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Maturing behavioral science research in corrections to the next level of organization requires several strategies, each of which moves toward the one ideal of integration and collaboration. Several factors intrinsic to the business of research, its funding sources, and its incentives produce multiple levels of isolation, generate and maintain a fragmented state of knowledge, and limit the strength of behavioral sciences research in corrections. To raise consciousness of this issue, the factors underlying and sustaining this isolation and fragmented knowledge base are delineated. In addition, several strategies to strengthen the behavioral-sciences research process in corrections are presented. Specifically, they involve working toward the construction of research infrastructures built into correctional systems, developing collaborative models that extend beyond mere discussions and sharing of ideas between scientists and practitioners, and integrating once-disparate streams of literature and knowledge.

This study investigated patterns of maladaptive thinking in 435 offenders and sought to develop and preliminarily validate a measure of criminal thinking patterns. An exploratory factor analysis of 77 thinking errors derived from four theories of cognitive distortions that influence behavior yielded a three-factor model of dysfunctional thinking among offenders. Interpretations of these three factors were provided (i.e., Control, Cognitive Immaturity, and Egocentrism). Implications for treatment and future research with offenders, using the conceptualization of erroneous thinking posited by the three-factor model, are discussed.

This study investigated the availability of correctional and forensic psychology training as well as graduate students’ experiences and attitudes toward working with offender populations. Using survey data gathered from 175 graduate students representing 30 clinical and 29 counseling psychology programs, results indicate the availability of specialized training in correctional and/or forensic psychology for approximately one half of the participants. Furthermore, correctional and forensic practicum experiences appear to be as commonly available as other specialty practicum experiences, and participants report general case loads with clients who have a history of criminal and antisocial behavior. Finally, it is noted that graduate students, regardless of prior practicum or work experiences, maintain positive attitudes toward inmates and perceive work with offenders as interesting, challenging, and meaningful.

Recent years have seen the incorporation of telepsychology into poorly accessed, rural, and underserved settings, including criminal justice and substance abuse treatment. A systematic search of the literature on telepsychological and related services with justice-involved and substance abuse clients revealed numerous descriptive reports, but few empirical studies. The results of 3 studies of criminal justice participants and 2 studies of substance-abuse participants were subjected to a series of 5 outcome-specific meta-analyses (mental health symptoms, therapeutic processes, program engagement, program performance, and service satisfaction). These 5 studies, all of which utilized a comparison group, contributed a total of 342 participants and 14 total effect sizes. Summary data on 3 additional uncontrolled studies are also presented. Results indicated that telepsychological outcomes were at least comparable with in-person outcomes. This review serves as an initial reference for clinicians and policymakers working with criminal justice and substance abuse clients, but also highlights the need for more rigorous scientific investigation into the nuances of telepsychological practice.

The relationship between mental illness, violence, and criminal behavior is complex, and involves a multifaceted interaction of biological, psychological, and social processes. In this article, we review the emerging research that examines the neurobiological and psychological factors that distinguish between persons with mental illness who do and who do not engage in crime and violence. Additionally, a novel model for understanding the interaction between mental illness and criminalness is proposed. (As defined by Morgan and colleagues, criminalness is defined as behavior that breaks laws and social conventions and/or violates the rights and wellbeing of others.) Stemming from this model and outlined research, we argue that management and treatment approaches should target the co-occurring domains of mental illness and criminalness to improve criminal and psychiatric outcomes. Specifically, we discuss and propose effective housing (management) and biopsychosocial intervention strategies for improving outcomes.

Socially desirable responding (SDR) is considered a threat to the validity of offenders' self-report. The purpose of this study was to examine the threat of SDR to construct validity and predictive validity. Participants included 76 male offenders in custody with sentences between 2 and 6 years. Measures included rating scales, self-report measures, and post-release measures. Results of regression analysis indicated that SDR did not negatively impact the construct or predictive validity of self-reports.

What obstacles are faced by academic psychologists seeking professional licensure? Data presented here from all U.S. jurisdictions suggests that licensure requirements vary greatly across states and in some areas may be quite diffi cult to fulfi ll within the context of an academic position. Results of a survey of training directors of clinical and counseling doctoral programs accredited by the American Psychological Association indicated that, although licensure is expected of most faculty, a number of challenges may impede this goal. Programmatic efforts to facilitate licensure of new faculty, as well as implications of our fi ndings, possible remedies, and recommendations to new faculty, are presented.

The inclusion of prison based group psychotherapy in this special issue is timely. Given the continued rise in prison populations, a premium is placed on identifying efficient, yet effective prison based interventions. One option for offender rehabilitation is group psychotherapy. As such, the aim of this paper is to review what we already know about the implementation of group psychotherapy and to identify what we need to learn. Within the context of correctional mental health treatment, this manuscript reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the availability of group psychotherapy services to incarcerated offenders and the efficacy of group services. We will conclude with a discussion of six strategies for effective group therapy interventions with inmates.

This study was designed to identify important process and content goals from the perspective of inmates and compare these goals to the goals identified by group therapists in a previous study conducted by Winterowd, Morgan, and Ferrell (2001). Utilizing survey data from 156 incarcerated adult males, an initial confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure for inmates’ goal importance ratings did not precisely mirror the group therapists’ ratings in Winterowd et al. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis revealed a five-factor model with the following goals: Self-Exploration and Coping Skills; Group Relationship Building and Cooperation; Substance Abuse; Prosocial Behavior and Healthy Lifestyle; and Institutional Relationships. Overall, these goals match the primary goals identified as important by therapists in Winterowd et al. However, inmates did not appear to draw distinctions between some of the goals identified by therapists. Implications for group therapy with male inma...

With the increasing rise in the U.S. prison population, meeting the mental health needs of inmates before, during, and after incarceration remains an obstacle. What are the mental health experiences of inmates? For what types of problems are inmates willing to seek help, and what are the barriers to their service utilization? This study investigated inmates' attitudes and perceptions toward mental health services and examined whether these attitudes and perceptions vary with respect to ethnic group membership or among inmates of differing security levels. Implications of these findings for psychologists, including psychologists not employed in correctional settings, are highlighted.

A specialized Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 (MMPI–2) validity scale was constructed to detect individuals who are knowledgeable about either depression or MMPI-2 detection strategies and who subsequently attempt to malinger depressive symptoms on the MMPI-2. The Malingered Depression (Md) scale consists of 32 items that discriminated college students who feigned depression from those who were genuinely depressed. Further information about the incremental validity and the utility of the Md scale was obtained in a cross-validation study with additional college students who feigned depression and a sample of students with clinically significant depressive symptoms. The results indicate that the Md scale possesses promising value in detecting malingered symptoms of depression.

This article discusses the application of interpersonal process-oriented group psychotherapy to offender populations. Group psychotherapy with offenders presents problems not encountered with other populations; thus, applying the group method requires special considerations. The particular focus of this article is on the relevance of therapeutic factors in group work with offenders, group process as it applies to work with offenders, and work with difficult clients.

Seventy-nine training directors of internship programs based in prisons, jails, and selected forensic settings received surveys concerning several aspects of their programs. Fifty-three responded for a return rate of 67%. Whereas these programs are seen to exist on a continuum with few sharp lines of distinction between them, there are enough differences to warrant applying the term correctional psychology internship specifically to those programs offering training experiences primarily in general population prison/jail settings. Different training emphases and staffing patterns were among factors distinguishing corrections-based internships from their more traditionally forensic counterparts. Both forensic and prison programs offer a wide variety of training experiences and continue to enjoy administrative support.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of several variables that have led to inconsistent results in previous studies on correctional officer stress, as well as expand previous research by exploring the relationship of two new variables (i.e., occupational title and work station) with correctional officer stress. Participants in this study consisted of 250 correctional officers from a Southwestern state department of corrections. Results indicated that older and more educated officers reported increased levels of personal accomplishment, whereas less experienced officers and officers with increasing job responsibilities experienced increased levels of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion and decreased levels of personal accomplishment. Furthermore, gender comparisons indicated that female correctional officers were less likely to respond impersonally to inmates than their male counterparts. Implications and areas for future research are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of group psychotherapy with incarcerated offenders. Meta-analytic techniques were applied to 26 empirical studies that used a treatment group versus a control group. The outcome measures assessed in this study included institutional adjustment, anger, anxiety, depression, interpersonal relations, locus of control, and self-esteem. The results indicate that positive treatment effects were found for the use of group psychotherapy with incarcerated offenders across all outcomes. Supplemental analyses were also included to identify factors that contribute to the efficacy of group psychotherapy and indicate that the use of homework exercises resulted in significantly improved outcomes. Furthermore, participants mandated to treatment did not negatively influence the efficacy of group psychotherapy. Quantitative research synthesis, or meta-analysis, is a set of statistical procedures that allow empirical research from many sources (e.g., research articles) to be integrated for the purpose of creating generalizations (Glass, 1976). Metaanalytic reviews have been frequently utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of correctional programs and to identify what types of treatment programs work with offenders (e.g., Andrews et al., 1990; Lipsey, 1990; Losel, 1995); however, none of these reviews have focused specifically on the use of group psychotherapy with offenders. Group psychotherapy became increasingly popular as a treatment approach with incarcerated offenders in the 1950s because “group therapy has shown itself to be of real institutional value” (Abrahams & McCorkle, 1946, p. 464), and, currently, approximately 20% of male inmates in state correctional facilities receive group psychotherapy services (Morgan, Winterowd, & Ferrell, 1999). Unfortunately, the increased use of group psychotherapy in the past 50 years has not resulted in a parallel increase in research regarding the efficacy of its use. In fact, only 16% of mental health departments in state correctional facilities conduct group psychotherapy research (Morgan, Winterowd, & Ferrell, 1999). Thus, questions regarding the effectiveness of group psychotherapy with incarcerated offenders remain unanswered.

The purpose of this study was to extend the investigation of criminal thinking of persons with mental illness beyond prison and community settings to a jail setting. Participants consisted of 122 individuals incarcerated in a county jail who were diagnosed with a severe mental illness, including schizophrenia spectrum and major mood disorders. Results indicated that people with mental illness in this sample of jail inmates presented with thinking styles that support a criminal lifestyle, and have criminal thinking styles that follow a pattern that is very similar to a sample of prison inmates with serious mental illness. These findings support the need for therapeutic programs for justice-involved persons with serious mental illness to develop a multipronged treatment approach that integrates interventions for individuals' criminal thinking and antisocial attitudes with treatment for their mental illness and substance abuse issues.

The purpose of this study was to identify important goals for group work with male inmates from the perspective of 162 group therapy providers and mental health program directors. A principal components analysis with an oblimin rotation resulted in eight goal factors for group work with adult male inmates accounting for 70% of the common variance. These factors included self-exploration and learning within a supportive group environment, group relationship building, substance abuse, learning healthier attitudes and behaviors, conformity, prosocial behavior, lifestyle, and institutional adjustment. Implications for group practice and research with male inmates are highlighted.

The primary purpose of this research was to explore the job satisfaction levels of mental health professionals providing group therapy services in state correctional institutions. Participants (162 providers from 78 adult male state correctional facilities) completed a survey examining perceptions about a range of job responsibilities. Further analysis investigated the relationship of demographic variables, administrative support variables, and security issues to satisfaction levels. Professionals appeared especially satisfied with aspects of their jobs that involved the direct provision of psychological services (i.e., facilitating group and individual psychotherapy services, providing crisis intervention services, and conducting formal assessments). They appeared relatively less satisfied with nondirect services including administrative responsibilities, report writing, case notes, and receiving individual supervision. The findings also revealed that these professionals disagreed that they receive adequate funding from administration or that rehabilitation was an overall goal of their correctional institution. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are highlighted.

Experiment 1 examined whether the use of the DSM-III-R decision trees increased the accuracy of DSM-III-R diagnoses. Results indicated that the use of the decision trees interacted with the level of DSM-III-R experience to affect diagnostic accuracy. The use of the decision trees resulted in a modest increase in diagnostic accuracy for participants with less DSM-III-R experience; for participants with more DSM-III-R experience, the use of the decision trees had no significant effect on diagnostic accuracy. Experiment 2 examined whether the use of the DSM-III-R decision trees increased the accuracy and confidence and decreased the time of DSM-III-R diagnosis across participants with varying levels of DSM-III-R experience. The primary analyses consisted of a 3 × 2 × 2-multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine whether the use of the decision trees increased diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic confidence and decreased diagnostic time. Results indicated (1) the experienced participants made more accurate diagnoses than the less-experienced and no-experience participants; (2) the decision trees, combined with practice, increased class diagnostic accuracy and decreased diagnostic time; and (3) participants were more confident in their diagnosis when they used the decision trees than when they did not use the decision trees. Supplementary analyses consisted of two one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures and indicated that participants' preference for and knowledge of how to use the decision trees did not significantly affect their diagnostic accuracy. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc J Clin Psychol 56: 73–88, 2000.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate group therapists’perceptions of therapeutic factors in psychotherapy groups for incarcerated male inmates. Participants (159 group therapy providers from 78 adult male state correctional facilities) completed a survey designed to assess their perceptions about (a) the relative importance of therapeutic factors as group goals, (b) the amount of group time spent discussing and/or processing therapeutic factors, and (c) the level of progress group members made on therapeutic factors. Interpersonal learning, universality, and imparting information appear to be highly valued by group therapists across the three questions mentioned above. Existential factors and corrective recapitulation of the primary family group were consistently rated significantly lower on the three questions of interest as compared to the other therapeutic factors. Implications of these findings and suggestions for further research are highlighted.

To assess the efficacy of an interpersonal process-oriented and cognitive-behavioral group psychotherapy program, 36 incarcerated male adults were assigned to either a treatment group (n = 20) or a no treatment control group (n = 16). Outcome measures consisted of paper-pencil self-report instruments, institutional behavioral data, and structured interviews with the group therapists (n = 3). Results indicated no significant changes in inmates' level of defensiveness, empathy, or institutional behavior; however, the inmates reported universally positive reactions to the treatment program. The group therapists also perceived the treatment program as efficacious, particularly in fostering a cohesive group atmosphere and increasing inmate responsibility for group leadership. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

The application of videoteleconferencing (VTC) to individuals involved in the criminal justice system—whether at the pretrial, incarceration, or postrelease phase of the continuum—is steadily increasing. However, little is empirically known about its effectiveness as a viable tool for identifying and managing legal or treatment needs. This chapter explores the current state of VTC as a modality for providing quality mental health services to forensic and correctional populations. Applications of VTC in the legal process will also be reviewed. First, we briefly discuss the development of VTC uses in forensic and correctional settings. The rationale for applying VTC to the growing number of individuals experiencing psychological and behavioral distress within the criminal justice system is then explored by highlighting the increase in rural correctional facilities, as well as problematic trends in correctional health care. Following this, we describe the role of VTC in resolving barriers to effective treatment. Next, the extant literature on the acceptability and feasibility of VTC in conducting mental health assessments, court-related services, and rehabilitative programming is reviewed. Lastly, suggestions for future areas of research are offered. VTC is a promising alternative to alleviating an overburdened criminal justice system at all levels; however, more research is required to fully understand the benefits and limitations of VTC as a service delivery modality.

Intensified chemotherapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer : interim analysis of a large retrospective pan-European database and real life evaluation

Specialized interventions, such as police and jail diversion, mental health courts, specialized probation, forensic assertive community treatment, designed to engage justice-involved persons with serious mental illnesses, have expanded over the past two decades. Some of these "first generation" interventions have demonstrated efficacy and several have earned recognition as evidence-based practices. Yet, overall, they have not appreciably reduced the prevalence of persons with serious mental illnesses involved in the criminal justice system. To understand how to make the next generation of interventions more effective, a survey of a national sample of community-based programs serving these clients was conducted. Surveys were completed on-line by direct service staff affiliated with 85 programs and collected data on the characteristics and needs of the client base; characteristics and challenges associated with difficult-to-engage clients; service needs and obstacles; and recommendations for improving program effectiveness. A sample of the survey participants (19 programs from 18 states) attended a day-long workshop to discuss the survey findings and ways to improve treatment adherence and client services. Respondents reported that their clients have a constellation of problems with different origins, etiologies, and symptoms, often crossing over the boundaries of mental illness, addictions, and antisocial pathologies. According to the practitioners working with justice-involved clients with mental illnesses, responding effectively requires knowledge of many different problems, expertise to respond to them, and an understanding of how these problems interact when they co-occur. The poly-problems of these clients suggest the need for an integrated and comprehensive approach, which is challenged by the fragmented and diverse ideologies of the behavioral health, criminal justice, and social service systems.

Research has begun to elucidate that persons with mental illness become involved in the criminal justice system as a result of criminality and not merely because of their mental illness. This study aims to clarify the similarities and differences in criminal thinking and psychiatric symptomatology between persons with mental illness who are and are not criminal justice involved. Male and female (n = 94) participants admitted to an acute psychiatric facility completed measures to assess criminal thinking (i.e., Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified) and psychiatric symptomatology (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-Third Edition). In addition to the inpatient sample, 94 incarcerated persons with mental illness from a previously conducted study were selected based on their match with the current sample on several key demographic and psychiatric variables. The results of this study indicated that hospitalized persons with mental illness with a history of criminal justice involvement evidenced similar thinking styles to persons with mental illness who were incarcerated. Persons with mental illness without criminal justice involvement evidenced fewer thinking styles supportive of a criminal lifestyle than the incarcerated sample. Furthermore, the persons with mental illness sample with no history of criminal justice involvement showed significantly lower levels of psychopathology shown to be risk factors for criminal justice involvement (e.g., antisocial personality, drug dependence, alcohol dependence). These findings have implications for offender-type classification, development of targeted treatment interventions, and program placement.

Preface. Acknowledgements. About the Editors. List of Contributors. Chapter 1. Today's New Psychologist: Traditional and Emerging Paths Tara L. Kuther, Corey J. Habben & Robert D. Morgan. Part 1: Academic & Research Roles for New Psychologists. Chapter 2. Teaching-Oriented Institutions: And Those Who Can't Anne Ferrari. Chapter 3. Doctoral Institutions: On the Other Side of the Fence Lisa Y. Flores & Robert D. Morgan . Chapter 4. Interdisciplinary Medical Setting: The Multiple Roles of a Health Psychologist. Marilu Price Berry. Chapter 5. Medical School & Center: The Merger of Developmental Psychology and Pediatric Asthma Education Jean-Marie Bruzzese. Part 2: Practice & Clinical Roles for New Psychologists. Chapter 6. University Counseling Center: Bridging the Gap between University Counseling Centers and Academia Jeanne Hinkelman. Chapter 7. Independent Practice: Alive or Dead?Deborah Vineberg. Chapter 8. Group Practice: Adapting Private Practice to the New Marketplace Corey Habben. Chapter 9. Community Mental Health Center: Opportunities for Supervising Empirically Validated Treatment Protocols Julianne Smith-Boydston. Chapter 10. Forensic Psychology: Exciting Career Opportunities in the Legal Arena Shawn Roberson. Chapter 11. Military Psychology: An Army Clinical Psychologist Joshua Friedlander. Chapter 12. Correctional Psychology: Looking Beyond the Bars Sheila Holton. Chapter 13. School Psychology in Non-traditional Settings: Alternative Roles and Functions in Psychological Service DeliveryTerri Teague & Richard Gilman. Part 3: Business Roles for New Psychologists. Chapter 14. Management Consultation: Improving Organizations Jane Kasserman. Chapter 15. Quantitative Analysis: Life as a Quant Jock with a Ph.D. in Social Psychology Jodi Steele. Chapter 16. Software Designer: Psychologists in the Software Industry Christopher Chapman. Chapter 17. Executive Management: Helping Executives Manage their Organizations through Organizational and Market Research Steve Williams. Part 4: Applied Roles for New Psychologists. Chapter 18. Public Health: Career Opportunities for Psychologists in Public Health Monica Baskin. Chapter 19. Trial Consulting: Moving Psychology into the Courtroom Cindy Kludt Andrews. Chapter 20. Sports Psychology: Locker Room Confessions Jennifer Carter. Chapter 21. Disaster Psychology: Keep Clients Out of Your Office - Get into the Field! Teri Elliott. Chapter 22. Research Consultation: Psychologists as Research Consultants Erika Taylor, Dionne Dobbins, & Darren Woodruff. Chapter 23. New Psychologists Online: Changing the Face of Psychology Through Technology Richard Van Haveren, Corey J. Habben, & Tara L. Kuther. Conclusion. Chapter 24. Our Future is Up To Us: The New Psychologist's Role in Shaping the Profession Robert D. Morgan, Corey J. Habben, & Tara L. K

Archival data were collected from 98 male inmates at a psychiatric inpatient unit to examine the utility of the Multiscale Feigning Index (MFI) as a proposed feigning index for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). MFI was compared with existing PAI feigning indices, Malingering (MAL), Negative Impression Management (NIM), and Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF), using performance on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) as the feigning criterion. Regression analyses revealed that MFI was a stronger predictor of SIRS outcome than NIM, MAL, and RDF. In addition, NIM, MAL, and RDF did not add substantial incremental validity to MFI in predicting SIRS outcome. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed sensitivity of 68.89% and specificity of 94.34% at an MFI cutoff of more than 76, which compared favorably with the utility of NIM, MAL, and RDF.

This study explored criminal thinking styles and feelings of aggression and hopelessness among male and female inmates who reported mental disorders and those who did not.A total of 4,204 respondents (3,986 males and 218 females) who were expected to be released from prison within 24 months completed an hour-long audio computer-assisted self-interview survey that included the Beck Hopelessness Scale, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire Short-Form, and Criminal Sentiments Scale-Modified. Weights were constructed to adjust the sampled population to the full population of the prison.A mental disorder was reported by 19.8% of male and 46.1% of female participants, with 6.6% of males and 19.4% of females reporting a serious mental disorder. The criminal thinking patterns of male and female inmates who reported mental disorders were consistent with those of inmates who reported no mental disorders; however, levels of criminal attitudes were significantly higher among males reporting serious mental disorders than males reporting other mental disorders or no disorders. Inmates reporting mental disorders scored significantly higher on measures of aggression and hopelessness.Results of this study suggest that inmates who report mental disorders have antisocial attitudes consistent with inmates who do not report mental disorders but have levels of aggression and hopelessness that are higher than their counterparts who do not report mental disorders. These findings are vital to the development of evidence-based interventions that respond accurately and holistically to the complex constellation of needs among persons with mental disorders who are involved in the justice system.

Telehealth is viewed as the removal of time and distance barriers in the provision of health care and patient education to underserved populations. Examined is a twenty first century clinical consultation model of healthcare. Offered are specific applications within a broad spectrum of services utilizing telehealth technology. Important technology shifts for administrative paradigms, clinical models, and educational information technology for healthcare services through telehealth technology are examined. The future of telehealth and its interface with various critical components of society needs to examine the potential benefits over risks in providing healthcare consultations and services through the educational settings available. Addressed is a technology model, which demonstrates the capability of reducing time and distance barriers in the provision of health care and education through telehealth technology. The use of telehealth technology in rural settings is seen as a viable medium for providing needed diagnostic and clinical consultation for underserved and rural.

The Measure of Offender Thinking Styles (MOTS) was originally developed to examine the structure of dysfunctional thinking exhibited by criminal offenders. In the initial investigation, a three-factor model of criminal thinking was obtained using the MOTS. These factors included dysfunctional thinking characterized as Control, Cognitive Immaturity, and Egocentrism. In the present investigation, the stability of the three-factor model was examined with a confirmatory factor analysis of the revised version of the MOTS (i.e., MOTS-R). In addition, the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and convergent validity of the MOTS-R were examined. Results indicated that the three-factor model of criminal thinking was supported. In addition, the MOTS-R demonstrated reliability and convergent validity with other measures of criminal thinking and attitudes. Overall, it appears that the MOTS-R may prove to be a valuable tool for use with an offender population, particularly because of the simple, intuitive structure of dysfunctional thinking that it represents.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between prison tattoos and the criminal lifestyle and recidivism. Participants consisted of 81 male inmates with prison tattoos (i.e., prison-themed or prison-made tattoos), 75 inmates with nonprison tattoos (e.g., animal tattoos, tattoos of ethnic origin), 52 male inmates with no tattoos, and 66 college students with tattoos. Results indicated that inmates with prison tattoos differed from inmates with nonprison tattoos, inmates without tattoos, and college students with tattoos with regard to criminal thinking styles, were at increased risk of recidivism, and presented more institutional behavioral problems, resulting in more disciplinary infractions. There were no significant differences between inmate groups with regard to number of convictions; however, additional group comparisons indicated that inmates with visible tattoos and antisocial-themed tattoos were at greater risk for recidivism and received more disciplinary infractions than inmates without visible or antisocial-themed tattoos. Implications of these findings are discussed.

This article demonstrates the feasibility of making a partially buried micro gas chromatography (micro-GC) column with a rounded channel wall profile, which enables coating the stationary phase more uniformly and shows better separation characteristics than a square deep reactive ion etched (DRIE) wall profile. A buried structure fabrication method was adapted to fabricate 34 cm long, 165 microm wide, and 65 microm deep partially buried microcolumns, which had a unique rounded microcolumn wall profile similar to that of a flattened circular tube. The separation characteristics were compared to that of a 34 cm long, 100 microm x 100 microm square DRIE microcolumn, which had a similar hydraulic diameter. Minimum height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) and reduced HETP of 0.39 mm and 6.02, respectively, with a retention factor of 6.3 were obtained on the coated partially buried microcolumn compared to 0.66 mm and 6.73, respectively, on the coated square DRIE microcolumn with a similar retention factor. The partially buried microcolumn was found to perform closer to the theoretical approximation and this could be attributed to the uniform phase deposition in the partially buried microcolumn compared to the square DRIE microcolumn. A 10 component mix was separated on the partially buried microcolumn in 3.8 s with the maximum peak width at half-height equal to 0.2 s, while a similar mix separated at higher pressure and temperature conditions on the square DRIE microcolumn in 4.6 s. The rounded corners allowed depositing thinner stationary phase, which was reflected in the faster elution of n-C(12) on the partially buried microcolumn compared to the square DRIE microcolumn. The better performance of the partially buried microcolumn may be attributed to either the rounded channel wall profile, the clean channel structures produced by the fabrication process, or the double-etched wall profile, which lowers the Taylor-Aris dispersion.

Examined is the application of telehealth technology in a rural community clinical and educational system. Telehealth is viewed as the removal of time and distance barriers in the provision of healthcare and patient education to underserved populations (Nickelson, 1996). Presented is a clinical consultation model of healthcare for underserved populations and where professional consultation with a team of professionals may benefit rural educational systems and their students. Offered are specific applications within a broad spectrum of services utilizing telehealth technology. Finally, shifts in administrative paradigms, clinical models, and educational information technology for healthcare services through telehealth technology are explored.

Objectives: Because of increasing numbers of mentally ill offenders without concomitant increases in mental health staffing, issues of service utilization and priority populations have become paramount. The aim of this study was to expand upon previous studies of correctional mental health service utilization by examining the underlying factor structure of problems for which inmates may seek services and by examining the barriers hindering inmates’ willingness to seek services. Additionally, this study investigated whether previous treatment experiences had an impact on inmates’ willingness to seek services or barriers to seeking services. Methods: Participants consisted of 418 incarcerated adult males who voluntarily participated in this study and were from three security levels (that is, reception and diagnostic unit, minimum security, and maximum security). Participants completed a threepage survey inquiring about use of mental health services before and during incarceration. Results: Factor analysis indicated five types of problems for which inmates may request mental health services (behavioral dyscontrol, physical health concerns, negative affect, interpersonal relationships, and institutional relations) and four types of potential barriers to service utilization (self-preservation concerns, procedural concerns, self-reliance, and professional service provider concerns). Inmates with no prior history of mental health service use were more likely to present with self-preservation concerns about services and present as self-reliant. Conclusions: Results of this study provide an overarching conceptualization of barriers hindering inmates’ willingness to seek services, as well as the types of problems for which they are likely to seek services. Also, inmates’ mental health treatment history affected their current perceptions of services. (Psychiatric Services 58:1181–1186, 2007)

This study employed the Basic Personality Inventory (BPI) to differentiate various types of dis-simulation, including malingered psychopathology and faking good, by inmates. In particular, the role of intelligence in utilizing symptom information to successfully malinger was examined. On admission to a correctional facility, 161 inmates completed the BPI under standard instructions and then again under instructions to fake good (n = 55) or to malinger psychotic (n = 35), posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 36), or somatoform (n = 35) psychopathology. Unlike symptom information, intelligence evidenced some support for increasing inmates’ effectiveness in malingering, although there was no relationship between higher intelligence and using symptom information to successfully evade detection. Overall, the BPI was more effective in detecting malingered psychopathology than faking good. Implications for the detection of dissimulation in correctional and forensic settings are discussed.