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We examined predictors of rape myth acceptance (RMA) and bystander attitudes among college women (n = 137). Participants completed self-report measures of RMA, bystander attitudes, sexist beliefs, gender-conforming attitudes, sexuality attitudes, sexual knowledge, and just world beliefs. Stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that RMA was predicted by hostile sexism, sexual attitudes, and post-assault report bystander attitudes, and bystander attitudes. Bystander attitudes were predicted by the "It wasn't really rape" rape myth subscale, masculine norm conformity, and hostile sexism.

Faculty members' experiences in partnering with student affairs practitioners to address campus sexual violence were investigated in this study. Findings indicate that due to the historic bifurcation of faculty and student affairs responsibility and differences in conceptualization of the issue of sexual violence, faculty members experience gatekeeping in their ability to engage in efforts to address campus sexual violence. Recommendations for how partnerships can be better utilized are included.

In this manuscript, the authors examine three young adult novels using critical literacy as a lens for addressing issues of power and justice around sexual violence and the actions taken by characters to make social change in their fictional schooling contexts. This piece uses scholarship around youth activism in young adult literature to engage with Jennifer Mathieu's "Moxie," Amy Reed's "The Nowhere Girls," and Renée Watson and Ellen Hagan's "Watch Us Rise."

High-profile school attacks highlight the need for effective school safety solutions. School safety tip lines offer a prevention-based solution. However, little is known about their effectiveness. Using a quasi-experimental multilevel design, we examined the association between school tip-line adoption and violent threats and attacks at school (i.e., sexual assault, robbery, physical attacks with and without a weapon, firearm possession), including (1) the association between having a tip line and the rate and distribution of violent offense types, and (2) for schools with tip lines, whether strategies associated with tip-line implementation were associated with the rate and distribution of violent offense types. Using data from a nationally representative sample of 1,226 public middle and high schools, we conducted multivariable regression models using propensity score weights. Schools with tip lines did not have significantly lower rates of total offenses but were associated with an expected distributional difference: more violent threats and fewer violent attacks. Tip line implementation strategies were mixed. Recommendations for tip-line adoption and implementation are discussed.

Male supremacist ideologies pose multiple threats to college sexual violence prevention efforts. Misogynist incels, among other male supremacists, are often unacknowledged in sexual violence prevention, yet may be influencing college students. This study applies antifascist principles to confront male supremacist influences in higher education. We conducted 17 semistructured interviews with college sexual violence prevention professionals that prompted their response to a scenario with implicit warning signs of misogynist incel influences. Responses to the scenario and subsequent follow-up questions were used to assess participants' understanding of threats posed by male supremacism and ideas for resources to combat these threats, analyzed through consensual coding and thematic analysis. Only some participants recognized misogynist incel warning signs. Participants lacked professional pathways for learning about male supremacism and needed ways to learn about male supremacism that protect their safety and wellness. Participants wanted sources that critically analyze male supremacist influences, tools for stopping male supremacist violence, and to mobilize professional networks. The findings inform key considerations for designing resources to combat male supremacist influences in higher education.

In this article, we report findings from a feminist discourse analysis of YouTube vlogs in which women and girls discuss and narrate their experiences of sexual violence. The analysis yielded three discourses and three counterdiscourses: the "refusal" discourse and the "complicating consent" counterdiscourse; the "deviant perpetrator" discourse and the "community problem" counterdiscourse; and the "not that bad" discourse and "truth telling" counterdiscourse. Our findings indicate that the YouTube vloggers simultaneously reproduce and resist dominant sexual violence discourses; they use both dominant and counterdiscourses to understand, situate, and make sense of their experiences of sexual violence. Counterdiscourses were constituted when vloggers resisted dominant discourses by pointing out their inconsistencies and fundamental flaws and presented alternative patterns of meaning. The #MeToo movement and YouTube's nature as a narrative platform allowed the women and girls in our study to locate their stories of sexual violence within broader contexts and connect them to a continuum of experiences and a complex cultural problem. In a post-#MeToo world, the vloggers' narratives evidenced their development of a digital networked feminist consciousness. Situated within feminist understandings of sexual violence and prevention education, as well as the emerging research on the #MeToo movement, this study contributes to the literature on public sexual violence pedagogy.

This article explores teaching practice concerning sexual harassment and abuse in Norwegian upper secondary schools based on phone interviews with 64 social studies teachers. This study portrays great variation in what extent teachers address these issues and discusses how this variation can be understood considering teachers' personal characteristics, their interpretation of the curriculum, school culture-related factors and media coverage of sexual harassment and abuse. Young female teachers address such matters the most and younger teachers teach more about these issues than older teachers in general. The effect of age is stronger on women than men; the older the female teachers are, the less do they address sexual harassment and abuse. Male teachers have the same level of teaching regardless of age. Teachers' characteristics appear to be equally influential as school culture-related factors.

The #metoo movement has drawn attention to the significant issue of sexual assault. The concern has been so considerable that the US Department of Education (DoE) mandated adherence to various crime prevention, reporting and support practices through the Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Crime Statistics Act (Clery Act). As public affairs scholars and university professors, we are concerned with the well-being of our students and the effectiveness of programs within our universities and societies. And, more importantly, our students will be administrators in public organizations who are affected by the same oversight and efficacy issues that influence program implementation of federal policy such as the Clery Act. Using a content analysis of more than 20 years of Clery Act investigation documents (1996-2017) and interviews with Clery and Title IX coordinators, this study examines the Act as a mechanism for sexual assault prevention, reporting and survivor support.

Drawing on data from a larger feminist study that explored how secondary English teacher candidates responded to a sexual trauma text set and pedagogy for teaching such narratives with Canadian adolescents, this paper examines how caretaker discourses emerged in response to these stories and learning. This especially manifested as emerging teacher participants discussed and troubled the notion of 'safety' in schools altogether, searched for ways to cultivate 'safe-er' classroom spaces, and critically considered triggering and content (trigger) warning practices. With the aim of thinking about how educators might build radical classrooms prepared to address Tarana Burke's Me Too movement, the pervasiveness of sexual assault, and the insidiousness of rape culture through literacy learning, this paper details the sometimes precautionary but overall promising ways in which teacher candidates considered tackling difficult subject matter in English Language Arts.

Objective: To study eight types of sexual assault among cisgender women, cisgender men and gender minority college students, estimating the prevalence of perpetration by persons of particular gender identities. Participants and Methods: 13,685 sexual assault survivors were surveyed. For each type of sexual assault victimization experienced by cisgender women, cisgender men and gender minorities, prevalence estimates assessed the extent of perpetration by persons of each gender identity. Results: Cisgender men were the most prevalent perpetrators of all types of sexual assault against cisgender women and gender minorities. Cisgender women were the most prevalent perpetrators of five types of sexual assault against cisgender men, with cisgender women and cisgender men being similarly likely to perpetrate three types of sexual assault against cisgender men. Conclusions: Cisgender men perpetrate most sexual assaults against cisgender women and gender minority students; cisgender women and cisgender men perpetrate most sexual assaults against cisgender men students.

Objective: Researchers explored the link between individual trauma history, lifetime suicide risk, and reporting of suicidal ideation in undergraduate students. Participants: A sample of 372 undergraduate students (130 males and 242 females) at two institutions completed measures of their personal trauma histories and suicidality in the Fall of 2017. Methods: Categories of suicidality from the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire were reported, along with odds ratios from multivariate associations of traumatic events with lifetime suicidality. Results: Suicidality is prevalent in college students. Traumas, such as rape, which are endemic to the college experience are significant risk factors for suicidality. Students reported reaching out for help when suicidal. Conclusions: Awareness of trauma history will give a more comprehensive understanding of suicide risk among college students. Additionally, suicide safety programs may consider a broad scope for campus preparedness in order to support the large number of students with suicidal ideation that seek help.

Objective: The purpose of the study was two-fold. The first objective was to determine the level of rape myth acceptance of college students. The second objective was to determine the impact of social group membership on rape myth. Participants: 316 undergraduate students were recruited in spring of 2016. Methods: Surveys distributed to students to gauge rape myth acceptance using McMahon and Farmer's Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale along with social group belongingness of sports, Greek life, and other student organizations. Results: Data analysis indicated students do not accept rape myths. Data specified no statistical significance, unlike past research, in social group membership such as Greek life and athletics in predicting rape myth acceptance. Conclusion: There is a need to further explore social group membership in its various forms to explain rape myths and why patterns of agreement still exist in this population.

Objective: This study examined rates and predictors of peer recommendation of resources after disclosure of actual and hypothetical unwanted sexual experiences. Participants: Private university students without a history of college sexual assault were recruited in 2 groups. One was a group of peers who had received an assault disclosure (N = 122) and one was a group of peers who had never received an assault disclosure (N = 166). Methods: Participants responded to an anonymous online survey and reported on their history of receiving disclosures and related measures such as rape myth beliefs, attitudes toward help-seeking, and social norms. Results: Actual and hypothetical disclosure recipients had similar rates of awareness and helpfulness of resources for sexual assault but different levels of recommendation of resources. Perceived helpfulness, awareness of resources, and social norms emerged as key predictors of recommendations. Conclusions: In addition to prevention programing, training and education are needed for potential disclosure recipients.

Objective: This study investigated binge drinking in college students with and without disabilities and sexual violence (SV). Participants: This analysis includes 2,113 college students recruited from campus health or counseling centers between 2015 and 2017, aged 18-24. Method: Multinomial logistic regression procedures were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for past month binge drinking days (BDD). Results: Among students with disabilities, 68% endorsed SV, compared with 53% of those without disability. Disability was not significantly associated with BDD; SV was significantly associated with BDD (p < 0.0001). Students with SV, regardless of disability status, had 1.7- to 2.1-fold greater odds of having 4+ past month BDD. Conclusions: While disability alone is not a risk factor for binge drinking, novel findings include that students with disabilities binge drink at similarly high rates to their nondisabled peers, and are at elevated risk for SV, which is closely associated with binge drinking.

As universities face unprecedented pressure to respond to sexual violence, this article critically analyses how they engage with intersectionality in their responses. Based on research in the Canadian province of Ontario, I demonstrate that universities' commitments to intersectionality often fail to translate into practice. This failure results in anti-violence measures that do not address how systems of oppression shape vulnerability and access to support, or how the university is implicated in and constituted through these systems. When commitments to intersectionality are accepted at face value, they enable the university to brand their anti-violence measures as progressive and inclusive without necessarily addressing how sexual violence is produced and sustained through existing institutional power arrangements. As such, rather than celebrating universities for merely referencing intersectionality, I conclude that these commitments must be used to hold them accountable to the transformative work required to eradicate sexual violence on campus.

Socio-interpersonal factors have a strong potential to protect individuals against pathological processing of traumatic events. While perceived social support has emerged as an important protective factor, this effect has not been replicated in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). One reason for this might be that the relevance of socio-interpersonal factors differs in people with ID: Social support may be associated with more stress due to a generally high dependency on sometimes unwanted support. An exploration of the role of posttraumatic, socio-interpersonal factors for people with ID is therefore necessary in order to provide adequate support. The current study aims to explore the subjective perception of social reactions to disclosure of sexual violence in four women with mild to moderate ID. The study was conducted in Austria. The women were interviewed about their perception of received social reactions as benevolent or harmful, their emotional response, and whether they perceived being treated differently due to their ID diagnosis. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. First, the interviews were coded inductively, and social reactions were then deductively assigned to three categories that were derived from general research: positive reactions, unsupportive acknowledgement, turning against. Findings on the perception of social reactions were in line with findings from the general population. Overall, participants reported that they did not feel that they were treated any differently from persons without disabilities. However, the social reactions they received included unjustified social reactions, such as perpetrators not being held accountable. A possible explanation may be a habituation and internalisation of negative societal attitudes towards women with ID. Empowerment programmes and barrier-free structural support for women with ID following trauma exposure should be improved.

In this article, three English Language Arts teachers draw on their teaching experiences of addressing sexual violence in assigned young adult literature. The authors use their experiences to guide a series of suggestions for other teachers who wish to teach these texts in their own classes. First, the authors offer suggestions for legitimizing the literature with school leaders and students' caretakers. Then, the authors offer a list of steps that teachers can follow so that students develop an accurate understanding of sexual assault and rape. Finally, the authors provide curricular suggestions to teach students to critically examine those topics when reading young adult titles. Although the focus of this article is young adult literature, the teaching suggestions can be applied to other texts.

Many young women attending post-secondary education report high rates of sexual coercion and other forms of sexual violence on campus; however young women with disabilities may experience even higher rates of these behaviours. While researchers have investigated some types of violence, in particular intimate partner violence, little of this work has examined the broader forms of sexual victimization that may impact young women with disabilities. This study examined the types and methods of sexually coercive behaviours that women undergraduates with disabilities reported while attending universities in Ontario, Canada. Eighty-eight women with disabilities responded to an online survey about any unwanted sexual behaviour they experienced during their undergraduate program, including sexual harassment, touching/ kissing, and attempted as well as completed sexual acts. The results of this study support previous research indicating high rates of sexual coercion among women with disabilities. Compared to women without disabilities, a greater proportion of women with disabilities reported sexual harassment as well as completed sexual acts committed through arguments and pressure, the use of physical force, or while intoxicated or incapacitated and unable to consent. These results are discussed in terms of understanding sexual victimization on campus and the needs of students with disabilities.

This study investigated influence of parental support and monitoring on antisocial behaviour among Secondary School Students in Gwer West Local Government Area of Benue State. The recent hike in the rate of adolescent vices (rape, robbery, thuggery and examination malpractices) experienced in Nigerian society calls for the need for this study while examining the Parental roles. Ex-post facto design was utilized for the study. Purposive and simple random sampling technique was used to sample six secondary schools and 184 students comprising of 118 (64.1%) males and 66 (35.9%) females respectively. The Revised Child Report of Parent Behaviour Inventory, the Parental Monitoring Scale and the Bergen Questionnaire of Antisocial Behaviour were used for data collection. Three hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression and multiple regression. It was found among others that parental support has no significant influence on antisocial behaviour among secondary school students. The result also showed a significant influence of parental monitoring on antisocial behaviour among secondary school students and a significant joint influence of parental support and parental monitoring on antisocial behaviour among secondary schools students in Gwer-West Local Government Area of Benue State. Based on the study findings, recommendations were made.

Objective: Sexual assault victims often do not disclose their assaults or seek positive health outcomes. The RAINN Survivor Stories project shares testimonials in the form of online blogs from sexual assault survivors to motivate and encourage others to come forward and disclose their assaults. This study aimed to better understand the themes present in the survivor stories to motivate victims to disclose their assaults and seek positive health outcomes. Design: A theoretical thematic analysis was conducted on blog posts created for the project to identify (a) how the posts tell survivor stories and (b) how the posts model positive health outcomes using social cognitive theory and the disclosure processes model as a guide. Setting: Online setting linked to the rainn.org website. Method: Blog posts were collected for inductive thematic analysis. Themes were identified based on their prevalence in the data and their pertinence to the research questions. Results: Emerging themes included (a) overcoming initial disclosure, (b) overcoming the lasting effects of victimisation, (c) utilising support and (d) advocating for others after assault. Conclusion: Findings offer insight to researchers and practitioners creating media messages for sexual assault victims and other stigmatised groups by expanding understanding of modelled positive health outcomes in media and the disclosure process of victims.

In a previous study, reactive criminal thinking or cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and delinquency. This study sought to determine whether cognitive impulsivity also mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression. A path analysis was performed on a sample of 438 early adolescent boys (n = 206) and girls (n = 232) from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence using three waves of non-overlapping data. As predicted, cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression, but cognitive insensitivity did not. The results of this study provide ongoing support for the general conceptual argument that childhood aggression parallels delinquency in certain respects and that parental knowledge deters both future delinquency and childhood aggression by reducing the cognitive impulsivity that is central to the behavioral patterns of delinquency and childhood aggression.

Purpose: In the current study, we present data describing adolescents' perceptions and knowledge of educator sexual misconduct. Prior research has not investigated how adolescents understand these situations, and this information can help school leaders, educators, and researchers both understand how these situations begin and develop programs aimed at identifying cases of misconduct in order to reduce future occurrences. Research Design: The study took place in a Texas city designated as an "Other City Center" District Type by Texas Education Agency. The study's 1,203 participants were secondary students from the district. Findings: Findings indicate that almost 2% of those surveyed openly admitted to currently being consensually sexually involved with a teacher. Those in a relationship were equally likely to be male or female, were older, and were engaged in risky online activities, including using the internet to connect with strangers, sending or receiving sexually suggestive pictures and videos, and searching for their teacher on social media. Implications: There are numerous implications for policy and preparation at various levels, from state and national legislation to school and school district policy to teacher- and principal-preparation programs.

Interventions addressing the endemic of sexual violence at European universities are scarce, particularly those that take a bystander focus to sexual violence prevention and involve university staff. Evidence-based data on their effectiveness are also lacking. This article reports the description of a pilot evaluation study of the USVreact Italian training program addressed to university staff for counteracting sexual violence. We assessed initial (T1) representations of gender-based violence, rape myth acceptance, and attitudes to bystander intervention (172 participants), and evaluated the effectiveness of the course by comparing, via paired-sample "t" tests, the responses before and after (T2) training (66 participants). Comparison between pre- (T1) and posttraining (T2) responses indicated that the participants' ability to recognize subtle forms of violence and reduce rape myth acceptance was increased after training. Relatively few training programs based on the bystander approach to prevent gender-based violence at university have been performed to date in Europe and data on their effectiveness are scarce. Several limitations notwithstanding, the present pilot evaluation study provides suggestions for a more systematic evaluation of training interventions that address cultural legitimation of gender-based violence and that sustain bystander interventions in sexual assault prevention.

High levels of school mobility are a problem in many urban districts. Many of these same districts are also dealing with high rates of violent crime. In this study, we use 6 years (2010-2011 to 2015-2016) of administrative data from Baltimore City public elementary school students and crime data from the Baltimore Police Department to examine whether changes in violent crime at schools are associated with the likelihood of school exit. Using logistic regression with school fixed effects to adjust for constant differences between schools, we find that students are more likely to leave following years with higher levels of violent crime at their school. These associations are strongest for students ineligible for free or reduced-price meals and from safer neighborhoods.

Hegemonic masculinity, with patriarchal supremacy and female subservience are the norms of many African societies. Suffering in silence goes along with the traditional place of woman in African societies as they observe sexist hierarchy of power. Physical attack and its wounds flourish in an atmosphere of secrecy and silence. Silence to such problems escalates psychological distress, casting adverse effects on the individual. Silence leaves overt and covert markings on the psyche. Intrusive thoughts are one of symptoms among nightmares, flashbacks, fear, and anxiety of psychological trauma. No previous research examined the intrusion of intrusive thoughts which disturb the life of Morayo. The article addresses this gap as this symptom of trauma makes life difficult for a girl whose trust is violated by a kinsman. This work accentuates that speaking-out can end a false sense of shame that survivors often carry. Speech will agitate legal change, bring about advancement in therapeutic approaches, and undermine social myths about sexual assault which will promote acceptance for the survivors.

The health and well-being of young people remains a critical issue. For Indigenous girls and young women in Canada and South Africa, the situation is exacerbated by high rates of sexual violence. The article draws on examples of artworks and close readings of several images of resistance produced by Indigenous girls and young women participating in a six-year study that seeks to address sexual violence in the two countries. Exploring resistance is an understudied area in relation to young people and well-being. Building on our visual research and fieldwork, we posit that the idea of "picturing (as) resistance" through the various participatory visual and arts-based tools is a promising area of investigation in relation to well-being.

Religious colleges and universities make up a substantial segment of the higher education landscape in North America, but the incidence of sexual violence on these campuses remains understudied. This study estimates the incidence of sexual violence on independent Christian campuses using a sample of part-time and full-time undergraduate students (N = 668) from eight private Christian colleges in Ontario, Canada. Using two widely used measures of sexual violence enabled comparisons with studies of self-reported incidents at secular and public colleges and universities. The findings show that 18% of women at religious colleges reported experiencing unwanted sexual contact within the past year, compared to studies of self-reported rates on secular campuses ranging from 21.4% to 31.4%. Exploratory investigation of factors related to victimization suggests that religious colleges may provide a "moral community" that could reduce the risk of sexual violence.

Recent sexual assault scandals have brought public attention to the fact that there is a need for colleges to aggressively address the issues surrounding sexual assaults on their campuses. Studies indicate that one in four women are being sexually assaulted each year, but few women report this. Women suffer major psychological issues when assaulted. Federal laws and college prevention programs seem to have little effect on the occurrence of sexual assaults. Features common to most sexual assaults can be identified. This paper provides information from pertinent statistical studies, the laws addressing sexual assaults, the commonalities within occurrences, and the lack of transparency in reporting crime data. Prevention programs exist but show limited success, and this paper proposes a comprehensive prevention program for college campuses.

This essay explores the vulnerability of enslaved African Canadian Black women by examining the death of Diana Bastian, an enslaved Black teenager who in 1792 was raped by George More, a member of the Governing Council of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Though Bastian begged for assistance during the resultant pregnancy, More denied her such aid and cast her aside. Bastian further appealed to More's brother, a local magistrate, who also denied Bastian any help, and Bastian died giving birth to the twins More sired. Bastian's owner, Abraham Cuyler, appeared to have been absent from the province at the time of Bastian's rape, pregnancy, and labour. Bastian's brief and tragic history is told in her death certificate recorded at the St. George's Anglican Church, Sydney. This very succinct document brings to light the story of racial and sexual abuse on the Canadian frontier, and helps us to understand the marginal status of Black women's lives in colonial Canada. I suggest in this essay that when we place enslaved Black women at the centre of Canada's historical and colonial past, we come to a new understanding of the power and privilege White men possessed, and the catastrophic impact it had on Black women's bodies.

Discussions have recently intensified regarding how to curtail the disturbingly high amount of sexual assaults that occur each year on U.S. College and university campuses. One suggestion to assist in the reduction of these crimes would be to allow students to carry concealed weapons as a means of self-protection. Considering the current culture of the gun control debate, and the emotionally charged implications of such potential legislation, it is prudent to analyze existing data that could shed light on whether or not this would be a viable solution. Using "The Campus Safety and Security Data" managed by the federal government, this study investigated trends in reported sexual assault crimes in three states where laws have changed regarding concealed carry on college and university campuses. This general linear model analysis revealed that the frequency of reported sexual assaults consistently increased from pre- to post legislation that permitted concealed weapons on college campuses. While the current investigation looks at the data trends from only three states with available data, the findings indicate that the change in the laws have failed to have a positive impact in reducing the number of reported sexual assault crimes.

In this paper the author summarizes several life history case studies of adolescent boys who were identified at school as "wimps" and who eventually engaged in various forms of sexual violence. Such boys rarely are--if at all--discussed in the childhood, education and feminist literatures on sexual violence. The life stories reveal the interrelationship among in-school bullying, reflexivity, embodied structured action, and the social construction of heteromasculinities in the commission of sexual violence by subordinated boys. The author concludes by considering the implications the research has to the evolving discourses on social scientific conceptualizations of reflexive embodiment and heteromasculinities.

The author looks at the psychology of sexuality and its origins in the brain's cortex. She discusses how the cues for desire sometimes overshadow mere physiological cues and how they may be healthy or unhealthy. She argues that understanding the intricate neurochemical and neurostructural workings of the mind and the central and autonomic nervous systems in both men and women--and their dependence on early attunement--helps therapists and patients distinguish sexual play from predatory, trauma-inducing sexual aggression and that this distinction is crucial given the centrality of the mammalian emotional circuit of play in our brain processes, including the sexual. She discusses the dangers of mistaking forcible rape fantasy for a real-life desire and examines other fantasies and the sexual role play that fuel our sexuality. She warns of the psychological and emotional damages of isolating, nonconsenual sex. And she discusses how sexual play can provide emotional attunement, joy, and sociability to human life.

This research paper discusses woman status in the country of Jordan in terms of rights, equality and personal liberties, freedom of choice in particular. It argues that, although Jordan is working hard to be open to Western values and civilization; however, it lags behind when it comes to woman liberty and equality. Jordan is a patriarchal society, decisions at every level whether at work, home, school and so forth belong to man. Man's authority is empowered by tribal traditions and culture which do not recognize woman as a society builder with man, nor any of her rights. This mentality against woman is supported by the Jordanian laws, article 290, and article 308 of penal law in particular. Results reveal that Jordan has a long way to go in order to have woman be an equal citizen. In addition, woman activists and many ordinary citizens are demanding the government and parliament to have reforms in the Jordanian legislation system by which certain articles in the penal system be removed.

Given the tragedy of war and genocide, words often cannot adequately capture the complexity of war-related experiences. Researchers are increasingly utilizing the arts to enable multiple forms of expression, as well as for its therapeutic and empowering qualities. This paper outlines the use of the "river of life," an arts-based autobiographical mapping tool, conducted with 60 youth born of rape during the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda who continue to live with this intergenerational legacy of sexual violence. The article begins with a review of current arts-based methods and their relevance for war-affected populations and an overview of the genocide, sexual violence, and the lived realities of children born of rape. We then outline the "river of life" mapping tool, where participants drew their life histories using the metaphor of a river, addressing the ebbs and flows of their lives and the obstacles and opportunities they encountered. Developed in collaboration with local researchers, participants were invited to share the meaning of their drawing with researchers, explaining key events throughout their life course, utilizing metaphors, and symbolism to convey their experiences. The article highlights how the "the river of life" facilitated key insights into the post-genocide experiences of children born of rape, and the long-term impacts at the family, community and societal levels, and proved to be especially helpful in enabling youth participants to process and communicate their histories of genocide and experiences of stigma and discrimination. The "river of life" was also reported by participants as having unintended positive effects, including closure and clarity in navigating their past and their futures. While not without limitations, we argue that this mapping tool represents an important addition to arts-based methods that can be used with populations who have experienced profound forms of violence and marginalization.

In recent decades, universities have made significant progress toward environmental sustainability and have likewise tightened their budgets and restructured economic models in the name of financial sustainability. However, institutions of higher education have failed to address issues of social sustainability and social injustice, many of which are increasing in number and severity on college campuses. This article takes a student activist perspective on these issues, suggesting that a comprehensive and intersectional approach toward university sustainability (with particular re-affirmation of the social sustainability pillar) can empower students and their allies, raise awareness about the causes of these issues, and allow a more constructive environment for collaborative approaches and policy formation on college campuses.

With news media coverage of free dating app horror stories of serial rapists and undergraduates reporting having been lied to in previous relationships, 157 undergraduate students at Morehead State University and East Carolina University completed an anonymous, voluntary 31 item online survey to assesses vetting/background checks on potential/current romantic partners. Over three-fourths (75.5%) of the respondents reported that they had Facebook/social media stalked a potential romantic partner with about a quarter reporting having conducted a background check on someone they were considering meeting or were already dating. Focus groups were also conducted with 23 undergraduate students who provided further insight into vetting. Exchange theory was used to interpret the findings. Vetting today may be more about survival than distrust.

Compared to non-HBCU institutions, studies associated with student perceptions of campus crimes in HBCU settings are limited. Utilizing survey data from two HBCUs, nearly 200 students express their opinions in association with victimization, offender characteristics, and campus safety strategies. Descriptive results indicate high levels of support regarding potential victimization associated with theft and substance abuse is associated campus crime offending. Chi-square analyses reveal gender differences in terms of potentially experiencing sexual assault/rape and support for the use of a concealed weapon as a campus crime prevention measure. Limitations, areas of further research, and policy implications are discussed.

The education of Black male high school students is presently occurring in the context of the #MeToo movement. Recent reports of inappropriate sexual conduct by high profile men, including Black men, have generated heightened awareness, confusion, anxiety, and ambivalence among Black males regarding what behavior is acceptable toward girls and women and related consequences of such behavior. In high school, when identity and interpersonal relationship skills are still relatively early in development, this apparent ambiguity potentially interferes with learning processes, helping to undermine educational equity for Black males. With this mixed-methods documentary intervention research study, we assessed the impact of the short, educational documentary "My Masculinity Helps" (MMH) on Black male high school students in reducing rape myth acceptance and affirming active bystander attitudes and behaviors. MMH explores the role of Black men and boys in the prevention of sexual violence. Findings suggest that participants developed a more accurate understanding of consent and sexual assault, and more affirmative attitudes toward active bystander behavior, such as helping someone who has been sexually assaulted or wanting to engage in prevention strategies. We provide implications for school counselors using the American School Counselor Association National Model.

Universities have implemented a range of education programmes to address the problem of sexual violence on campus. While these programmes can improve the attitudes and behaviours that contribute to rape culture, little is known about the factors influencing students' decisions to participate in such programmes. The aim of this study was to understand university students' decisions about attending sexual violence prevention workshops. Focus groups or individual interviews were conducted with 28 students at a university in Aotearoa/New Zealand who had attended a prevention workshop (n = 11) or who had had the opportunity to attend (n = 17). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data with a focus on barriers to students' willingness to engage with sexual violence prevention education. Three themes were developed. Each theme concerned preconceived ideas about sexual violence that impacted students' perceptions of and willingness to engage in sexual violence prevention. The three barriers consisted of perceptions concerning the relevance of programmes, participants' perception that they already knew the content, and the impact of cultural ideas about gender and sexual violence. These findings have practical implications for the development and promotion of future campus sexual violence prevention programmes.