Search

Anxiety disorders are commonly occurring among children and are associated with increased risk for poor educational outcomes. However, little is known about the specific supports and accommodations provided to anxious children in schools. This study examines reports of school functioning and school-based supports and accommodations among a sample of 51 anxious youth and their mothers seeking treatment at an outpatient clinic. Children and their mothers reported significant anxiety-related impairment in school functioning, particularly for older children. Children identified as needing special education and related services (through Individualized Education Program [IEP] and 504 plans) more often received anxiety-related supports and accommodations at school than their peers who did not receive IEP/504 services. However, these accommodations were not always well matched to child needs and, in some cases, might facilitate avoidance of anxiety. Results suggest that some children with anxiety disorders receive supports in schools that may be inconsistent with evidence-based clinical practices. School-based mental health providers can be in an important position to facilitate coordinated care for youth with anxiety disorders.

For science communication to be effective, scientists must understand which sources of information their target audiences most frequently use and trust. We surveyed academic and non-academic scientists, natural resource managers, policymakers, students, and the general public about how they access, trust, and communicate scientific information. We found trust and use of information sources was related to participant age and group identity, but all groups had high levels of use and trust of personal experience and colleagues. Academic journals were the most trusted source by all groups, and social media the least trusted by most groups. The level of communication between target groups was not always bilateral, with the public generally perceiving their interaction with all other groups as low. These results provide remarkable insight into the flow of scientific information. We present these findings in the context of facilitating information flow between scientists and other stakeholders of scientific information.

Adapting behavior to dynamic stimulus-reward contingences is a core feature of reversal learning and a capacity thought to be critical to socio-emotional behavior. Impairment in reversal learning has been linked to multiple psychiatric outcomes, including depression, Parkinson’s disorder, and substance abuse. A recent influential study introduced an innovative laboratory reversal-learning paradigm capable of disentangling the roles of feedback valence and expectancy. Here, we sought to use this paradigm in order to examine the time-course of reward and punishment learning using event-related potentials among a large, representative sample (N = 101). Three distinct phases of processing were examined: initial feedback evaluation (reward positivity, or RewP), allocation of attention (P3), and sustained processing (late positive potential, or LPP). Results indicate a differential pattern of valence and expectancy across these processing stages: the RewP was uniquely related to valence (i.e., positive vs. negative feedback), the P3 was uniquely associated with expectancy (i.e., unexpected vs. expected feedback), and the LPP was sensitive to both valence and expectancy (i.e., main effects of each, but no interaction). The link between ERP amplitudes and behavioral performance was strongest for the P3, and this association was valence-specific. Overall, these findings highlight the potential utility of the P3 as a neural marker for feedback processing in reversal-based learning and establish a foundation for future research in clinical populations.

Nonnative bigheaded carps are established in the Mississippi River and there is substantial concern about their potential entry into the interconnected Laurentian Great Lakes. While electrical barriers currently exist as a preventative measure, there is need for additional control mechanisms to promote barrier security through redundancy. We tested the effectiveness of infused carbon dioxide gas (CO2) as a tool to influence the movement and behavior invasive bigheaded carps, namely Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Silver Carp H. molitrix, as well as native Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus, Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, Paddlefish Polyodon spathula, and Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in an experimental pond. Individuals were monitored with acoustic telemetry before, during, and after CO2 addition to the pond. We noted distinct changes in fish behavior following CO2 addition. Each species except Paddlefish maintained farther distances from the CO2 infusion manifold relative to ...

Scholarly peer review relies on rigorous yet fair assessments of articles by qualified referees in a timely manner. We considered the extent to which a prolonged peer-review process can delay the dissemination of results in a conservation context by combining insight from a survey with our own perspectives. A survey of authors who published peer-reviewed articles in biodiversity and conservation in 2012 and 2013 yielded 461 responses from participants in 119 countries. Approximately 44% of respondents thought that slow review times might hamper conservation, while only ~5% provided specific examples of how slow reviews had actually impeded conservation actions or policy formation. When queried about the value of expediting the review process for studies of high policy or conservation relevance, ca. 1/3 of respondents thought it was a worthwhile idea in principle, though mechanics of implementing such practices are unclear. Author self-identification of potentially important papers could lead to requesting a rapid review provided that a paper meets certain criteria — an approach already used by some generalist journals. Given the urgency of many conservation-oriented initiatives, we encourage the entire editor ial team (staff, editors, referees, authors) to make a concerted effort towards improving the speed of the peer-review process while maintaining quality. Such efforts would reflect the notion that timeliness is a key component of scientific relevance to practitioners and policy makers in a crisis discipline. We conclude that there is a ‘need for speed’ and advocate that rapid, rigorous and thorough peer review can be accomplished and can provide collective benefits to the scientific community and global biodiversity.

A method was developed with laser-irradiated Au planar foils to characterize the focal spot of UV laser beams on a target at full energy from soft x-ray emission. A pinhole camera with a back-thinned charge-coupled device detector and filtration with thin Be and Al foil filters provides images of the x-ray emission at photon energies

Many spring-feeding insect folivores have evolved to hatch in synchrony with temporal windows of high foliar quality that occur during leaf expansion. In some host-tree species, however, budbreak phenology can shift in response to defoliation during the prior growing season. While this response could have important impacts on the performance of insect folivore species prone to multi-year outbreaks, the prevalence, underlying mechanisms, and ecological ramifications of defoliation-induced phenological shifts are poorly understood. We established a common garden of twelve trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) genotypes, and observed the effects of prior-season defoliation and soil-nutrient availability on budbreak phenology during the following spring. Average budbreak phenology was delayed in response to both prior-season defoliation and low soil-nutrient treatments, but these responses were lower in magnitude than those previously shown to occur in response to temperature. Magnitudes of budbreak delay varied significantly among genotypes and were highest among early-flushing aspen. This negative correlation between aspen budbreak phenology and magnitudes of defoliation-induced phenological delay suggests that widespread defoliation could decrease intraspecific variation in aspen budbreak phenology during subsequent growing seasons, potentially allowing larvae to adapt to windows of optimal foliage quality during multi-year outbreaks. These results quantify additional environmental factors that may act in concert with major drivers such as temperature to mediate phenological relationships between aspen and folivorous insects.

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive, facultative intracellular organism responsible for silage disease in animals, meningitis, abortion and still birth. Infections caused by L. monocytogenes in livestock lead to heavy economic losses. L. monocytogenes must survive a variety of stressors encountered within the gastrointestinal tract, including variations in pH, oxygen availability, and bile, to cause these diseases. Studies have shown that exposure to bile may regulate virulence factors in L. monocytogenes. However, the link between the bile stress response and virulence in L. monocytogenes is poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that strains considered virulent have greater resistance against bile induced oxidative damage. To test this hypothesis, protein and lipid oxidative damage induced by bile was analyzed in three different strains of L. monocytogenes with varied virulence potential: HCC23, 10403S, and F2365. Protein carbonylation was measured using the Protein Carbonyl Content Assay. Briefly, cells were treated with and without 0.3% bile under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for one hour and the carbonyl content was determined by derivatization of protein carbonyl groups with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, leading to the formation of stable dinitrophenyl hydrazine adducts that were then measured spectrophotometrically at 375 nm. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the quantity of the reactive aldehyde malondialdehyde in bile treated cultures under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions using the Lipid Peroxidation Assay kit. A minimum of three independent replicates were performed for both experiments. Results suggested that bile caused an increase in protein carbonyl content in F2365 only under aerobic conditions and that there was no peroxidation of the lipids, possibly due a lack of unsaturated fatty acids. Though the data suggests bile induces oxidative damage on F2365 under aerobic conditions, further investigation of DNA damage under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is needed to analyze the effect of bile on L. monocytogenes.

The serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1A) system has been extensively implicated in modulating mood and behavior. Notably, 5-HT1A levels in humans display remarkable variation and differences in receptor levels have been linked with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Further, manipulation of receptor levels in mice suggests that changes in receptor levels that model existing human variation are sufficient to drive behavioral alterations. As a result, genetic mechanisms that modulate human 5-HT1A levels may be important for explaining individual differences in mood and behavior, representing a potential source of psychiatric disease risk. One common genetic variant implicated in differential 5-HT1A levels is the G/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6295, located upstream of the human 5-HT1A gene. This SNP differentially binds the transcription factor, NUDR/Deaf1, leading to cell-type specific effects on transcription in vitro. To investigate the direct effects of this SNP in the heterogeneous cellular context of the brain, we generated humanized transgenic mice using a design that maximized the local transcriptional landscape of the human HTR1A gene while also controlling for effects of genomic insertion location. Expression of the human transgene in a 5-HT1A null mouse resulted in line-dependent expression of human 5-HT1A. The effect of rs6295 on protein levels and behavior similarly differed across lines, suggesting that the penetrance of rs6295 may depend upon background genetic factors. Together, this work confirms that relatively subtle differences in 5-HT1A levels can contribute to differences in behavior and highlights the challenges of modeling human non-coding genetic variation in mice.

A W-band gyro-TWA has been developed to provide high output power and wide bandwidth. This letter presents the upgrade of the input signal generation of the W-band gyro-TWA, and the experiment results with frequency-swept input signals. The results show a 30 dB gain was achieved at a 1 GHz bandwidth input signal when the gyro-TWA was driven by a 40kV, 1.5 A electron beam.

This paper presents the design, simulation and technical considerations of microwave output windows, based on the multilayer type, for THz gyro-TWAs. This type of window, when the geometries of the dielectric layers are optimized, can achieve very low microwave reflection over a very broad bandwidth. Operation at low-THz frequencies, centered around 0.37 THz, presents problems and challenges to manufacturing such a window. The numerically optimized window, in this design, was calculated to achieve a passband of under −30 dB reflection over greater than 7% bandwidth.

A W-band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) based on a helically corrugated interaction region achieved an unsaturated output power of 3.4 kW with a gain of up to 37 dB and a 3 dB frequency bandwidth of at least 5.5 GHz. In the experiments it was found that the gyro- TWA can be operated with a range of different electron beams. Also the frequency agility of the gyro- TWA was demonstrated by the amplification of multi-frequency signals.

Input coupling systems for THz gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers (gyro-TWAs) are presented in this paper. These form one of the most critical parts of the gyro-TWA as it feeds the low power seed signal into the interaction circuit and incorrect design can lead to cessation of the amplification. The T-junction, multihole and multiarm coupler types were simulated in CST Microwave Studio and their optimized reflection and transmission characteristics, operating at a central frequency of 0.37 THz are presented. A scaled multiarm coupler, designed to then operate at 94 GHz, was manufactured and its microwave properties measured on a vector network analyser.

This paper presents the design, simulation and technical considerations of terahertz output windows, based on the multilayer type, for THz gyro-TWAs. Such windows can achieve very low reflection levels over a frequency broadband when the thickness of the dielectric layers are properly matched. The optimized window, in this design, was numerically calculated to achieve a passband of over greater than 7% bandwidth with a reflection of less than -30 dB and transmission loss of better than -0.3 dB.

This paper reports the design and optimization of a gridded cusp electron gun for a W -band gyrotron traveling wave amplifier. By applying positive or negative biasing potentials to additional electrodes that are placed in front of the emitter, the electron beam can be switched on and off quickly and easily. In simulations, an optimal velocity ratio (alpha) of 1.12 with an alpha spread of ~10.7% was achieved when the gridded-type gun was operated at a beam voltage of 40 kV and a current of 1.7 A.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine how changing the electronic ordering sequences for opioid analgesics affected ED outpatient prescribing, and subsequent unused opioid tablets remaining in the community available for diversion. METHODS: A descriptive before and after study in adult patients prescribed an opioid analgesic by an ED prescriber for use in the outpatient setting. The hospital electronic prescribing system (FirstNet™) was modified to include smaller quantities of opioid analgesics for discharge. The change in quantity of opioid prescribed and change in quantity of opioid analgesic remaining in the community at follow up was measured pre- and post-intervention using a structured telephone interview. RESULTS: Pre- and post-intervention, 102 and 106 patients were interviewed, respectively. Percentage of prescriptions for oxycodone quantity five tablets increased from 3% to 32% and for quantity 20 tablets fell from 40% to 24% post-intervention. For paracetamol with codeine, prescriptions for quantity 10 tablets increased from 2% to 24% while for quantity 20 tablets fell from 98% to 76%. Mean number of tablets prescribed per patient fell from 13.8 (SD = 5.1) to 10.8 (SD = 5.6) for oxycodone and from 19.8 (SD = 1.5) to 17.6 (SD = 4.2) for paracetamol with codeine. Fifty-eight percent of patients in both pre- and post-intervention groups used half or less of the medication prescribed. CONCLUSION: Modification of an ED electronic prescribing system reduced overall quantities of opioid analgesics supplied and subsequently stored in the community but did not change the proportion of patients (>50%) who reported using half or less of their prescribed opioid medication.

This paper presents the design and measurement of a HE11 mode multilayer window for a W-band gyro-amplifier. The window acts to seal the vacuum inside the amplifier whilst coupling out microwave power with minimal reflection and absorption. The Gaussian-like HE11 mode is used in order to achieve the lowest reflection through the window. Operating over 90-100 GHz the simulated reflection of this window is better than -30 dB. The design, simulation and microwave measurement of the window is presented.

Input couplers for millimetre-wave gyrotron travelling wave amplifiers are presented in this study. A W-band input coupling system composed of a pillbox window, a smoothly curved waveguide bend, a T-junction and a broadband reflector was numerically optimised, constructed and measured. An average transmission coefficient of −2.0 dB over a designed operating frequency range was measured. Additionally, a higher-frequency input coupler for operation at a central frequency of 372 GHz was also designed based on a multiple-hole coupling configuration. The simulated transmission coefficient was −0.5 dB if the ohmic loss is not considered.

The 5-HT1A autoreceptor mediates feedback inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) neurons, and is implicated in major depression. The human 5-HT1A gene (HTR1A) rs6295 risk allele prevents Deaf1 binding to HTR1A, resulting in increased 5-HT1A autoreceptor transcription. Since chronic stress alters HTR1A methylation and expression, we addressed whether recruitment of methyl-binding protein MeCP2 may alter Deaf1 regulation at the HTR1A locus. We show that MeCP2 enhances Deaf1 binding to its HTR1A site and co-immunoprecipitates with Deaf1 in cells and brain tissue. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed Deaf1-dependent recruitment of MeCP2 to the mouse HTR1A promoter, and MeCP2 modulated human and mouse HTR1A gene transcription in a Deaf1-dependent fashion, enhancing Deaf1-induced repression at the Deaf1 site. To address the role of MeCP2 in HTR1A regulation in vivo, mice with conditional knockout of MeCP2 in adult 5-HT neurons (MeCP2 cKO) were generated. These mice exhibited increased 5-HT1A autoreceptor levels and function, consistent with MeCP2 enhancement of Deaf1 repression in 5-HT neurons. Interestingly, female MeCP2-cKO mice displayed reduced anxiety, while males showed increased anxiety and reduced depression-like behaviors. These data uncover a novel role for MeCP2 in 5-HT neurons to repress HTR1A expression and drive adult anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in a sex-specific manner.

Over a lifetime, humans build relationships with family, friends, and partners that are critically important for our mental and physical health. Unlike commonly used laboratory mice and rats, Microtine rodents provide a unique model to study the neurobiology underlying pair bonding and the selective attachments that form between adults. Comparisons between monogamous prairie voles and the closely related but nonmonogamous meadow and montane voles have revealed that brain-region-specific neuropeptide receptor patterning modulates social behavior between and within species. In particular, diversity in vasopressin 1a receptor (V1aR) distribution has been linked to individual and species differences in monogamy-related behaviors such as partner preference, mate guarding, and space use. Given the importance of differential receptor expression for regulating social behavior, a critical question has emerged: What are the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie brain-region-specific receptor patterns? This review will summarize what is known about how the vasopressin (AVP)-V1aR axis regulates social behaviors via signaling in discrete brain regions. From this work, we propose that brain-region-specific regulatory mechanisms facilitate robust evolvability of V1aR expression to generate diverse sociobehavioral traits. Translationally, we provide a perspective on how these studies have contributed to our understanding of human social behaviors and how brain-region-specific regulatory mechanisms might be harnessed for targeted therapies to treat social deficits in psychiatric disorders such as depression, complicated grief, and autism spectrum disorder.

Genomic events associated with poor outcome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are poorly understood. We performed whole-exome sequencing, copy-number variation, and/or RNA sequencing for 65 patients to discover mutations at diagnosis and blast crisis (BC). Forty-six patients with chronic-phase disease with the extremes of outcome were studied at diagnosis. Cancer gene variants were detected in 15 (56%) of 27 patients with subsequent BC or poor outcome and in 3 (16%) of 19 optimal responders (P 5 .007). Frequently mutated genes at diagnosis were ASXL1, IKZF1, and RUNX1. The methyltransferase SETD1B was a novel recurrently mutated gene. A novel class of variant associated with the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation was detected at diagnosis in 11 (24%) of 46 patients comprising fusions and/or rearrangement of genes on the translocated chromosomes, with evidence of fragmentation, inversion, and imperfect sequence reassembly. These were more frequent at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome: 9 (33%) of 27 vs 2 (11%) of 19 optimal responders (P 5 .07). Thirty-nine patients were tested at BC, and all had cancer gene variants, including ABL1 kinase domain mutations in 58%. However, ABL1 mutations cooccurred with other mutated cancer genes in 89% of cases, and these predated ABL1 mutations in 62% of evaluable patients. Gene fusions not associated with the Ph translocation occurred in 42% of patients at BC and commonly involved fusion partners that were known cancer genes (78%). Genomic analysis revealed numerous relevant variants at diagnosis in patients with poor outcome and all patients at BC. Future refined biomarker testing of specific variants will likely provide prognostic information to facilitate a risk-adapted therapeutic approach. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) cryogenic experiments on the 60-beam OMEGA laser have strict requirements for the laser energy delivered on target to be power balanced in order to maximize target-irradiation uniformity. For OMEGA, this quantity (power balance) is inferred from measurements of the time-integrated energy and time-resolved, spatially integrated temporal profile of each of the 60 beams at the output of the laser. The work presented here proposes a general definition of power balance as measured at the laser output and discusses the conditions that are fundamental to achieving laser power balance. Power balance necessitates equal gain across all stages of amplification, equal net losses across each amplifier stage, equal frequency conversion (from 1053 nm to 351 nm) of all 60 beams, and equal beam path lengths (beam timing). Typical OMEGA ICF laser pulse shapes consist of one or more short (100-ps) "pickets" followed by a shaped "drive" pulse of 1 to 2 ns. For these experiments, power balance is assessed for the pickets and the drive independently, with the ultimate goal of achieving root-mean-square (rms) imbalance across all 60 beams of less than 2p rms on both. This work presents a comprehensive summary of laser shot campaigns conducted to significantly improve laser power balance from typical rms values of 4.7p and 5.2p, respectively, to the 3p level for both features along with a discussion of future work required to further reduce the rms power imbalance of the laser system.

The design of a higher order mode (HOM) input coupler for a low-THz gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) is presented. A two-branch waveguide coupler based on the even distribution of incident power is designed to couple the rectangular TE10 mode to the circular TE61 mode. The optimised tapered waveguide input coupler achieved an operating frequency range of 359 – 385 GHz, equating to a bandwidth of 7%. A prototype waveguide coupler scaled to W-band (75GHz to 110GHz) was manufactured. Vector Network Analyser (VNA) measured return loss of the HOM coupler is shown to be < 10dB at 90 – 96 GHz. A transmission and phase measurement is presented to analyse TE61 mode conversion in the coupler.

Listeria monocytogenes is a dangerous bacterium that causes the food-borne disease listeriosis and accounts for nearly 20 % of food-borne deaths. This organism can survive the body's natural defences within the digestive tract, including acidic conditions and bile. Although the bile response has been analysed, limited information is available concerning the ability of L. monocytogenes to resist bile under anaerobic conditions, especially at acidic pH, which mimics conditions within the duodenum. Additionally, it is not known how the bile response varies between serotypes. In this study, the survival of strains representing six serotypes was analysed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions following exposure to bile. Exposure to bile salts at acidic pH increased toxicity of bile, resulting in a significant reduction in survival for all strains tested. However, following this initial reduction, no significant reduction was observed for an additional 2 h except for strain 10403S (P = 0.002). Anaerobic cultivation increased bile resistance, but a significant increase was only observed in virulent strains when exposed to bile at pH 5.5. Exposure to pH 3.0 prior to bile decreased viability amongst avirulent strains in bile in acidic conditions; oxygen availability did not influence viability. Together, the data suggested that being able to sense and respond to oxygen availability may influence the expression of stress response mechanisms, and this response may correspond to disease outcome. Further research is needed on additional strains to determine how L. monocytogenes senses and responds to oxygen and how this varies between invasive and non-invasive strains.

The input coupler is an important component for a microwave amplifier. In this paper, a sidewall single-hole input coupler for a W-band gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier that operates at the frequency range of 90–100 GHz was designed and measured. Instead of using a cutoff waveguide, a broadband Bragg-type reflector with a small spread in phase was optimized for use as part of the input coupler. The minimum radius of the reflector was two times the size of a cutoff waveguide, which reduced the possibility for some of the beam electrons being collected in this section and lost to the amplifier interaction region.

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants, but the mechanisms by which they influence behavior are only partially resolved. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for some of the responses to SSRIs, but it is unknown whether the mature dentate gyrus granule cells (mature DG GCs) also contribute. We deleted Serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1AR; a receptor required for the SSRI response) specifically from DG GCs and found that the effects of the SSRI fluoxetine on behavior and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis were abolished. By contrast, mice lacking 5HT1ARs only in young adult born granule cells (abGCs) showed normal fluoxetine responses. Importantly, 5HT1AR deficient mice engineered to express functional 5HT1ARs only in DG GCs responded to fluoxetine, indicating that 5HT1ARs in DG GCs are sufficient to mediate an antidepressant response. Taken together, these data indicate that both mature DG GCs and young abGCs must be engaged for an antidepressant response.

Total knee replacement is an increasingly popular operation for end stage knee arthritis. In the majority it alleviates pain and improves function. However up to 20% of patients remain dissatisfied, even with well-aligned and secure implants.Restoration of a neutral mechanical axis has traditionally been strived for, to improve both function and implant survival and there is historical data to support this. More recently this view has been questioned and some surgeons are trying to improve the function and outcomes by moving away from standard alignment principles in an attempt to reproduce the kinematics of the pre-arthritic knee of that individual. Others are using computers, robots and patient specific guides to improve accuracy. This article aims to review the traditional alignment concept and the newer techniques, along with the evidence behind it.

Acute stressors are commonly experienced by wild animals but their effects on fitness rarely are studied in the natural environment. Billions of fish are captured and released annually around the globe across all fishing sectors (e.g., recreational, commercial, subsistence). Whatever the motivation, release often occurs under the assumption of post-release survival. Yet, capture by fisheries (hereafter "fisheries-capture") is likely the most severe acute stressor experienced in the animal's lifetime, which makes the problem of physiological recovery and survival of relevance to biology and conservation. Indeed, fisheries managers require accurate estimates of mortality to better account for total mortality from fishing, while fishers desire guidance on strategies for reducing mortality and maintaining the welfare of released fish, to maximize current and future opportunities for fishing. In partnership with stakeholders, our team has extensively studied the effects of catch-and-release on Pacific salmon in both marine and freshwater environments, using biotelemetry and physiological assessments in a combined laboratory-based and field-based approach. The emergent theme is that post-release rates of mortality are consistently context-specific and can be affected by a suite of interacting biotic and abiotic factors. The fishing gear used, location of a fishery, water temperature, and handling techniques employed by fishers each can dramatically affect survival of the salmon they release. Variation among individuals, co-migrating populations, and between sexes all seem to play a role in the response of fish to capture and in their subsequent survival, potentially driven by pre-capture pathogen-load, maturation states, and inter-individual variation in responsiveness to stress. Although some of these findings are fascinating from a biological perspective, they all create unresolved challenges for managers. We summarize our findings by highlighting the patterns that have emerged most consistently, and point to areas of uncertainty that require further research.

Catch and release is a tactic employed in recreational fisheries to help conserve and sustain fish populations, but postrelease mortality can occur when fish fail to recover from the stress and exhaustion of capture. Depending on factors like the duration of the stressor and whether air exposure occurs, fish can be lethargic or have negative equilibrium upon release; some anglers are motivated to attempt to manually revive fish upon release by assisting with water flow across the gills. Indeed, some management agencies and angling groups recommend different recovery techniques, but very little scientifically defensible evidence exists about the utility of assisted ventilation. We conducted two separate field experiments on Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in the lower Fraser River basin in which fish were (1) exposed to a standardized exercise stressor with air exposure or (2) angled by volunteer anglers and air exposed, with a subset of fish in each experiment then being provided with 1 min of a...

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from costly vegetable oil feedstocks. Some microorganisms can accumulate lipids when nutrients are limited and carbon is in excess. Rhodococcus rhodochrous is a gram-positive bacterium most often used in bioremediation or acrylamide production. The purpose of this study was to investigate and characterize the lipid accumulation capabilities of R. rhodochrous. Shake flasks and a large-scale fermentation were used to cultivate R. rhodochrous in varying concentrations of glucose. R. rhodochrous achieved almost 50 % of dry cell mass as lipid when grown in 20 g/L of glucose. Wax esters and triglycerides were identified in R. rhodochrous lipid extract. The transesterified extractables of R. rhodochrous consisted of mostly palmitic (35 %) and oleic (42 %) acid methyl esters. This study shows R. rhodochrous to be an oleaginous bacterium with potential for application in alternative fuels.

This paper reports the development of a helically corrugated interaction region (HCIR) for a 100 W gyrotron traveling wave amplifier operating at a central frequency of 0.37 THz. This HCIR has a corrugation amplitude of 42 $\mu$ m, with a nominal waveguide diameter of 0.760 mm. The HCIR was made by electroforming copper on a sacrificial aluminum mandrel: the latter was precision CNC milled using a 0.2 mm diameter ball nose cutter. The dispersion characteristics of the HCIR were measured and found to be in good agreement with the analytical calculation and numerical simulation. Measured insertion loss was between 2 and 4 dB.

Response inhibition (RI) is a component of the cognitive control systems that support optimal cognition. Cognitive control deficits are well-described in schizophrenia, but are not well characterized in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during Go/NoGo task performance was collected from 30 CHR youth, 23 early illness schizophrenia patients (ESZ), and 72 healthy adolescents and young adults (HC). Voxelwise main effects of group were examined (P < .005 height threshold, family-wise error-corrected cluster threshold, P < .05) for correct NoGo-Go contrast values and task-based functional connectivity. CHR and ESZ groups had slower and more variable reaction times (RT) on Go trials compared to HCs. Significant main effects of group in bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) and right inferior frontal cortex stemmed from CHR and ESZ groups showing significantly less NoGo-Go activation, relative to HCs. Faster responding HCs had less functional coupling between dACC and medial prefrontal cortex, a default mode network (DMN) region during NoGo vs Go trials. This functional connectivity-performance relationship was not present in ESZ or CHR groups. The pattern of findings suggests CHR and ESZ groups were deficient in developing strong and consistent prepotent responding, based on their slow and variable motor responses and decreased engagement of dACC and right inferior frontal regions implicated in inhibitory control. Furthermore, only the control group showed a functional connectivity relationship consistent with greater response prepotency requiring more decoupling of inhibitory control regions from DMN regions during RI.

Flowers of the hop plant provide both bitterness and “hoppy” flavor to beer. Hops are, however, both a water and energy intensive crop and vary considerably in essential oil content, making it challenging to achieve a consistent hoppy taste in beer. Here, we report that brewer’s yeast can be engineered to biosynthesize aromatic monoterpene molecules that impart hoppy flavor to beer by incorporating recombinant DNA derived from yeast, mint, and basil. Whereas metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways is commonly enlisted to maximize product titers, tuning expression of pathway enzymes to affect target production levels of multiple commercially important metabolites without major collateral metabolic changes represents a unique challenge. By applying state-of-the-art engineering techniques and a framework to guide iterative improvement, strains are generated with target performance characteristics. Beers produced using these strains are perceived as hoppier than traditionally hopped beers by a sensory panel in a double-blind tasting., Production of aromatic monoterpene molecules in hop flowers is affected by genetic, environmental, and processing factors. Here, the authors engineer brewer’s yeast for the production of linalool and geraniol, and show pilot-scale beer produced by engineered strains reconstitutes some qualities of hop flavor.

Objectives (1) To describe the experiences of the Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy (AUHSOP) in implementing a high-stakes Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) into its curriculum, (2) to examine the extent to which student performance on OSCEs used in the skills laboratory course correlates with performance on the high-stakes Milestone OSCE, and (3) to examine differences in scores between Milestone OSCEs used for formative feedback versus high-stakes consequences. Methods Two consecutive years of third professional year pharmacy student (P3) scores on the skills laboratory OSCE and the Milestone OSCE were examined. Correlations and t -tests were calculated between scores using a matched-pairs design. Pass rates were compared between formative and high-stakes Milestone OSCE scores. Results Statistically significant although low positive correlations were found between the analytical checklist scores on the two OSCEs. The passing rate on the Milestone increased significantly when the examination became used in a high-stakes manner. Conclusions Results indicate that, although there is room for improvement, the high-stakes Milestone OSCE is an appropriate assessment for the curriculum, complementing the OSCEs embedded in laboratory courses. A description of lessons learned is offered to assist other schools implementing OSCEs in their programs.

The design and experiment of an upgraded W-band gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) based on a helically corrugated interaction region is presented. The upgrade of the input coupler, output window, corrugated output mode converter enabled a measured output power of a few kWs from the gyro-TWA with an unsaturated gain of up to 40 dB and a 3 dB frequency bandwidth of at least 5.5 GHz.

In this paper experimental measurement of a W-band gyrotron travelling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) which is upgraded to operate at a high output power and wide frequency band will be presented. The gyro-TWA based on helically corrugated interaction region and cusp electron beam source can output a maximum power of ∼5 kW at its centre frequency of ∼94 GHz with an instantaneous frequency bandwidth of over 5 GHz. The design and upgraded results from the measurement of the amplifier and its components will be presented.

This paper presents the design of a TE10-to-TE61 mode coupler for a 372 GHz gyrotron travelling wave amplifier. The optimized coupler was able to achieve an −1 dB transmission over the frequency band of 360–384 GHz. The transmission decreases by 1.2 dB when the copper conductivity of 0.5E7 S/m was used in the simulation. The designed coupler was scaled to W-band for manufacture and measurement. The measured transmission and phase response confirmed the mode coupling between the input TE10 mode and the desired TE61 mode.

Broadband microwave windows for applications in both millimeter wave and terahertz wave vacuum electron devices were designed, simulated and a W-band multilayer window constructed and measured. These windows are based on the multilayer configuration and offer broadband transmission with a very low reflection. Operating over a wide frequency bandwidth of 10% and 5% in their respective frequency bands the millimeter and terahertz wave windows, based on the multilayer design achieved a reflection of better than −30 dB.

Input couplers for mm-wave gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers (gyro-TWAs) were designed. A W-band input coupler composed of a T-junction and a broadband reflector was constructed and measured in W-band. It achieved a transmission coefficient of -2.2 dB including the pillbox window and a waveguide bend. A multiple-hole coupler was designed and simulated at 372 GHz. Without considering the Ohmic loss, in simulations the 372GHz coupler achieved a transmission coefficient of -0.5 dB.

A high-power Schottky diode frequency multiplier chain at 360 GHz, with a 3 dB bandwidth above 20 GHz is presented. The cascaded frequency doublers show peak efficiencies of 35% and 23% at 180 and 354 GHz, respectively. While the 180 GHz doubler generates a maximum power of 69 mW at 300 mW input, the second stage doubler delivers 12 mW output at 360 GHz. Both doublers consist of low parasitic GaAs Schottky diode circuits optimized to handle high input powers, and neither exhibit saturation at the highest applied power.

A W-band quasi-optical horn with smoothly profiled circular inner surface was optimized and measured for a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier. It was designed to achieve low reflection, high fundamental Gaussian mode content and high directivity in the desired frequency range of 90 to 100 GHz. In the measurement, the reflection of the TE11 mode was lower than -37 dB and the directivity was ∼27 dB with side lobes better than -30 dB.

This paper presents the design, simulation and measurement of two mode converting corrugated horns for application as the output launcher for a gyro-amplifier. Operating over the 90 to 100 GHz frequency range the horns act to convert the TE11 mode to the Gaussian-like HE11 mode. The difference in the horns is one was made initially to meet a more moderate Gaussian content specification while the other was improved to meet stricter criteria on Guassian content as-well-as being vacuum tight and compatible with integration with a broadband multi-layer vacuum window. The results are presented and show that in both cases the measured results agree well with simulated values and ultimately the second horn was demonstrated to be a good candidate to be tested on a gyrotron amplifier.