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Increasing use of Re–Os geochronology, especially applied to molybdenite, requires a standard for cross-laboratory calibration. A new Reference Material (RM) for Re–Os geochronology, a molybdenite powder acquired from the Henderson mine and mill in Colorado, has been characterized by two independent laboratories using isotope dilution and NTIMS. Following cleaning, the powder was split and bottled by NIST for distribution. Twelve bottles were randomly selected for this study. The AIRIE Program at Colorado State University and the Radiogenic Isotope Facility at the University of Alberta each produced replicate analyses from six of the bottles using two different Os spikes (one enriched in both 188Os and 190Os and one of normal isotopic composition), for a total of 48 analyses comprising four data sets. The age of the new RM is thus defined as 27.656 ± 0.022 Ma (95% conf.). We also address the long-standing issue of the stoichiometry of Os gravimetric standards, produced from ammonium and potassium Os salts. We advocate the use of (NH4)2OsCl6 as the starting material. The actual Os content of this salt can be precisely determined by ignition under an atmosphere of 2% H2/98% N2. Reduction of the salt using a gas of higher H2 content can lead to erroneous determinations of Os content, perhaps because of the formation of osmium hydrides. Furthermore, we show that it is not always correct to assume ideal stoichiometry for K2OsCl6.

The ca. 1110–1120 Ma diabase sills of the Nipigon Embayment represent the oldest phase of the Midcontinent Rift recognized to date. The sills can be subdivided into five geochemically distinct suites: Nipigon, McIntyre, Inspiration, Shillabeer, and Jackfish. Sm–Nd, Rb–Sr, and Pb–Pb isotope data for the sills can be used to evaluate the source regions and emplacement histories of these sills. The εNdT values for all the sill suites are consistently negative (–0.5 to –6.6) but show coherent variations both within and between suites. The negative εNdT values can be interpreted as the result of contamination of a plume-related mantle source by older crustal material. The initial strontium (Sri) values (0.7032–0.7068) for the sills indicate that at least two distinct contaminants are required: (1) a source with strongly negative εNdT and lower Sri, likely Archean metasediment or granite, and (2) one with elevated Sri, likely sedimentary rocks of the Proterozoic Sibley Group. The Pb data for the Nipigon and Inspiration sills form distinct linear arrays consistent with variable contamination of a source comparable to that of other igneous suites of the Midcontinent Rift. The radiogenic isotopes preserve a complex contamination history best interpreted as the result of

The late Archean Yellowknife greenstone belt in the southwestern Slave province hosts world-class orogenic gold deposits with total production of 15 million ounces (Moz) of gold. The timing of gold mineralization is estimated to be ca. 2600 Ma, based on the relative timing of D 2 structures and associated formation of deposit-hosting shear zones. The majority of studies on the deposits indicate that gold was emplaced by metamorphically driven hydrothermal fluids depositing gold in chemical and structural traps. Alternatively, based on ore mineral compositions, proximity to plutons, and increased gold grades in the vicinity of quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes, it has been suggested that the gold deposits may also be related to the intrusions. In this study, we present two new Re-Os molybdenite ages from two intermediate to felsic plutonic rocks and compare them with U-Pb zircon crystallization ages. The Duckfish aplite contains intergrown molybdenite and yields a Re-Os model age of 2611 ± 7 Ma, the same as a U-Pb zircon crystallization age of 2611.2 ± 1.5 Ma for the aplite and within assigned error of a previously reported 2608 ± 3 Ma U-Pb titanite age for the Duckfish pluton. The subvolcanic Ryan Lake pluton has synplutonic quartz veining with intergrown molybdenite that yields an Re-Os model age of 2679 ± 8 Ma (repeat analysis of 2675 ± 7), within assigned error of the 2671 +6/−5 Ma U-Pb zircon crystallization age of the pluton. In both cases, the Re-Os and U-Pb chronometers survived later low- to moderate-temperature, low-pressure contact and regional metamorphism. The ca. 2675 Ma Ryan Lake pluton and associated quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes have gold contents significantly higher than the least-altered ore-hosting mafic volcanic rocks, but the pluton is significantly older than the ca. 2600 Ma relative age of the gold deposits. The age data and the fact that an early pluton carries elevated gold suggest that similar plutons and associated quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes may have fertilized the greenstone belt prior to formation of the orogenic gold deposits. We suggest that when ca. 2600 Ma metamorphically derived fluids interacted with these older rocks, the gold budget in the hydrothermal fluid could have been increased, as evidenced by increased gold grades near porphyries. An intrusion-related, early introduction of gold into the Yellowknife greenstone belt may have implications for other Archean gold deposits where there is a spatial relationship between gold and early plutonic rocks.

The past decade has seen renewed interest in 187Re–187Os geochronology using a variety of matrices including sulfide minerals, shales and meteorites. The most widely used value of the 187Re decay constant (λ 187Re) is 1.666 ± 0.005 × 10−11 a−1 (±0.31%), which is based on cross calibration of Re–Os and Pb–Pb chronometers for certain meteorites [Smoliar M. I., Walker R. J., and Morgan J. W. (1996) Re–Os isotope constraints on the age of Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites. Science 271, 1099–1102]. However, other recent studies have yielded alternate values of λ 187Re, based upon either direct counting experiments or analysis of meteorites. Here, we provide an independent assessment of λ 187Re, using methodology, sample materials, and preparation of Os standard solutions different from those of Smoliar et al. (1996). Combining Re–Os age data for molybdenite formed in magmatic ore deposits, with the U–Pb zircon age of the magmatic rocks, a refined λ 187Re value is determined by averaging 11 individual cross-calibration experiments spanning ca. 2700 Ma of Earth history. Using the U decay constants of Jaffey [Jaffey A. H., Flynn K. F., Glendenin L. E., Bentley W. C., and Essling A. M. (1971) Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of 235U and 238U. Phys. Rev. 4, 1889–1906], a value for λ 187Re of 1.6668 ± 0.0034 × 10−11 a−1 is determined. Using the λ 238U value of Jaffey et al. (1971) and λ 235U value of Schoene [Schoene B., Crowley J. L., Condon D. J., Schmitz M. D., and Bowring S. A. (2006) Reassessing the uranium decay constants for geochronology using ID-TIMS U–Pb data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 426–445], a value for λ 187Re of 1.6689 ± 0.0031 × 10−11 a−1 is determined. These values are nominally higher (ca. 0.1 and ca. 0.2%) than the value determined by Smoliar et al. [Smoliar M. I., Walker R. J., and Morgan J. W. (1996) Re–Os isotope constraints on the age of Group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites. Science 271, 1099–1102], but within calculated uncertainty. Further refinement of λ187Re by cross calibrating the molybdenite and U–Pb zircon chronometers should be possible by utilizing high precision, single-grain, chemical abrasion zircon U–Pb analyses.

Lu–Hf, Sm–Nd and in-situ clinopyroxene Sr and Pb isotope systematics, and mineral major and in-situ trace element compositions were obtained for a suite of non-diamond and diamond-bearing eclogites from the Diavik kimberlites (A154; 55 Ma old), Slave craton (Canada). Temperature estimates of last equilibration in the lithosphere for the non-diamond-bearing Diavik eclogites define two groups; low-temperature (800–1050 °C) and high-temperature eclogites (1100–1300 °C). Most diamond–eclogites indicate temperatures similar to those of the high-temperature eclogites. Isotopic and major and trace element systematics for the non-diamond- and diamond-bearing eclogites indicate overlapping chemical compositions suggesting similar rock formational histories. Calculated whole rock major and trace element abundances using chemical and modal abundances for constituent minerals exhibit broad similarities with mafic cumulates from ophiolite sequences. Most importantly the calculated whole rock eclogite compositions display positive Sr and Eu anomalies, typically interpreted as the result of plagioclase accumulation in cumulate rocks of oceanic crust sequences. Initial whole rock Hf isotopic values and in-situ Sr isotope data from clinopyroxene grains provide evidence that the eclogites were derived from precursor rocks with depleted mantle isotope characteristics. These combined results support the interpretation that the eclogites from Diavik represent remnants of subducted oceanic crust. Lu–Hf isotope systematics indicate that the oceanic protolith for the eclogites formed in the Paleoproterozoic at ∼ 2.1 Ga, which is in agreement with the in-situ Pb isotope data from clinopyroxene. This result also corroborates the ∼ 2.1 Ga Lu–Hf model ages recorded by mantle zircons from eclogite found within the Jericho kimberlite in the northern Slave Province (∼ 200 km northwest of Diavik). The results from both studies indicate a link between eclogite formation and Paleoproterozoic subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the present-day western margin of the Archean Slave craton.

The latest evolution of the Neoproterozoic Agudos Grandes Batholith (Apiai domain, SE Brazil) is marked by an important change in the type of granitic magmatism. The “late-orogenic” Piedade, Roseira, Serra dos Lopes, and Pilar do Sul granites are elliptical plutons with roughly concentric zoning and a spatial arrangement suggesting a continuous southwestward migration of the magmatic focus. The main rock types are “contaminated” calc-alkaline granites that range from mafic-rich (color index > 10), porphyritic biotite (±muscovite) granite-granodiorite in Piedade to pink, equigranular, muscovite–biotite leucogranite (CI

Analysis of 12 worldwide oil samples show that Re and Os abundances are positively correlated with the asphaltene content of oil. Light oils with 83%), with

Osmium isotope data from black shales show that oxidative continental weathering likely occurred episodically in the late Archean., It is not known whether environmental O2 levels increased in a linear fashion or fluctuated dynamically between the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the later Great Oxidation Event. New rhenium-osmium isotope data from the late Archean Mount McRae Shale, Western Australia, reveal a transient episode of oxidative continental weathering more than 50 million years before the onset of the Great Oxidation Event. A depositional age of 2495 ± 14 million years and an initial 187Os/188Os of 0.34 ± 0.19 were obtained for rhenium- and molybdenum-rich black shales. The initial 187Os/188Os is higher than the mantle/extraterrestrial value of 0.11, pointing to mild environmental oxygenation and oxidative mobilization of rhenium, molybdenum, and radiogenic osmium from the upper continental crust and to contemporaneous transport of these metals to seawater. By contrast, stratigraphically overlying black shales are rhenium- and molybdenum-poor and have a mantle-like initial 187Os/188Os of 0.06 ± 0.09, indicating a reduced continental flux of rhenium, molybdenum, and osmium to seawater because of a drop in environmental O2 levels. Transient oxygenation events, like the one captured by the Mount McRae Shale, probably separated intervals of less oxygenated conditions during the late Archean.

The El Teniente Cu-Mo porphyry deposit, Chile, is one of the world’s largest and most complex porphyry ore systems, containing an estimated premining resource of approximately 95 Mt Cu and 2.5 Mt Mo. Although Cu mineralization at the deposit is quite well studied, little work has focused specifically on the distribution and timing of Mo mineralization. Combined grade, vein, and breccia distribution analysis reveals that deposit-wide Mo grades of 0.01 to 0.06 wt % are strongly controlled by the abundance of main mineralization (type 6a) quartz ± molybdenite veins. These show a clear spatial relationship with several felsic-intermediate intrusions and appear to develop outward and upward into Cu-rich (type 6b–7b) quartz-chalcopyrite veins and (type 8) chalcopyrite-anhydrite ± bornite veins with sericitic alteration halos. High-precision Re-Os molybdenite dating reveals that these linked vein types did not develop in a single, deposit-wide evolution, but are diachronous, related to distinct episodes of hydrothermal activity associated with the emplacement of diorite finger porphyries and the composite Teniente Dacite Porphyry. These units acted as effective, short-lived (

The NICO deposit is located in the southern portion of the Paleoproterozoic Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories, Canada. The majority of the mineralization lies within the Bowl Zone, hosted by the Treasure Lake Group (TLG), where heavily altered precursor rocks are interpreted to be carbonate-rich wackes and siltstones. These rocks are crosscut by a set of pre-ore quartz ± calcite + amphibole + K-feldspar veins (S1). The Co–Au–Bi (±W–Cu–Mo) mineralization at NICO is contained in stratabound ore lenses within the Bowl Zone, and comprises a prograde assemblage of Co-rich arsenopyrite (arsenopyrite I) and loellingite, cobaltite, pyrite, actinolite, ferrohornblende, biotite and rare scheelite (±molybdenite) along with minor magnetite and amphibole. Retrograde assemblages resulted from re-crystallization of the Co-bearing phases to form arsenopyrite II and III, along with precipitation of marcasite, pyrite, hastingsite, native Bi–Au (±Te) and minor bismuthinite and magnetite. The latest stage of retrograde mineralization comprises chalcopyrite, hastingsite, chlorite, and hematite (±emplectite). Two sets of barren quartz ± dolomite + amphibole + K-feldspar + chalcopyrite veins (S2 and S3) post-date the mineralization. The Southern Breccia zone hosts minor U–Cu–Mo mineralization and is interpreted to be the deepest portion of the NICO system. Two molybdenite samples from the Bowl Zone and the Southern Breccia yielded Re–Os ages of 1865 ± 9 and 1877 ± 8 Ma, respectively, consistent with the interpreted ca. 1870 Ma age of the NICO deposit. This age is also synchronous with the onset of magmatism in the Great Bear magmatic arc (ca. 1875–1850 Ma). Ore mineral δ34S values (3.3–6.7‰, sulfides) indicate that crustal sulfur was assimilated by upwelling felsic magmatic melts. The δ18O values of the fluids precipitating magnetite and Co-rich arsenopyrite (6 and 8‰), and from pre- and syn-mineralization magnetite (−0.8 to 1.5‰) support a magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the fluids. Two out of three calcite samples from pre-(S1) and post-ore (S3) veins have also δ13C values consistent with a magmatic origin (−5.5 to −3.6‰). However, one calcite sample from the S3 veins has a value that indicates a reduced sulfur source (−15.6‰). This value is similar to those of the much younger ( Secondary trails of native Bi in S1 vein quartz are associated with liquid–vapor (LV) and liquid–vapor–halite (LVS) inclusions, which indicates that Bi, and possibly Au, were transported in saline to hyper-saline brines (LV-Bi, 2–16 wt.% NaCl equiv., 8–22 wt.% CaCl2 equiv.; LVS-Bi, >37 wt.% NaCl equiv.), with homogenization temperatures of 137–216 °C and 192 to >350 °C for LV-Bi (ThL+V→L) and LVS-Bi (ThL+S→L), respectively. The presence of calcium-rich fluids might indicate extensive equilibration of those solutions with the host TLG rocks. If a pressure correction is applied to the LV inclusions using a minimum entrapment temperature of 271.4 °C (the Bi melting point), a minimum crystallization depth of between approximately 5 and 8 km is indicated. Trace element analyses carried out in this study and compiled from Acosta-Gongora et al. (2014) show that the least altered metasedimentary TLG rocks contain up to six times more As (Carbonate unit, 30.5 ppm) than the average upper continental crust. Conversely, concentrations of Au (

The Irish Midlands region contains one of the world’s largest hydrothermal Zn-Pb ore districts, but uncertainty exists in the timing of mineralization relative to host rock ages. Consequently, genetic models for ore formation are poorly constrained and remain controversial. Here we use Re-Os geochronology to show that ore-stage pyrite from the Lisheen deposit formed at 346.6 ± 3.0 Ma, shortly after host rock deposition. Pyrite from the Silvermines deposit returns an age of 334.0 ± 6.1 Ma, indicating that at least some mineralization occurred during later burial. These age determinations show that the much younger paleomagnetic ages reported for the Irish Zn-Pb deposits reflect remagnetization during the Variscan orogeny, a process that we suggest affects paleomagnetic dating more widely. The Re-Os ages overlap with the ages of lower Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the Midlands, which are the product of magmatism that has been invoked as the driving force for hydrothermal activity. The relatively low initial Os ratios for both Lisheen (0.253 ± 0.045) and Silvermines (0.453 ± 0.006) are compatible with derivation of Os from these magmas, or from the Caledonian basement that underlies the ore deposits.

Alkaline igneous rocks of the Crowsnest Formation in southwestern Alberta and in the Howell Creek area in southeastern British Columbia have been suggested previously to be cogenetic. To test this hypothesis, samples of both suites were characterized petrographically and their major and trace element geochemistry was determined. A subset of the samples was analyzed for whole-rock Sr and Nd isotope geochemistry. The samples of the two suites are latites, trachytes, and phonolites based on the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) total alkalis versus silica (TAS) diagram. Samples from both suites show similar patterns on mantle-normalized trace element diagrams, being enriched relative to mantle values but depleted in the high field-strength elements Nb, Ta, and Ti relative to the large-ion lithophile elements. The chondrite-normalized rare-earth element (REE) patterns for both suites are light REE enriched, with no Eu anomaly and flat heavy REE. The isotope geochemistry of both suites is characterized by low initial 87Sr/86Sr (SrT = 0.704 to 0.706) and low εNdT (–7 to –16). The Howell Creek samples have lower εNdT and higher SrT than do the Crowsnest samples. Based on the intra- and intersuite differences in the isotope geochemistry, we conclude that these samples are not cogenetic, but rather represent samples that have experienced similar evolutionary histories from a heterogeneous source region in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Potassic feldspar-bearing augen granitoids are a fundamental component of the architecture of the Yukon-Tanana terrane and the ancient Pacific margin of the northern Cordillera. These augen granitoids form a belt that extends from Alaska to southeast Yukon Territory, vary in age, and provide probes of the crustal evolution and tectonic history of the Yukon-Tanana terrane and ancient Pacific margin of North America in the Paleozoic. We present results of an integrated field mapping, geochemical, Sm-Nd tracer isotopic, and U-Pb zircon geochronologic study of the augen granitoids in the Stewart River area in an attempt to understand their role in the crustal evolution and tectonic history of the Yukon-Tanana terrane and ancient Pacific margin of North America. Augen granitoids of the Stewart River area are of three distinct ages: Late Devonian, early Mississippian, and Permian. U-Pb zircon geochronology of these augen granitoids has yielded ages of 362.1 ± 2.7 Ma (Stewart River augen granite), 347.5 ± 0.7 Ma (Mount Burnham augen granite), and 264.8 ± 3.7 Ma (Wounded Moose augen granite). All of the augen granitoids, regardless of age, have negative ϵ Ndt values (−2.0 to −15.3) and Proterozoic-Archean depleted-mantle model ages (T DM = 1.37–2.56 Ga). These geochemical and isotopic attributes, coupled with the presence of inherited zircon with Precambrian ages, suggestthatthesegranitoidsaretheproductof crustal melting and crust-mantle mixing during three different cycles of arc magmatism in the Paleozoic. Furthermore, these granitoids represent net crustal recycling along the ancient Pacific margin of North America in the Paleozoic. Importantly, however, there are minor secular variations in crustal recycling, and the younger Permian augen granitoids exhibit higher ϵ Ndt , Nb/Ta, V/Yb, and Sc/Yb, consistent with a greater juvenile component in their genesis. This juvenile component is probably due to assimilation of underplated mafic material derived from older early Mississippian Yukon-Tanana terrane arc magmatism and/or a greater mantle component due to enhanced infiltration of underplated mafic material into augen granitoid magma chambers through rheologically weak crust associated with Permian subduction. The older Late Devonian and early Mississippian augen granitoid suites represent two pulses of Yukon-Tanana terrane arc magmatic activity that developed in response to east-dipping subduction along the western edge of the North America craton in the mid-Paleozoic. This east-dipping Yukon-Tanana terrane arc system continued to evolve throughout the Mississippian to Early Permian and was coincident with the development of the Slide Mountain backarc basin that formed between the Yukon-Tanana terrane arc system and the North American craton; this east-dipping arc-backarc system continued until ca. 275 Ma. After ca. 275 Ma, the east-dipping arc and backarc magmatism ceased and was replaced by ca. 270–269 Ma high-pressure metamorphism and the establishment of a new subduction zone that formed in response to the closure of the Slide Mountain backarc basin. The Permian augen granitoids from the Stewart River are the magmatic record of this new west-dipping subduction zone. Although there are subtle variations, the petrogenetic and tectonic histories of the three suites of augen granitoids in the Stewart River area are remarkably similar and attest to the constancy of magmatic and tectonic processes that occurred along the ancient Pacific margin of North America in the Paleozoic.

The Jericho kimberlites are part of a small Jurassic kimberlite cluster in the northern Slave craton, Canada. A variety of dating techniques were applied to constrain the nature and age of two Jericho kimberlites, JD-1 (170 2 4 3Ma Rb–Sr phlogopite megacrysts, 172 8 0 7Ma U–Pb eclogite rutile, 178 5Ma U–Pb eclogite zircon lower intercept) and JD-3 (173 2Ma Rb–Sr phlogopite megacryst; 176 6 3 2Ma U–Pb perovskite), and all yielded identical results within analytical uncertainty. As there is no discernible difference in the radiometric ages obtained for these two pipes, the composite Rb–Sr phlogopite megacryst date of 173 1 1 3Ma is interpreted as the best estimate for the emplacement age of both Jericho pipes. The initial Sr isotope composition of 0 7053 0 0003 derived from phlogopite megacrysts overlaps the range (0 7043–0 7084) previously reported for Jericho wholerocks. These strontium isotope data, combined with the radiogenic initial Pb/Pb ratio of 18 99 0 33 obtained in this study, indicate that the Jericho kimberlites are isotopically similar to Group 1 kimberlites as defined in southern Africa. The Jericho kimberlites are an important new source of mantle xenoliths that hold clues to the nature of the Slave craton subcontinental mantle. A high proportion (30%) of the Jericho mantle xenolith population consists of various eclogite types including a small number (2–3%) of apatite-, diamond-, kyaniteand zircon-bearing eclogites. The most striking aspect of the Jericho zircon-bearing eclogite xenoliths is their peculiar geochemistry. Reconstructed whole-rock compositions indicate that they were derived from protoliths with high FeO, Al2O3 and Na2O contents, reflected in the high-FeO (22 6–27 5 wt %) nature of garnet and the high-Na2O (8 47–9 44wt %) and high-Al2O3 (13 12–14 33wt %) character of the clinopyroxene. These eclogite whole-rock compositions are highly enriched in high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Nb (133–1134 ppm), Ta (5–28 ppm), Zr (1779–4934 ppm) and Hf (23–64 ppm). This HFSE enrichment is linked to growth of large (up to 2 mm) zircon and niobian rutile crystals (up to 3 modal %) near the time of eclogite metamorphism. The diamond-bearing eclogites on the other hand are characterized by high-MgO (19 6–21 3wt %) garnet and ultralowNa2O (0 44–1 50wt %) clinopyroxene. Paleotemperature estimates indicate that both the zirconand diamond-bearing eclogites have similar equilibration temperatures of 950–1020 C and 990–1030 C, respectively, corresponding to mantle depths of 150–180 km. Integration of petrographic, whole-rock and mineral geochemistry, geochronology and isotope tracer techniques indicates that the Jericho zircon-bearing eclogite xenoliths have had a complex history involving Paleoproterozoic metamorphism, thermal perturbations, and two or more episodes of Precambrian mantle metasomatism. The oldest metasomatic event (Type 1) occurred near the time of Paleoproterozoic metamorphism ( 1 8Ga) and is responsible for the extreme HFSE enrichment and growth of zircon and highniobian rutile. A second thermal perturbation and concomitant carbonatite metasomatism (Type 2) is responsible for significant

In-situ Hf isotope analyses and U–Pb dates were obtained by laser ablation-MC-ICP-MS for a zircon-bearing mantle eclogite xenolith from the diamondiferous Jericho kimberlite located within the Archean Slave Province (Nunavut), Canada. The U–Pb zircon results yield a wide range of ages (∼2.0 to 0.8 Ga) indicating a complex geological history. Of importance, one zircon yields a U–Pb upper intercept date of 1989 ± 67 Ma, providing a new minimum age constraint for zircon crystallization and eclogite formation. In contrast, Hf isotope systematics for the same zircons display an intriguing uniformity, and corresponding Hf depleted mantle model ages range between 2.1 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.1 Ga; the youngest Hf model age is within error to the oldest U–Pb date. The Jericho eclogites have previously been interpreted as representing remnants of metamorphosed oceanic crust, and their formation related to Paleoproterozoic subduction regimes along the western margin of the Archean Slave craton during the Wopmay orogeny. Hf isotope compositions and U–Pb results for the Jericho zircons reported here are in good agreement with a Paleoproterozoic subduction model, suggesting that generation of oceanic crust and eclogite formation occurred between 2.0 and 2.1 Ga. The slightly older Hf depleted mantle model ages (∼2.1 to 2.3 Ga) may be reconciled with this model by invoking mixing between ‘crustal’-derived Hf from sediments and more radiogenic Hf associated with the oceanic crust during the ∼2 Ga subduction event. This results in intermediate Hf isotope compositions for the Jericho zircons that yield ‘fictitiously’ older Hf model ages.

New Sm–Nd and U–Pb data indicate that a block of ancient Mesoarchean and Paleoarchean crust (3.0–3.9 Ga) is present along the southwestern margin of the Rae Province, Canada. Consequently, the Rae Province can be divided into an ancient (>3.0 Ga) southwestern component and a more juvenile ( 3.6 Ga were discovered in two Paleoproterozoic granites.

Rhenium-osmium geochronology using arsenopyrite was undertaken for three gold deposits in the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada, in order to better constrain their age of formation and to assess the utility of arsenopyrite for dating similar deposits globally. Analyses of arsenopyrite from bedding-concordant veins from The Ovens locality, southwest Meguma terrane, yield a precise Re-Os isochron age of 409 ± 5 Ma. Arsenopyrite analyses from a bedding-discordant vein at this locality indicate an identical Re-Os age of 407 ± 4 Ma. Saddle-reef veins from the Dufferin deposit, northeast Meguma terrane, contain arsenopyrite with a precise Re-Os isochron age of 380 ± 3 Ma. The lack of common Os in some arsenopyrite samples from both The Ovens and Dufferin permit calculation of single mineral model ages for each deposit, which are identical to those determined using the isochron method. Initial Os compositions for the two vein types at The Ovens suggest a predominately crustal source of Os in the mineralizing fluids, whereas a less radiogenic initial Os composition for arsenopyrite from Dufferin does not as clearly define a crustal metal source. At a third locality, the Touquoy deposit, the Re-Os systematics of arsenopyrite associated with disseminated gold mineralization do not define a precise formation age, possibly as a result of mixing of Re and Os derived from the mineralizing fluid and the shale host rock. The Re-Os ages of arsenopyrite indicate that there were at least two distinct periods of gold deposition in the Meguma terrane coinciding with widespread tectonothermal events: regional deformation and metamorphism associated with Acadian orogenesis, and widespread generation of meta- and peraluminous granites and high-grade metamorphism within the basement rocks under the Meguma terrane. The ca. 407 Ma age for The Ovens arsenopyrite provides the best estimate for the timing of regional Acadian deformation in the Meguma terrane and is slightly older than previous estimates based solely on 40Ar/39Ar dating.

A Paleozoic volcanic assemblage exposed in northern British Columbia, near the Turnagain River, previously considered to be part of an accreted terrane, was reported to be in depositional contact with a part of the Cordilleran miogeocline. This paper presents an integrated field, U–Pb geochronology, Sm–Nd isotopic, and geochemical study across the basal contact of the volcanic assemblage. Strongly evolved εNd(T) values, between –13 and –21, from samples of lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks exposed below the volcanic rocks, and correlated with Atan – Kechika – Road River – Earn strata of the miogeocline farther east, support a North American miogeoclinal affinity, consistent with previously established regional stratigraphic and structural relationships. Nd isotopic data from the volcanic assemblage contrast significantly with data from the sedimentary rocks and record a mantle source (εNd(T) values between +4.0 and +7.0), consistent with a magmatic arc or back arc; negative Nb anomalies are similarly compatible with either arc- or back-arc-related magmatism. A concordant 339.7 ± 0.6 Ma U–Pb zircon date was obtained from the volcanic assemblage. The mixed gradational contact between the miogeoclinal and volcanic rocks is marked by interlayering of finely laminated grey and green phyllites on the scale of centimetres, with no evidence of a tectonic contact. Bedding at the contact is folded into tight outcrop-scale folds that are intruded by an Early Jurassic (187.5 ± 2.9 Ma) granodiorite. On the basis of all available evidence, the contact is interpreted as a facies transition. The Mississippian volcanic assemblage may link the miogeocline with the early development of an Angayucham – Slide Mountain basin.

Re–Os analyses of bitumen from the Polaris Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit demonstrate the potential utility of the Re–Os system for establishing the absolute timing of hydrocarbon migration and generation. The Polaris deposit is hosted by carbonate rocks of the Upper Ordovician Thumb Mountain Formation, and sulphide mineralization during Late Devonian time is constrained by a Rb–Sr sphalerite date of 366 ± 15 Ma and a paleomagnetic date. Bitumen occurs in open-space fillings and coatings, and is interpreted to have formed during the main and late stages of sulphide mineralization. Samples of bitumen were taken from a variety of locations from the main deposit at Polaris; Re and Os contents are ∼ 3–78 ppb and ∼ 55–1155 ppt, respectively. The 187Re/188Os ratios are very high, ranging from ∼ 300 to 1800, and the Os isotopic composition is moderately to highly radiogenic, with 187Os/188Os ratios ranging from ∼ 3.3 to 13.7. Calculated 187Os/188Os ratios at 366 Ma are variable, but an obvious grouping is defined by 11 of 16 analyses on a Re–Os isochron diagram, and these data yield a Re–Os date of 374 ± 9 Ma (MSWD = 12, Model 3), in agreement with Rb–Sr sphalerite and paleomagnetic dates for mineralization at Polaris. The combined dates suggest that the migration of fluids responsible for both Pb–Zn mineralization and bitumen formation at Polaris was broadly contemporaneous, and was coeval with the Late Devonian Ellesmerian Orogeny. Though considerable further research is required to understand the Re–Os isotopic systematics of migrated hydrocarbon systems, bitumen Re–Os geochronology may provide the possibility of establishing a more comprehensive understanding of MVT deposits, sedimentary basin and petroleum systems.

This paper provides a comprehensive synthesis of virtually all units and events of Early and Middle Proterozoic age in the Yukon, spanning ~1 Ga. Early and Middle Proterozoic time was dominated by a series of extensional-basin-forming events punctuated by orogenesis, magmatism, and hydrothermal activity. Basinal deposits include the Wernecke Supergroup (>1.71 Ga), Pinguicula Group (~1.38 Ga), and Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup (1.00–0.78 Ga). Igneous rocks include the Bonnet Plume River Intrusions (1.71 Ga), Slab volcanics (≥1.6 Ga), Hart River sills and volcanics (1.38 Ga), and Bear River (Mackenzie) dykes (1.27 Ga). A voluminous hydrothermal event generated the widespread Wernecke breccias at 1.60 Ga. The Racklan orogeny deformed the Wernecke Supergroup prior to emplacement of the Wernecke Breccia. The Corn Creek orogeny deformed Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup and older rocks prior to deposition of the Windermere Supergroup (+5.3-3.7 (Ma), detrital U–Pb zircon ages from the basal Pinguicula Group (1841–3078 Ma), detrital muscovite ages from the Mackenzie Mountains Supergroup (1037–2473 Ma), and muscovite 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from the Wernecke Supergroup (788 ± 8 and 980 ± 4 Ma).

The Moss molybdenite deposit, which was mined during both world wars, is hosted in late Grenvillian granitic pegmatite dikes. These dikes are locally aplitic, and intrude the late tectonic Onslow syenite (probably correlative with the ~1090–1070 Ma Kensington suite), which is in turn intrusive into the 1170–1155 Ma Chevreuil intrusive suite of southwestern Quebec. A Re-Os model age of 1053 ± 4 Ma (8.3 ppm Re) was obtained for molybdenite from a pegmatitic veinlet within an aplitic phase of the dike. A much younger Re-Os date of 860.9 ± 9.2 Ma (6.9 ppm Re) obtained previously from a pyrrhotite-and pyrite-rich metasomatic vein might reflect Os diffusion during slow cooling of the Grenville province, because this age is consistent with K-Ar dates reported from the region. Alternatively, the similarity between these younger dates may be fortuitous, and may instead relate to sampling issues for molybdenite. The Mo-rich granitic dikes at the Moss deposit are similar to other Mo-rich A-type pegmatite-aplite granitic dike systems that formed immediately after the peak of the Ottawan orogeny (1070–1090 Ma), and possibly are more closely related to the Kensington suite than previously thought.

The Red Dog sediment-hosted deposit in the De Long Mountains of northern Alaska is the largest Zn producer in the world. Main stage mineralization is characterized by massive sulfide ore and crosscutting subvertical veins. Although the vein mineralization is clearly younger than the massive ore, the exact temporal relationship between the two is unclear. Re-Os geochronology of pyrite is used to determine the absolute age of main stage ore at Red Dog. A 10-point isochron on both massive and vein pyrite yields an age of 338.3 ± 5.8 Ma and is interpreted to represent the age of main stage ore. The Re-Os data indicate that both massive and vein ore types are coeval within the resolution of the technique. Formation of the Red Dog deposit was associated with extension along a passive continental margin, and therefore the Re-Os age of main stage ore constrains the timing of rifting as well as the age of the host sedimentary rocks. Sphalerite from both massive and vein ore yields imprecise ages and shows a high degree of scatter compared to pyrite. We suggest that the Re-Os systematics of sphalerite can be disturbed and that this mineral is not reliable for Re-Os geochronology.

We present a detailed study of Re-Os age determinations for eight natural molybdenite samples of like polytype (2H), spanning a range of age, natural grain size and deposit type. The focus of the study is to critically evaluate the effects of sampling, sample preparation and aliquant size on the accuracy and reproducibility of Re-Os ages for these molybdenite samples. We find that for some molybdenite samples, analysis of small sample aliquants (

New Rb–Sr age determinations using macrocrystal phlogopite are presented for 27 kimberlites from the Ekati property of the Lac de Gras region, Slave Province, Canada. These new data show that kimberlite magmatism at Ekati ranges in age from at least Late Paleocene (∼61 Ma) to Middle Eocene time (∼45 Ma). Older, perovskite-bearing kimberlites from Ekati extend this age range to Late Cretaceous time (∼74 Ma). Within this age range, emplacement episodes at ∼48, 51–53, 55–56 and 59–61 Ma can be recognized. Middle Eocene kimberlite magmatism of the previously dated Mark kimberlite (∼47.5 Ma) is shown to include four other pipes from the east-central Ekati property. A single kimberlite (Aaron) may be younger than the 47.5 Ma Mark kimberlite. The economically important Panda kimberlite is precisely dated in this study to be 53.3±0.6 Ma using the phlogopite isochron method, and up to six additional kimberlites from the central Ekati property have Early Eocene ages indistinguishable from that of Panda, including the Koala and Koala North occurrences. Late Paleocene 55–56 Ma kimberlite magmatism, represented by the Diavik kimberlite pipes adjacent to the southeastern Ekati property, is shown to extend onto the southeastern Ekati property and includes three, and possibly four, kimberlites. A precise eight-point phlogopite isochron for the Cobra South kimberlite yields an emplacement age of 59.7±0.4 Ma; eight other kimberlites from across the Ekati property have similar Late Paleocene Rb–Sr model ages. The addition of 27 new emplacement ages for kimberlites from the Ekati property confirms that kimberlite magmatism from the central Slave Province is geologically young, despite ages ranging back to Cambrian time from elsewhere in the Slave Province. With the available geochronologic database, Lac de Gras kimberlites with the highest diamond potential are currently restricted to the 51–53 and 55–56 Ma periods of kimberlite magmatism.

North American kimberlite magmatism spans a period of time in excess of 1 billion years from Mesoproterozoic kimberlites in the Lake Superior and James Bay Lowlands region of Ontario to Eocene kimberlites in the Lac de Gras field, N.W.T. Based on a compilation of more than 150 robust radiometric age determinations, several distinct kimberlite emplacement patterns are recognized. In general, the temporal pattern of kimberlite emplacement in North America can be broadly subdivided into five domains: (1) a Mesoproterozoic kimberlite province in central Ontario, (2) an Eocambrian/Cambrian Labrador Sea Province in northern Quebec and Labrador, (3) an eastern Jurassic Province, (4) a central Cretaceous corridor and (5) a western mixed domain that includes two Type-3 kimberlite provinces (i.e. multiple periods of kimberlite emplacement preserved in the Slave and Wyoming cratons). For some provinces the origin of kimberlite magmatism can be linked to known mantle heat sources such as mantle plume hotspots and upwelling asthenosphere attendant with continental rifting. For example, the timing and location of Mesoproterozoic kimberlites in North America coincides with and slightly precedes the timing of 1.1 Ga intracontinental rifting that culminated in the Midcontinent Rift centered in the Lake Superior region. Many of the kimberlites in the Eocambrian/Cambrian Labrador Sea province were emplaced soon after the opening of the Iapetus Ocean at about 615 Ma and may also be linked to mantle upwelling associated with continental rifting. The eastern Jurassic kimberlites record an age progression where magmatism youngs in a southeast direction from the ∼200 Ma Rankin Inlet kimberlites to the 155–126 Ma Timiskaming kimberlites. The location of several kimberlite fields and clusters in Ontario and Quebec lie along a continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track and represents one of the best examples in the world of kimberlite magmatism triggered by mantle plumes. The central Cretaceous (103–94 Ma) corridor extends for more than 4000 km from Somerset Island in northern Canada through the Fort a la Corne field in Saskatchewan to the kimberlites in central USA. This is the first recognized corridor of kimberlite magmatism of this magnitude. The possible westward younging of Cretaceous to Eocene corridors of kimberlite magmatism could reflect major changes in plate geometry during subduction of the Kula–Farallon plate.

At present, 48 Late Cretaceous (ca. 70–88 Ma) kimberlitic pipes have been discovered in three separate areas of the northern Alberta: the Mountain Lake cluster, the Buffalo Head Hills field and the Birch Mountains field. The regions can be distinguished from one another by their non-archetypal kimberlite signature (Mountain Lake) or, in the case of kimberlite fields, primitive (Buffalo Head Hills) to evolved (Birch Mountains) magmatic signatures. The dominant process of magmatic differentiation is crystal fractionation and accumulation of olivine, which acts as the main criteria to distinguish between primitive and evolved Group I-type kimberlite fields in the northern Alberta. This is important from the viewpoint of diamond exploration because the majority (about 80%) of the more primitive Buffalo Head Hills kimberlites are diamondiferous, whereas the more evolved Birch Mountains pipes are barren of diamonds for the most part. Petrographically, the Buffalo Head Hills samples are distinct from the Birch Mountains samples in that they contain less carbonate, have a smaller modal abundance of late-stage minerals such as phlogopite and ilmenite, and have a higher amount of fresh, coarse macrocrystal (>0.5 mm) olivine. Consequently, samples from the Buffalo Head Hills have the highest values of MgO, Cr and Ni, and have chemistries similar to those of primitive hypabyssal kimberlite in the Northwest Territories. Based on whole-rock isotopic data, the Buffalo Head Hills K6 kimberlite has 87Sr/86Sr and eNd values similar to those of South African Group I kimberlites, whereas the Birch Mountains Legend and Phoenix kimberlites have similar eNd values (between 0 and +1.9), but distinctly higher 87Sr/86Sr values (0.7051–0.7063). The lack of whole-rock geochemical overlap between kimberlite and the freshest, least contaminated Mountain Lake South pipe rocks reflects significant mineralogical differences and Mountain Lake is similar geochemically to olivine alkali basalt and/or basanite. Intra-field geochemical variations are also evident. The K4 pipe (Buffalo Head Hills), and Xena and Kendu pipes (Birch Mountains) are characterized by anomalous concentrations of incompatible elements relative to other northern Alberta kimberlite pipes, including chondrite-normalized rare-earth element distribution patterns that are less fractionated than the other kimberlite samples from the Buffalo Head Hills and Birch Mountains. The Xena pipe has similar major element chemical signatures and high-Al clinopyroxene similar to, or trending towards, the Mountain Lake pipes. In addition, K4 and Kendu have higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower eNd than Bulk Earth and plot in the bottom right quadrant of the Nd–Sr diagram. We suggest, therefore, that the K4 and Kendu pipes contain a contribution from old, LREE-enriched (low Sm/Nd) lithosphere that is absent from the other kimberlites, are affected by crustal contamination, or both. Based on xenocryst populations, the northern Alberta kimberlite province mantle is dominated by carbonate-saturated lherzolitic mantle. Higher levels of melt depletion characterize the Buffalo Head Hills mantle sample. Despite high diamondiferous to barren pipe ratios in the Buffalo Head Hills pipes, mineral indicators of high diamond potential, such as G10 garnet, diamond inclusion composition chrome spinels and high-sodium eclogitic garnet, are rare.

The 1.27 Ga Mackenzie dyke swarm, the largest on Earth, radiates from a point in the western Canadian Arctic and extends across much of the Canadian Shield. Possible western extensions of the swarm are largely obscured by younger sedimentary cover. Paleoproterozoic inliers in northern Yukon host the Bear River dykes (BRD), herein dated by U–Pb baddeleyite and zircon methods at 1268.5 ± 1.5 Ma and 1264.6 ± 1.2 Ma. The BRD share similar geochemical and Nd-isotopic characteristics with the Mackenzie dykes and the coeval Coppermine River basalts, and are regarded as products of the same plume. Hydrothermal activity at ∼1270 Ma in breccia of the Nor mineral occurrence, northwest of the BRD, was probably generated by BRD at depth. The BRD generally strike northwest, approximately 90° to the orientation predicted by the radiating dyke model. This difference may be explained by an anomalous local stress field at the time of BRD emplacement, or reorientation of BRD during subsequent events of Cordilleran deformation. Using the Nor mineral occurrence as the westernmost locale of Mackenzie dyking, and assuming a model of uniform dyke radiation, the arc of the Mackenzie swarm is at least 50° greater than previously recognized, bringing the total arc of dyke radiation to >150°.

We present petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic data on the 5034 kimberlite of the Cambrian Gahcho Kue kimberlite cluster (Slave craton, northern Canada). This Group-IA kimberlite is a multiphase intrusion composed of the diatreme-facies magmatic and hypabyssal kimberlite, which intruded in at least four magmatic phases. The dominant hypabyssal phase is composed of macrocrystal monticellite – phlogopite – serpentine kimberlite. Occasional samples with diopside ± melilite may reflect local heterogeneities in the bulk composition or separate intrusive phases. Aphanitic monticellite – serpentine kimberlite forms as early and contemporaneous small-volume magmas and is present in autoliths and in cross-cutting dykes. The subsequent explosive magmatic phase formed tuffisitic kimberlite breccia, which in turn is cut by macrocrystal phlogopite – serpentine kimberlite. The phlogopite in all recognized hypabyssal rock-types has distinct compositional trends, but within a given rock-type, it also varies significantly in response to local chemical heterogeneities and to the composition of minerals adjacent to it. The large variability in phlogopite compositions is due to very local diffusion-controlled crystallization, and not to changes in bulk composition of the magma. All varieties of the 5034 kimberlite show strong evidence of contamination by host granitic rocks. Pectolite, diopside, melilite and phlogopite have replaced and crystallized around partly assimilated granitic xenoliths from a hybrid melt enriched in Si and Na. A high activity of Si may be the major factor controlling the presence of melilite in kimberlites. The mineralogical character of the 5034 kimberlite, which is intermediate between Group-I and Group-II kimberlites, can be explained by its strong contamination by granites. The composition of the kimberlite in terms of Sr and Nd isotopes suggests an asthenospheric origin of the melt and allows for incorporation of no more than 8–12% granitic material into the parental magma.

The Bermuda Zn-Pb showing is hosted by dolomitized Blue Fiord Formation of Devonian age, located east of the Ensorcellement dome on the Grinnell Peninsula of Devon Island. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal calcite indicate that the mineralization precipitated from low-temperature, highly saline brines. The δ34S compositions of sphalerite, galena, and marcasite range from 16.1‰ to 35.2‰. Consequently, the Bermuda showing is interpreted to be Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) mineralization. The apparent age of mineralization has been determined by the Rb-Sr method from sphalerite separates, and a Late Devonian age of 357 ± 50 Ma (MSWD=65), with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7083 ± 0.0020 is indicated. This date, within error, is the same as the Polaris deposit. This suggests that the mineralization formed during the Ellesmerian Orogen, although it is also possible that mineralization is associated with extension, related to the opening of the Sverdrup basin. The strontium and sulfur isotopes and fluid inclusion analyses indicate the involvement of a brine that acquired its salinity from interaction with evaporites, lower in the stratigraphic succession. The Polaris mine is the type deposit in the Cornwallis Zn-Pb district and is hosted by the Thumb Mountain Formation. The results of this study are significant because they demonstrate that regional brine movement is more widespread than previously recognized, and that MVT mineralization in the Cornwallis Zn-Pb district is not restricted to the Thumb Mountain Formation.

Jurassic sedimentary rocks of southern to central Quesnellia record the history of the Quesnellian magmatic arc and reflect increasing continental influence throughout the Jurassic history of the terrane. Standard petrographic point counts, geochemistry, Sm–Nd isotopes and detrital zircon geochronology, were employed to study provenance of rocks obtained from three areas of the terrane. Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks, classified by inferred proximity to their source areas as proximal or proximal basin are derived from an arc source area. Sandstones of this age are immature. The rocks are geochemically and isotopically primitive. Detrital zircon populations, based on a limited number of analyses, have homogeneous Late Triassic or Early Jurassic ages, reflecting local derivation from Quesnellian arc sources. Middle Jurassic proximal and proximal basin sedimentary rocks show a trend toward more evolved mature sediments and evolved geochemical characteristics. The sandstones show a change to more mature grain components when compared with Lower Jurassic sedimentary rocks. There is a decrease in εNdT values of the sedimentary rocks and Proterozoic detrital zircon grains are present. This change is probably due to a combination of two factors: (1) pre-Middle Jurassic erosion of the Late Triassic – Early Jurassic arc of Quesnellia, making it a less dominant source, and (2) the increase in importance of the eastern parts of Quesnellia and the pericratonic terranes, such as Kootenay Terrane, both with characteristically more evolved isotopic values. Basin shale environments throughout the Jurassic show continental influence that is reflected in the evolved geochemistry and Sm–Nd isotopes of the sedimentary rocks. The data suggest southern Quesnellia received material from the North American continent throughout the Jurassic but that this continental influence was diluted by proximal arc sources in the rocks of proximal derivation. The presence of continent-derived material in the distal sedimentary rocks of this study suggests that southern Quesnellia is comparable to known pericratonic terranes.

The early Eocene (57.3–55.4 Ma) Bennett Lake and Mount Skukum Volcanic Complexes lie on the Coast Plutonic Complex and Intermontane Belt boundary of the Canadian Cordillera at the British Columbia – Yukon border, some 200 km east of the current and Eocene continental margin. Both complexes contain rock types from basaltic andesite to rhyolite in a series of lava and pyroclastic flows. The location relative to the continental margin, the rock types, and the presence of an enhanced LILE/HFSE (large-ion lithophile / high field strength element) signatures in all samples imply that contemporaneous subduction was the controlling factor in the formation of these complexes. The majority of samples, however, return unusually low compatible element concentrations for given rock types. We interpret this data to show that partial melting of the crust was the major source of erupted magmas. One formation of andesites at Mount Skukum and one late dyke at Bennett Lake do show higher concentrations of compatible trace elements, suggesting the presence of primitive magmas in the crust at the time of eruption, which contaminated and were erupted with the crustal melts. Sr–Nd isotopic data at both complexes are consistently primitive regardless of rock type and compatible element content, requiring a primitive crustal source for these magmas. We propose that the complexes were formed as a result of early Eocene subduction of the Kula Plate beneath the Canadian Cordillera. Intrusion of hot primitive melts caused partial melting of young crust to produce the majority of lavas observed. Contamination of these melts by primitive magmas is observed at both Mount Skukum and Bennett Lake.

Based on a compilation of more than 100 kimberlite age determinations, four broad kimberlite emplacement patterns can be recognized in North America: (1) a northeast Eocambrian/Cambrian Labrador Sea province (Labrador, Quebec), (2) an eastern Jurassic province (Ontario, Quebec, New York, Pennsylvania), (3) a Cretaceous central corridor (Nunavut, Saskatchewan, central USA), and (4) a western mixed (Cambrian-Eocene) Type 3 kimberlite province (Alberta, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Colorado/Wyoming). Ten new U–Pb perovskite/mantle zircon and Rb–Sr phlogopite age determinations are reported here for kimberlites from the Slave and Wyoming cratons of western North America. Within the Type 3 Slave craton, at least four kimberlite age domains exist: I-a southwestern Siluro-Ordovician domain (∼450 Ma), II-a SE Cambrian domain (∼540 Ma), III-a central Tertiary/Cretaceous domain (48–74 Ma) and IV-a northern mixed domain consisting of Jurassic and Permian kimberlite fields. New U–Pb perovskite results for the 614.5±2.1 Ma Chicken Park and 408.4±2.6 Ma Iron Mountain kimberlites in the State Line field in Colorado and Wyoming confirm the existence of at least two periods of pre-Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism in the Wyoming craton. A compilation of robust kimberlite emplacement ages from North America, southern Africa and Russia indicates that a high proportion of known kimberlites are Cenozoic/Mesozoic. We conclude that a majority of these kimberlites were generated during enhanced mantle plume activity associated with the rifting and eventual breakup of the supercontinent Gondwanaland. Within this prolific period of kimberlite activity, there is a good correlation between North America and Yakutia for three distinct short-duration (∼10 my) periods of kimberlite magmatism at 48–60, 95–105 and 150–160 Ma. In contrast, Cenozoic/Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism in southern Africa is dominated by a continuum of activity between 70–95 and 105–120 Ma with additional less-prolific periods of magmatism in the Eocene (50–53 Ma), Jurassic (150–190) and Triassic (∼235 Ma). Several discrete episodes of pre-Mesozoic kimberlite magmatism variably occur in North America, southern Africa and Yakutia at 590–615, 520–540, 435–450, 400–410 and 345–360 Ma. One of the surprises in the timing of kimberlite magmatism worldwide is the common absence of activity between about 250 and 360 Ma; this period is even longer in southern Africa. This >110 my period of quiescence in kimberlite magmatism is likely linked to relative crustal and mantle stability during the lifetime of the supercontinent Gondwanaland. Economic diamond deposits in kimberlite occur throughout the Phanerozoic from the Cambrian (Venetia, South Africa; Snap Lake and Kennady Lake, Canada) to the Tertiary (Mwadui, Tanzania; Ekati and Diavik in Lac de Gras, Canada). There are clearly some discrete periods when economic kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits formed globally. In contrast, the Devonian event, which is such an important source of diamonds in Yakutia, is notably absent in the kimberlite record from both southern Africa and North America.

The Mallery Lake area contains precious metal-bearing quartz–chalcedony stockworks that are pristine examples of ancient low-sulfidation epithermal deposits. Fluorite extracted from these epithermal deposits define a Sm–Nd errorchron age of 1434 ± 23 Ma mean square of weighted deviates (MSWD) = 4.8. This date is interpreted to have age significance because (1) a simple linear trend does not exist between the 143Nd/144Nd ratios of the fluorite with respect to their 1/Nd concentrations as would be expected for mixing of two geochemical end members; (2) microthermometric studies indicate that the fluorite analysed in this study has an intimate association with a single high-salinity, calcic brinal fluid; and (3) the age determined from seven fluorite samples extracted from a single outcrop location yielded an identical age result (1434 ± 60 Ma; MSWD = 5.5) compared to the fluorite composite. Rhyodacites of the Pitz Formation and syenites from the Nueltin suite (intrusive equivalent to the rhyodacites) are the youngest volcanic–plutonic rocks that are observed in outcrop in the Mallery Lake area, and they were dated by U–Pb zircon analysis at 1760 ± 43 Ma and 1755.4 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. The ~320 million year age difference between the epithermal deposits and the hosting rhyodacitic flows suggests that the epithermal stockworks may have formed by a regional hydrothermal event unrelated to this earlier Paleoproterozoic volcanic activity. Uranium deposits in the Thelon and Athabasca basins, to the northwest and south of the Baker Lake Basin, were determined to have similar ore emplacement ages with no evident heat source.

New Re–Os molybdenite and U–Pb zircon dates from deposits of the Tombstone Gold Belt provide direct timing constraints for sulphide mineralization and crystallization of spatially associated plutons. At Clear Creek Re–Os molybdenite dates (93.6 ± 0.3 to 92.4 ± 0.4 Ma) are in excellent agreement with the host intrusion U–Pb zircon age (92.3 ± 0.3 Ma). Consequently we propose the nominally younger existing 40Ar/39Ar hydrothermal mica ages (91.7 ± 0.4 and 90.0 ± 0.3 Ma) for Clear Creek are a result of slow cooling. At Dublin Gulch, the Re–Os molybdenite date (93.2 ± 0.3 Ma) for a late stage vein is nominally younger than the host intrusion U–Pb zircon age (94.0 ± 0.3 Ma), in agreement with the deposits paragenesis. The U–Pb zircon date (92.1 ± 0.2 Ma) for the Mactung pluton, which lies adjacent to the W-skarn, has a younger age than the Re–Os molybdenite dates (97.5 ± 0.5 Ma). Fluid inclusion geochemical data for ore-fluid indicate a magmatic origin for the W-skarn. However, the U–Pb and Re–Os age data suggest that the exposed Mactung stock is not the source of ore-fluid for the W-skarn and that the progenitor pluton for ore-fluid is unknown. The robust age constraints obtained for mineralization and magmatism in this study are in accord with the hypothesis that these deposits are intrusion-related ore systems. The results are also in agreement with previous studies demonstrating that the Re–Os molybdenite chronometer can provide accurate and precise dates for the timing of metallic mineralization with rigorous sampling protocol.

Rhenium and osmium in organic-rich sedimentary rocks are dominantly hydrogenous, but any nonhydrogenous component will influence the accuracy and precision of the Re–Os date obtained. To minimize the influence of any nonhydrogenous Re and Os, we evaluate analysis of isolated organic matter from the whole rock, together with whole rock analysis using a CrO3–H2SO4 digestion medium instead of inverse aqua regia, for a black shale unit of the Exshaw Formation, Canada. This unit previously returned a whole rock Re–Os date of 358±10 Ma (Model 3) [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (2002)] using inverse aqua regia dissolution. Organic matter isolated from the whole rock matrix using the HF–BF3 technique [Org. Geochem. 20 (1993) 249] yields scattered data and a Re–Os date of 449±220 Ma (Model 3, MSWD=616). The organic matter analyses show similar 187Os/188Os values, but significantly lower 187Re/188Os values in comparison to the whole rock analyses. We show that the Re–Os systematics of organic matter are altered during chemical isolation, and as such we suggest that the HF–BF3 method should not be used for Re–Os analysis of organic matter. Whole rock Re–Os analysis using a CrO3–H2SO4 digestion medium yields significantly better regression analysis compared with the inverse aqua regia method, and the Re–Os data identify two distinct initial 187Os/188Os values for the sample set. Separate regressions of these data yield precise dates [366.1±9.6, MSWD=2.2 and 363.4±5.6 Ma, MSWD=1.6 (Model 3)], which are indistinguishable from the age constraints for this formation (363.4±0.4 Ma, U–Pb monazite). Comparison of the Re–Os dates obtained from aqua regia and CrO3–H2SO4 methods suggests that the former may contain nonhydrogenous Re and Os, whereas the CrO3–H2SO4 method dominantly liberates hydrogenous Re–Os from organic matter, allowing for better stratigraphic age determinations and evaluation of the Os isotope composition of seawater.

The Assean Lake Crustal Complex (ALCC) located at the northwest periphery of the Superior Province in northern Manitoba, Canada, hosts an ancient assembly of rocks that record a complex and prolonged crustal history spanning more than two billion years from ∼3.9 to 1.8 Ga. A supracrustal assemblage consisting of amphibolite-grade greywacke, quartz arenite, arkose, mafic to intermediate volcanics, and to a lesser extent iron formation dominates the ALCC and likely formed in a shallow marine arc/back-arc setting. The supracrustal rocks are intruded by amphibolite-grade, calc-alkaline tonalite to granite orthogneiss. Nd model ages for felsic para- and orthogneisses range from ∼3.5 to 4.2 Ga and suggest that Paleoarchean basement may be preserved at Assean Lake. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages and ID-TIMS conventional U–Pb zircon and monazite ages show that felsic magmatism occurred at ∼3.1–3.2 Ga whereas a record extending back to at least 3.9 Ga is preserved in detritus in paragneiss that may have a depositional age of ∼3.2 Ga. Orthogneiss was metamorphosed at ∼2.68 Ga whereas local migmatisation of paragneiss occurred at ∼2.61 Ga. Monazite growth events at ∼2.6, 2.45, and 1.8 Ga might represent episodes of accretion of Archean crustal segments including the ALCC and possibly the Sask craton (Trans-Hudson basement) along the northwest Superior Province margin. At present, matching segments of the exotic ALCC are unknown but remnants may exist in parts of the Sask craton.

Orogenic peridotite occurs as a megaboudin structurally juxtaposed with smaller boudined masses of corona troctolite, skarn, and garnet amphibolite in metasedimentary rocks of the Yukon‐Tanana Terrane, Yukon. The peridotite shows well‐developed plagioclase coronae on spinel and records cooling from ∼1000° to 600°C and decompression across the spinel‐plagioclase peridotite facies boundary at ∼0.7 GPa. The troctolite boudins record cooling to 850°C through the same facies reaction at ∼0.8 GPa. In an aureole surrounding the peridotite body, the mainly quartzofeldspathic country rock contains leucosome with garnet, orthopyroxene, and sillimanite formed from breakdown of biotite, which records temperatures of ∼900°C at pressures of at least 0.7 GPa. Exhumation of the peridotite body from the mantle during rifting of continental lithosphere at least 25 km thick subjected continental margin metasediments to conditions above the fluid‐absent metapelite solidus. The contrasting strength of upper mantle an...

The initial isotopic ratios of strontium and neodymium in the Skaergaard Layered Series vary both vertically and laterally, on every scale from the intrusion as a whole down to coexisting minerals in a single rock. The magma that filled the Skaergaard chamber was contaminated to various degrees with the metamorphic rocks through which it rose and was never completely homogenized after being intruded. The contamination was most pronounced in contact zones and aureoles around rare xenoliths. The greater concentrations of lithophile trace elements in the Upper Border Series was previously attributed to assimilation of buoyant fragments of gneiss that collected under the roof, but most of the rocks of the Upper Border Series are isotopically indistinguishablefromthoseoftheLayeredSeries.Itisdoubtful, therefore, that this part of the intrusion assimilated much more of the metamorphic basement than did the rest of the magma. Similarly, the marked increase in the concentrations of excluded elements in the upper part of the Layered Series is not matched by a change in the isotopic character of the rocks and cannot be attributed to a later influx of new magma. Analyses of minerals separated from rocks with exceptionally mafic or felsic modal compositions revealed marked inhomogeneities in the isotopic compositions of their constituent minerals. For example, coexisting plagioclase and pyroxene from closely associated anorthosites and pyroxenites have very different initial isotopic ratios of both strontium and neodymium. The same is true of mafic and felsic layers in modally graded gabbros. These differences are unrelated to the low-temperature alteration shown by oxygenisotopes. They must have been introduced when the original gabbro was largely crystallized and underwent local metasomatic replacement by nearly mono-mineralic mafic and felsic assemblages.

Devonian–Mississippian felsic rocks from the Finlayson Lake region have variable geochemical and Nd isotopic characteristics that provide insights into the tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Yukon–Tanana terrane (YTT), and the northern Cordillera. Late Devonian (~365–360 Ma) calc-alkaline and tholeiitic arc felsic rocks in the mafic-dominated Fire Lake unit yield εNd350 = –4.8 and +0.1, respectively, and have 1.49–1.94 Ga depleted mantle model ages (TDM). Devonian–Mississippian (~360–356 Ma) felsic volcanic (Kudz Ze Kayah unit, Wolverine succession) and intrusive rocks (Grass Lakes suite) associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits have εNd350 = –7.8 to –9.5 with TDM = 1.59–2.25 Ga. A granitoid sample from the Early Mississippian (~350–345 Ma) Simpson Range plutonic suite has εNd350 = –12.9 and TDM = 2.01 Ga, similar to previously reported values for this suite. The VMS-associated Grass Lakes suite of granitoids has higher high field strength element (HFSE) and rare-earth element (REE) contents, and higher Zr/Sc, Zr/TiO2, Nb/La, and Zr/La values relative to the Simpson Range plutonic suite; these geochemical features are similar to coeval VMS-associated felsic volcanic rocks in the Kudz Ze Kayah unit. The identification of similar HFSE–REE-enriched felsic volcanic and subvolcanic intrusive rocks may aid in delineating prospective regions for VMS mineralization in the YTT and other continental-margin arc to back-arc environments. The geochemical and Nd isotopic data for these YTT felsic rocks suggest that they reflect episodic mid-Paleozoic arc (Fire Lake unit; Simpson Range plutonic suite) and back-arc magmatism (Kudz Ze Kudz unit; Wolverine succession) built upon a transitional basement with variable, but significant, influence from evolved (Proterozoic) crustal materials.

This paper provides an integrated field and geochemical study of weakly alkalic, ~360 Ma mafic rocks from the Yukon–Tanana terrane in the Finlayson Lake region, southeastern Yukon. These mafic rocks occur as dykes and sills that crosscut older felsic metavolcanic rocks and metasedimentary rocks (Kudz Ze Kayah unit) or as flows interlayered with carbonaceous metasedimentary rocks. The mafic rocks have signatures similar to those of ocean-island basalts, moderate TiO2 and P2O5 contents, elevated high field strength element and light rare earth element contents, and εNd350 = +1.1. A subset of the dykes (group 4b) has similar geochemical characteristics but with higher Th/Nb and lower Nb/U ratios, higher Zr and light rare earth element contents, and εNd350 = –2.8. The geochemical and isotopic attributes of these rocks are consistent with formation from either lithospheric or asthenospheric sources during decompression melting of the mantle, with some rocks exhibiting evidence for crustal contamination (group 4b). The alkalic basalts are interpreted to represent ~360 Ma ensialic back-arc rifting and basin generation. It is envisioned that east-dipping subduction, represented by slightly older magmatic suites (Fire Lake unit), was disrupted by subduction hinge roll-back, westward migration of arc magmatism, and the onset of back-arc extension. Decompression melting of the mantle associated with back-arc generation resulted in mantle melting and the formation of the alkalic basalts. The spatial association of this mafic magmatism with crustally derived felsic volcanic rocks and contained volcanogenic massive sulphide mineralization suggests that the associated deposits (Kudz Ze Kayah, GP4F) formed within an ensialic back-arc environment.

The Nicola horst exposes plutonic and amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks and is surrounded by low-grade arc rocks of the Late Triassic Nicola Group. We present new geological mapping and U–Pb, Nd, and metamorphic data for the Nicola horst near Bob Lake, ~40 km south of Kamloops, British Columbia. The Bob Lake assemblage includes felsic to intermediate metavolcaniclastic rocks, metaconglomerate, schist, phyllite, and other rock types. From U–Pb zircon analysis, a felsic metaporphyry clast in metaconglomerate is 1.04 Ga old. The oldest detrital zircons in metaconglomerate and schist are also near 1 Ga. The Bob Lake assemblage was intruded by 230 Ma tonalite, 219 Ma diorite, and 64 Ma leucogranite and includes 161 Ma felsic porphyry and 157 Ma rhyodacite. Amphibolite-grade metamorphism and ductile flattening and stretching affected all rocks except crosscutting Paleocene granite and granodiorite. The high-grade rocks may be exposed as a result of latest Cretaceous – Eocene extensional ductile flow beneath a thin brittle upper crust. A thickness of ~20 km of juvenile crust beneath the proposed Quesnel terrane is inconsistent with the evidence of Proterozoic source rocks at surface. We infer that most of the crustal lithosphere in this part of the Intermontane Belt is continental, which does not preclude possibly thick arc rocks in other parts. The local thinness of the Nicola Group, however, is inconsistent with emplacement as a regional allochthon and thus with their inclusion in a Quesnel "terrane." The Nicola arc succession appears to have been built on the ancient continental margin.

Re-Os isotopic analyses of a single organic-rich sedimentary rock unit (ORS) of known depositional age, and at three levels of regional hydrocarbon maturity, show that hydrocarbon maturation does not affect the ability the 187Re-187Os chronometer to yield a depositional age for such rocks. We present Re-Os isotope analyses from the Late Devonian Exshaw Formation in the subsurface of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Alberta, and obtain a Re-Os isochron age of 358 ± 10 Ma (2σ, Model 3, λ = 1.666 × 10−11.a−1) for samples ranging from hydrocarbon immature to overmature. This age is within uncertainty of the established absolute age for the Exshaw Formation. Hydrocarbon immature, and mature plus overmature samples show no significant age differences if regressed individually, indicating that hydrocarbon maturation did not greatly disturb the Re-Os isotope system in the Exshaw Formation. As such, we propose that the Re-Os geochronometer may be used as a reliable tool for measuring the depositional ages of ORS regardless of their level of hydrocarbon maturity. We find that minimizing natural variation in the initial 187Os/188Os ratio is more important than avoiding hydrocarbon maturation in obtaining precise Re-Os ages. In particular, the Exshaw Formation appears to contain a nonhydrogenous component of unradiogenic Os, in addition to the hydrogenous Os load. A subset of Exshaw Formation samples with >5% total organic carbon (TOC), which should best reflect the hydrogenous Os load alone, yields a very well-fitted isochron having a depositional age of 358 ± 9 Ma (2σ, λ = 1.666 × 10−11.a−1) with an initial 187Os/188Os ratio of 0.59 ± 0.05 (Model 3, Mean Square of Weighted Deviates (MSWD) = 1.8). The initial 187Os/188Os ratio of this regression may provide an estimate of the Os isotopic composition of local seawater at the time of deposition.

The Apuseni Mountains in Romania expose pre‐Alpine crustal basement rocks between the Carpathian and Dinaride segments of the Alpine Orogen. Because of a lack of direct constraints, the age and plate affinity of the basement rocks have been largely uncertain. New Sm‐Nd data for key lithotectonic assemblages and U‐Pb zircon data for crosscutting plutons are presented. They show the presence of Early Proterozoic crustal components and help constrain the age and nature of several contrasting pre‐Alpine crustal domains. Basement rocks of the Apuseni Mountains consist of a northern granite‐gneiss terrane (Somes) bounded by an amphibolite/granodiorite belt (Codru), a composite igneous belt overprinted by Alpine shearing (Highis‐Biharia), and a southern carbonate‐lens mica schist‐gneiss terrane (Baia de Aries). The northern terrane has yielded TDM model ages ranging from 1.90 to 1.76 Ga and ϵNd(0) values ranging from −15.5 to −12.5. The southern terrane has yielded TDM model ages of 1.82–1.69 Ga and ϵNd...