SSC from SeaWiFS and MODIS data and the distribution of SSC show that the algorithm is suitable for retrieving SSC from satellite remote sensing data in the East China Sea.

China had successfully launched her second ocean color satellite HY-1B on 11 Apr., 2007, which was the successor of the HY-1A satellite launched on 15 May, 2002. There were two sensors onboard HY-1B, named the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) and the Coastal Zone Imager (CZI) respectively, and COCTS was the main sensor. COCTS had not only eight visible and near-infrared wave bands similar to the SeaWiFS, but also two more thermal infrared wave bands to measure the sea surface temperature. Therefore, COCTS had broad application potentiality, such as fishery resource protection and development, coastal monitoring and management and marine pollution monitoring. In this paper, the main characteristics of COCTS were described firstly. Then, using the crosscalibration method, the vicarious calibration of COCTS was carried out by the synchronous remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, and the results showed that COCTS had well linear responses for the visible light bands with the correlation coefficients more than 0.98, however, the performances of the near infrared wavelength bands were not good as visible light bands. Using the vicarious calibration result, the operational atmospheric correction (AC) algorithm of COCTS was developed based on the exact Rayleigh scattering look-up table (LUT), aerosol scattering LUT and atmosphere diffuse transmission LUT generated by the coupled ocean-atmospheric vector radiative transfer numerical model named PCOART. The AC algorithm had been validated by the simulated radiance data at the top-of-atmosphere, and the results showed the errors of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved by the AC algorithm were less than 0.0005, which met the requirement of the exactly atmospheric correction of ocean color remote sensing. Finally, the AC algorithm was applied to the HY-1B/COCTS remote sensing data, and the corresponding ocean color remote sensing products have been generated.

The ocean color satellite sensors measure the water-leaving radiance from ocean, which is used to deduce the global chlorophyll-a concentration distribution and other information. The water-leaving radiance is mainly caused by the backscatter of particles in the water. Spectral backscattering coefficients of particles play an important role in determining the remote sensing reflectance and a model is developed to study the spectral characteristics of the particle backscattering coefficients. The backscattering model of particles is established based on the measured data at two wavelengths of 470nm and 700nm and the backscattering coefficients of phytoplankton are also deduced from the total particles. The parameter n in the model is deduced from chlorophyll-a instead of using a constant value and the backscattering coefficient of particles at 700nm is retrieved from chlorophyll-a using a power function. To deduce the backscattering model of phytoplankton, the ratio of phytoplankton absorption to the total absorption of particles is used to separate the phytoplankton part from total backscattering values. The backscattering model of phytoplankton is established with a high correlation coefficient of 0.80 and the parameter values of the model are very close to those of Sathyendranath. The range of phytoplankton backscattering coefficients is from 0.0018 to 0.016m-1, almost half of that scattered by total particles. The backscattering properties of phytoplankton also agree with the normalized diffuse attenuation coefficients of seawater, which can be used in the bio-optical models in the coastal ocean. © (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Diffuse attenuation coefficient is an apparent optical property (AOP) which directly links to the inherent optical properties in ocean color remote sensing. So far, the study on the satellite retrieve algorithm of water diffuse attenuation coefficient has not been deeply-going, which is mainly discussed using the bands-ratio methods based on the in situ data. Only a few scientists apply the remote sensing data (such as SeaWiFS and MODIS) to retrieve the diffuse attenuation coefficient based on the model developed by Mueller (2002). In this paper, a quasi-analytical algorithm of spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients were developed based on the QAA algorithm of the inherent optical properties (IOPs) developed by Lee (2002). The model could retrieve multi-bands of the diffuse attenuation coefficients at 412 nm, 443 nm, 490 nm, 510 nm and 555nm wavelength. The in-situ optical dataset of South China Sea in 1999 was used to validate the model, and the results showed that the model had a good performance in the case I water in South China Sea, and the relative errors were 15.4%, 12.6%, 13.3%, 10.2%, 11.9%, 9.8% and 10.3% for the 412 nm, 443 nm, 490 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 555nm and 565 nm bands respectively. For the complex case II water, the model should be further localized and tested.

With the availability of scatterometer data, surface wind vectors can be estimated from the backscatter measurement over oceans, guarantee global, long-term monitoring of the winds on the oceans, which make them very valuable for climate studies and other applications. At moderate wind speeds, the wind speed derived by scatterometer is considered reliable. But at higher wind speeds, scatterometers appear to underestimate the wind speed, especially in tropical cyclones, because of deficiencies of the geophysical model function for high winds, attenuation caused by rain, influence of wind gradient, and the saturation of the backscattering under high wind. As a passive microwave sensor, radiometer does not show obvious saturation phenomena under high wind, therefore it is an appropriate candidate to be used to retrieve high wind speed. In this paper, combined scatterometer and radiometer data is used to retrieve wind field under high wind condition. Using in situ data and meteorological data as a criterion, we compared the wind retrieval performances of scatterometer and radiometer. Results show that it is better to use radiometer data as a replacement of scatterometer while observing high wind speed.

Because of global climatic variations and anthropogenic influence on local environment, as the active interaction belt between ocean and land, the coastal ecosystems are sensitive even part of them are under pressure. It is of very necessary to diagnose whether they are in healthy stage. The Zhejiang coastal zone situated at about 120°E-123°E and 27°N-31°N, the landuse have changed largely during the past 20 years as long as the rapid economic development. In this paper the largest island-Zhoushan island- in the Zhejiang coastal line is selected as the study site. The objective is to establish a way to assess coastal ecosystem health stage. Indicators include the landuse transformation, water quality, ecosystem services during 1986 to 2005. The results indicate that the human pressure become more and more large. The scene generally is the outcome of economic pursuing activity. In the discussion we also provide some strategy to keep the human and nature harmonious.

China has launched her second ocean color satellite HY-1B on 11 Apr., 2007, which carried two remote sensors. The Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) is the main sensor on HY-1B, and it has not only eight visible and near-infrared wavelength bands similar to the SeaWiFS, but also two more thermal infrared bands to measure the sea surface temperature. Therefore, COCTS has broad application potentiality, such as fishery resource protection and development, coastal monitoring and management and marine pollution monitoring. Atmospheric correction is the key of the quantitative ocean color remote sensing. In this paper, the operational atmospheric correction algorithm of HY-1B/COCTS has been developed. Firstly, based on the vector radiative transfer numerical model of coupled oceanatmosphere system- PCOART, the exact Rayleigh scattering look-up table (LUT), aerosol scattering LUT and atmosphere diffuse transmission LUT for HY-1B/COCTS have been generated. Secondly, using the generated LUTs, the exactly operational atmospheric correction algorithm for HY-1B/COCTS has been developed. The algorithm has been validated using the simulated spectral data generated by PCOART, and the result shows the error of the water-leaving reflectance retrieved by this algorithm is less than 0.0005, which meets the requirement of the exactly atmospheric correction of ocean color remote sensing. Finally, the algorithm has been applied to the HY-1B/COCTS remote sensing data, and the retrieved water-leaving radiances are consist with the Aqua/MODIS results, and the corresponding ocean color remote sensing products have been generated including the chlorophyll concentration and total suspended particle matter concentration.

The Chinese Marine Surveillance Plane B-3837 was devolved to East Sea Branch of State Oceanic Administration and made its virgin flight in May, 2004. So far, China Marine Surveillance Force has her own modern aerial equipments for marine law-execute with the advantage of functioning agilely and operation of larger surveillance coverage, providing powerful safeguard all-round, harmonious and sustainable development of coastal economy. On the plane, three remote sensing scanners have been equipped, including a marine airborne multi-spectrum scanner (MAMS), an optical-electronic platform, and an airborne hyperspectral system AISA+. Among them, MAMS, made by Shanghai Institute of Technology and Physics CAS, will be introduced in detail in this paper. We will describe the specification and characteristics of the multi-spectrum scanner, and then the bands configuration and use of these bands. After that are MAMS' construction and its imaging mode. At last we will focus on its potentiality for oceanic remote sensing.

The one of the most important technique of satellite ocean color remote sensing is the radiance measurement accuracy because the water leaving radiance is only about 5% to 10% of the total radiance arrived at sensor at the satellite altitude. It is necessary to guarantee the accuracy of water leaving radiance measurement of about 5%(relative error) to meet the reversed accuracy of ocean color factors (such as chlorophyll suspended material and so on) within relative error about 30 in open sea (Case I water). When sensor has been in the orbit it is important to take orbit calibration to make up some deficits of the pre-launch calibration in the laboratory. Two kinds of data could be used for orbit calibration one is in-situ measurement date so-called in-situ field calibration and another is other satellite data with higher radiance measurement accuracy so called crossing-calibration. China has launched the third spaceship SZ-3 in March 2002. The main remote sensing sensor is the Chinese Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (CMODIS) which has total 34 channels (30 channels of 2Onm interval in the spectral range of 0.403-1.O43μm and four infrared channels with 2.15-2.25um, 8.4-8.5um, 10.3-11.3um and 11.5-12.5um. Following SZ-3 China had the first ocean color satellite HY-1A in May of the same year whose main sensor is for ocean color measurement, called as Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner, COCTS, providing 8 visible and near-infrared channels similar to SeaWiFS. In this paper, first, the methodology and procedure of satellite cross-calibration are discussed in detail, with taking an example of CMODIS. Then the results of this orbit cross-calibrated by American ocean sensor, Sea Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), for CMODIS and COCTS are presented with comparing the normarization from pre-lunched Lab-calibration and in-situ measurement.

The airborne test experiment validates the function of remote sensor before on-oribt which has important meaning for satellite remote sensing. The sun glint is the most important factor that affects the data quality of airborne test experiment. In order to avoid the sun glint and improve the data quality it needs to select the optimal fly route before the airborne test experiment. This paper simulates the sun glint radiative image with inputed the in-remote sensor atmosphere and water parameters using the radiative transfer theory in atmosphere and ocean. Based on the generated sun glint radiative images can select the optimal fly route will improve the data availability significantly in the airborne test experiment and reduce the waste of manpower and material resources in the airborne test experiment.

An operational fisheries oceanography system was established to help fishermen analyze the situations of fishery in North Pacific. The system composes of three sub-systems which are a ship-boarding satellite telemetry receiving station, a ship-boarding satellite communication system and a land-based fishery charts producing system. The system can provide some oceanic environmental charts such as sea surface temperature (SST) and relevant derived products which are the most popular use in fishery industry. The accuracy of SST is the most important and affects the performance of the operational system, which is found to be dissatisfactory. Many factors affect the accuracy of SST and it is difficult to increase the accuracy by SST retrieval algorithms and clouds detection techniques. A new technique of temperature error control is developed to detect the abnormity of satellite SST. The performance is evaluated to change the temperature bias from -3.04 to 0.05°C and the root mean square (RMS) from 5.71 to 1.75°C. It is suitable to be employed in an operational satellite-measured SST system and improves the performance of the system in fishery applications.

SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) provided by US NASA often fails on the atmospheric correction procedure in processing SeaWiFS data of the turbid coastal areas, case 2 waters, in China Sea. To overcome this problem, a new atmospheric correction algorithm has been developed in this study. In this algorithm, the radiance received by the satellite is decomposed into: Rayleigh scattering radiance, aerosol scattering radiance, sun glint radiance and water-leaving radiance. The values of radiance computed by this algorithm are compared with those computed by SeaDAS software as well as with in situ data. The results show that this algorithm is particularly effective and accurate for processing SeaWiFS data in China Sea.

In the present work, we have studied the aggregation of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) induced by a cationic perylene probe (compound 1). The compound 1 free monomer contains a large planar aromatic ring structure that could be efficiently adsorbed onto the surface of the Au-NPs. The strong π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions among compound 1probe molecules adsorbed on adjacent nanoparticles, and the neutralization of the Au-NP surface citrate ion negative charges induced rapid aggregation of the Au-NPs, and evident UV-vis spectra and solution color changes. The use of this observation for a label-free selective sensing of mercury ion has been demonstrated.