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The need for maximum efficiency in (working) space usage resulted in 1980-s by emerging of first CAFM system. The technology in the field of spatial data management available in mentioned period (CAD+RDBMS) has significantly influenced further development of these systems and thus their current form. Current trends, like 3D modeled data in area of visualization being constantly requested by the user, or rapidly increasing need for 3D analysis of spatial data, mentioned technological basis simply can not satisfy. SDBMS technology, on the other hand, is more than capable to cope with such challenges. Although all currently available SDBMS do not natively support 3D spatial analysis, storage and querying of 3D spatial data is generally supported. Furthermore, by using available programming support (Java, PL/SQL, ...), at least some basic 3D analytical functionality is relatively simple to implement. Spatial component of the developed data model, which is also the main objective of the research, is based on spatial planar surfaces representing walls and other surfaces typically found within a building. These basic spatial objects are used to model logically important object, called body, which can be empty (a room) or filled (a wall). System’ s entire spatial data is therefore contained within a single object type (planar surface) which is topologically structured (face-node structure) to ensure safe, consistent and efficient operation. The model is implemented on top of Oracle9i SDBMS. Data access interface is being developed based on 3-tier program architecture with JSP servlet for data querying and preparation, HTTP as transport medium and VRML as presentation and basic user interface technology. Realization of a system based on the developed model directly enables performing of simple topological analysis (neighborhood), with thematic querying and resimbolization immediately available. Furthermore, by introducing temporal component of spatial data, reviewing of a system status in a specified moment is easily accomplished.

Normizacija prostornih podataka, uz tehnologiju, politiku, kriterije i stručnjake, osnovni je i potrebni okvir u izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka. U radu je opisana djelovanje tijela za normizaciju na međunarodnoj razini – ISO, poglavito rad Tehničkog odbora 211, koji je zadužen za područje geoinformacija i geomatike. Opisane su, također aktivnosti nacionalnoga Tehničkog odbora 211 pri hrvatskom tijelu za normizaciju, koji se u svojem radu oslanja na ISO. Navedene su procedure usvajanja normi i status u kojem se pojedine norme nalaze., Standardization of spatial data, along with technology, policy, criteria and people, constitutes a framework which is basic and necessary in the creation of national spatial data infrastructure. This paper describes the activities of the international standardization body – ISO, especially the work of Technical Committee 211, in charge of geoinformation and geomatics. The paper also describes the activities of Technical Committee 211 with the Croatian standardization institution, whose work is reliant on that of the ISO. It explains standards development processes and describes the status of individual standards.

Društvo u nedostatku informacija je limitirano u uspješnom ekonomskom i socijalnom napretku. Činjenica da 80% informacija sadrži neku prostornu komponentu nameće potrebu za izgradnjom učinkovitog sustava upravljanja prostornim informacijama. Velik broj zemalja diljem svijeta prepoznao je tu potrebu što je dovelo do uspostave nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka. U ovom radu je dan pregled osnovnih pojmova vezanih uz infrastrukture prostornih podataka kao i stanje u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju.

Svrsishodan sustav za upravljanje katastarskim podacima priskrbljuje korisniku brzo dostupne, točne i ažurne informacije, što danas mora biti podržano automatskom obradom podataka temeljenom na računalnoj tehnologiji. Prije prelaska na takav način održavanja sustava potrebno je dakako pažljivo modelirati kako jezgru modela katastarskog podatka, tako i njegov prezentacijski dio. Ovom je studijom kroz izradu prijedloga njegova prezentacijskog dijela dodatno analizirana trenutna verzija modela podataka Katastra nekretnina, te su uočeni nedostaci i predložena poboljšanja.

Ovom studijom daje se prilog uspostavi jedinstvenog pristupa prevođenja katastarskog plana u digitalni oblik na razini države što do sada nije bio slučaj. Analizom stanje tehnologija koje se trenutno koristi u katastarskim uredima te gospodarskim subjektima daju se upute za kvalitetnu izradu tehničkog dijela digitalnog katastarskog operata jer će ti podaci još dugo biti u službenoj upotrebi. Veliki nedostatak dosadašnjih prevođenja, smanjivanje razine kvalitete (točnosti i pouzdanosti) postojećih podataka te pridržavanja propisa nastoji se otkloniti uvođenjem jasnih kriterija i kontrolnih procedura. Ovom studijom se standardiziraju postupci i procedure te prikazuju tehničke metode i usklađuje stručna terminologija za jedinstvenu primjenu u praksi. Studijom se također približava nova materija, budi zanimanje u katastrima, potiče na prihvaćanje i daljnje učenje. Prikazom novih tehnologija osigurana je pomoć u njihovom prihvaćanju.

Da bi se pojasnio pojam pomorskoga katastra definirano je pomorsko dobro unutar njegovih granica, te posebice pojam morska obala. Dan je osvrt na posebnosti područja Republike Hrvatske i njezina zakonodavstva. Pojašnjena je uloga katastra i zemljišne knjige za područje kopnenog dijela pomorskog dobra, s osvrtom na novi pojam u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu – katastarsko područje na moru. Pomorski katastar vrlo je aktualna tema u svijetu. Posebno je prikazano stanje u Australiji, Kanadi, na Novom Zelandu i u SAD-u. Iznesena je i definicija pomorskoga katastra prema hrvatskom zakonodavstvu te prikazani mogući koraci u smjeru daljnjeg razvoja., For the purpose of better understanding the term of maritime cadastre, the maritime goods are defined within their borders, and especially the terms of coast. Particular characteristics of the Republic of Croatia and its legislation have been given special consideration. The role of cadastre and land registry has been explained for terrestrial maritime goods and the new term in Croatian legislation has been reviewed: cadastral area at sea. The marine cadastre is a topical issue in the world today. The situation in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA has been presented in more details. There is also the definition of maritime cadastre given according to the Croatian legislation with possible steps of further development in the future presented as well.

Kroz projekt je obavljena analiza tuzemnog i relevantnih inozemnih modela katastarskih podataka s naglaskom na prezentacijski model mogućeg digitalnog sustava za njihovo upravljanje. Rezultat projekta je katalog signatura navedenog sustava.

Uporaba različitih transformacija geometrijskih podataka postala je svakodnevna zadaća u katastru. U ovom su radu iznesene teoretske spoznaje o transformacijama u ravnini. Također su dani pregled i preporuke za uporabu različitih modela transformacija u radovima na održavanju katastarskog operata i u postupku uspostave digitalnog katastarskog plana., Usage of different geometry data transformations has become everyday practice in cadaster. This paper gives theoretical knowledge overview about transformations and also recommendations for the use of different models of transformation in the works of cadastral data maintenance and digitalization.

Ovom studijom daje se prilog uspostavi jedinstvenog pristupa prevođenja katastarskog plana u digitalni oblik na razini države što do sada nije bio slučaj. Analizom stanje tehnologija koje se trenutno koristi u katastarskim uredima te gospodarskim subjektima daju se upute za kvalitetnu izradu tehničkog dijela digitalnog katastarskog operata jer će ti podaci još dugo biti u službenoj upotrebi. Veliki nedostatak dosadašnjih prevođenja, smanjivanje razine kvalitete (točnosti i pouzdanosti) postojećih podataka te pridržavanja propisa nastoji se otkloniti uvođenjem jasnih kriterija i kontrolnih procedura. Ovom studijom se standardiziraju postupci i procedure te prikazuju tehničke metode i usklađuje stručna terminologija za jedinstvenu primjenu u praksi. Studijom se također približava nova materija, budi zanimanje u katastrima, potiče na prihvaćanje i daljnje učenje. Prikazom novih tehnologija osigurana je pomoć u njihovom prihvaćanju.

Rad prikazuje videoteodolit, njegovu gradu, računalni softver za obradbu slike kao najvažniji dio mjernog sustava. Radom su obuhvaćene i primjene pri izgradnji konkretnih građevinskih objekata., The paper present Video Theodolit, his architecture, image processing software as major part of measurement system. Paper describes practical application at building construction.

This paper presents the geodetic surveying and the compilation of the spatial information system for the Jarun Sports and Recreation Centre. The diversity of the facilities required the application of satellite and terrestrial methods, as well as hydrographic surveying. The paper also demonstrates the possibility of utilizing existing data updated with new measurements.

Mjerenje duljina impulsnom metodom primjenjuje se u geodeziji već više od desetak godina, a u posljednjih nekoliko godina tehnologija je omogućila dobivanje podataka milimetarskom točnošću bez uporabe reflektora na cilju. Strelovit rast procesorske snage PC-a s dostupnošću vrhunskih 3D grafičkih ubrzivača širem krugu korisnika otvorio je nove mogućnosti primjene 3D modeliranja stvarnog svijeta s pomoću računala. Te dvije činjenice omogućile su pojavu terestričkih laserskih skanera. U radu je opisan princip njihova rada, uz analizu četiriju njihova predstavnika., Time of flight lasers are being used for distance measuring in surveying for over ten years, and in the last few years even without target reflector in millimeter order of magnitude. Steep curve of increase in raw processor power, together with all-round availability of high-end 3D graphic accelerators, opened a whole lot of new 3D modeling application areas. Based on these two facts, first ground based laser scanners appeared. This work describes, through analysis of four exemplars, their basic operation principles.

Dana je vijest o prvom hrvatskom geodetskom forumu.

This work presents the testing and processing of measurement data during the test loading of a bridge. The measurements have been made by means of the adjustment precise levelling method and GPS kinematical method. The data of GPS measurements have been processed with commercial software. They have been additionally filtered with self-tuning Kalman filter. The comparison of obtained results has made it possible to estimate the possibilities of applying kinematical method of measuring the movements in test loading of bridges.

Upravljanje podacima već dulje vrijeme olakšava njihova organizacija relacijskim modelom. Zbog svoje, kako kvalitativne tako i kvantitativne strukture, geoprostorni podaci postavljaju visoke zahtjeve pri modeliranju. Kompleksnost katastarskih podataka u odnosu sa jednostavnošću, a time i ograničenjima relacijskog modela, rezultiraju potrebom za sustavom osnovanom na potpuno drugačijim temeljima. Objektnoorijentirane baze podataka daju odgovor na navedene probleme. Ovim je radom prikazano objektnoorijentirano modeliranje kroz važne segmente koji se u njemu pojavljuju, zajedno s koncepcijskim prikazom modela katastarskih podataka. Dan je i posebni osvrt na unified modeling language (UML) kao snažno i učinkovito sredstvo interakcije između proizvođača softvera i geodetskog stručnjaka koji može i mora odrediti zahtjeve koje konačni sustav treba ispunjavati.

A society in lack of information is limited in successful social and economic development. The fact that more than 80% of information contains some spatial component results in a need for building of an efficient spatial information managing system. Many countries in the world have acknowledged this problem and induced the establishment of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in which the Internet has had a crucial role. The SDI is a significant advancement in data delivery and standardization using the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) to deliver spatial data to users. The process of establishing of spatial data infrastructure has originally started in United States by President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 in April 1994. This Order has promoted building of SDI in USA, Australia, Canada, in Western European countries, and in a last time in transition countries in our neighborhood like Slovenia and Hungary. Development of SDI in mentioned countries were different and also there were different initiatives for starting of this process. An overview of SDI establishment in mentioned countries and the need for SDI establishing in Croatia are presented in this paper.

Pilot projektom "Poboljšanje katastarskog plana u postupku prijelaza na međni katastar" izvedenom od Geodetskog fakulteta za Državnu geodetsku upravu 1997. godine, ispitane su mogućnosti metode obnove katastarskih planova izrađenih grafičkom metodom izmjere u 19. st. u našim uvjetima, na konkretnoj katastraskoj općini Bakarac. Rezultati tog pilot projekta i druge spoznaje o obnovi katastra potakle su izradbu ovog projekta kojeg su konačni rezultat smjernice. U njima su ugrađene sve spoznaje i iskustva prikupljena u okviru pilot projekta te ispitivanja primjenjivosti postupka općenito provedena u okviru ovog projekta i drugih aktivnosti suradnika u znanstvenom i stručnom radu.

Faculty of Geodesy has started to use information technologies very early. The first web pages of the Faculty were installed in 1996 on the public computer of the University Computer Center. In the meantime, the Faculty got its own web server (geodet.geof.hr) and that has significantly increased the usage of network services. New educational plan and program is extensively turned to new technologies. The establishment of LAN on Faculty has activated further acquisition of web contents for students. All students design their own web pages during exercises on college Geoinformatics II. For the students of II., III. and IV. year at the subject-oriented field “ Engineering surveying and spatial information management“ there are different literatures on web (e.g. books, seminar works, diploma works). The distant view of student's examination results is possible. Also, some exercises in different colleges at subject-oriented field are based on network resources. Communication with users is accomplished through a web interface that enables users to ask questions, give suggestions, comments etc. It is very important for the faculty staff to constantly be in touch with new technologies and to use them in education as well as possible.

Pilot projektom "Poboljšanje katastarskog plana u postupku prijelaza na međni katastar" izvedenom od Geodetskog fakulteta za Državnu geodetsku upravu 1997. godine, ispitane su mogućnosti metode obnove katastarskih planova izrađenih grafičkom metodom izmjere u 19. st. u našim uvjetima, na konkretnoj katastraskoj općini Bakarac. Rezultati tog pilot projekta i druge spoznaje o obnovi katastra potakle su izradbu ovog projekta kojeg su konačni rezultat smjernice. U njima su ugrađene sve spoznaje i iskustva prikupljena u okviru pilot projekta te ispitivanja primjenjivosti postupka općenito provedena u okviru ovog projekta i drugih aktivnosti suradnika u znanstvenom i stručnom radu.

Dana je informacija o anketi i dobitnicima nagrada HGD-a.

Poor preserved condition and unreliability of geodetic control points at the territory of the Republic of Croatia enforces the need for renewal. The paper presents the analysis of including satellite (GPS) observations into the state reference co-ordinate system. Two models of including are presented and analyzed - a model with preserving the neighbourhood and without preserving the neighbourhood.

Croatian Government has recently passed the “ State Programme of Renewal Registers of Real Estates, Possessors and Owners (Cadastre and Land Register Books) on the Islands” . The State Geodetic Administration and the Ministry of Justice, Administration and Local Self-government are competent for the activities connected with the realisation of the Programme. Since new laws of cadastre and land register books were recently enacted in Croatia, these regulations will be obeyed within the activities on the Programme execution. The paper describes the activities that will be carried out by the State Geodetic Administration through its central office and local offices for cadastre, and by the Ministry of Justice, Administration and Local Self-government through municipality courts. A part the Programme under the competence of the State Geodetic Administration will be carried out in collaboration with private geodetic firms, and the paper also describes their participation in the realisation of the Programme. At the end there are some guidelines given relating to the records for supervision of the Programme realisation and the conclusion.

U radu se govori o značaju i rezultatima mjerenja pomaka pri preobnim ispitivanjima mostova.

In Croatia, most of the data available is in analogue form and is mostly out of date. The data that is in digital format is not available online, although it is possible to request the data over the Web from the State Geodetic Administration. The cost of (digital) data is generally high. Croatia has not yet developed a NSDI and as result there is hardly any congruency among the different datasets. Developing a national SDI would require more co-ordination and communication among data providers and data users, as well as among state agencies.

U radu je dan životopis i prikaz doktorskog rada Siniše Mastelića Ivića, doktora tehničkih znanosti.

Dana je vijest o održanom seminaru Povjerenstva 3: Upravljanje prostornim informacijama, Budimpešta, 21–23. listopada 1999.

U korištenje informacijskih tehnologija vrlo se rano uključio i Geodetski fakultet. Prve Web stranice fakulteta postavljene su 1996. na javnom računalu Sveučilišnoga računskog centra. U ovom radu izneseni su osnovni pojmovi o Internetu i mrežnim servisima, prikazan je rad i korištenje Weba fakulteta u razdoblju od siječnja 1997. do prosinca 1999., iznesene su također i nove tehnologije koje se koriste u prezentaciji podataka na Webu. Fakultet je u međuvremenu dobio svoj Web poslužitelj i u izradbi su nove stranice. Tom poslu treba posvetiti punu pažnju i trud radi što bolje prezentacije fakulteta i geodetske struke., The Faculty of Geodesy has been started to use information technologies very early. The first Web pages of the Faculty have been installed in 1996 in the public computer of the University Computer Centre. This work presents the basic terms about Internet and network services, it illustrates the work on and usage of Faculty Web in the period from January 1997 till December 1999, and it also shows new technologies used in the presentation of data on Web. The Faculty has got its own server in the meantime, and the new pages are being worked on. This job should be given full attention and effort in order to the Faculty and geodetic profession as well as possible.

Posljednji pozdrav akademiku Čoliću od glavnog urednika Geodetskog lista.

Vijesti FIG-a.

Jedinstveno i jednoznačno vođenje podataka o prostornim jedinicama pretpostavka je racionalizacije vođenja svih postojećih evidencija i registara u Republici Hrvatskoj koji sadrže i podatke o tim jedinicama (gotovo svi). Potreba prikupljanja svih podataka o prostornim jedinicama na mjestu s kojeg će se ti podatci davati na korištenje svim zainteresiranim subjektima, kao i potreba za točnim i sa situacijom na terenu usklađenim podatcima već je dulje vrijeme poznata. Sadašnji način vođenja odvojenih alfanumeričkih i grafičkih baza podataka ne može učinkovito ispuniti navedene funkcije. Nove tehnologije, koje omogućuju tehničke postupke jedinstvenog i jednoznačnog vođenja podataka o prostornim jedinicama, prikazane su na primjeru prevođenja preglednih podataka o jednoj vrsti prostornih jedinica – katastarskim općinama – u okružje GIS-a. Programska podrška korištena za ovaj primjer je MicroStation GeoGraphics tvrtke Bentley. Izrađeni su i primjeri dobivanja različitih izvještaja o katastarskim prostornim jedinicama u grafičkom i tekstualnom obliku., The condition for rationalisation of management of all existing records and registers regarding spatial units in Republic of Croatia is uniform and unambiguous data management of the spatial units. Since some time it has been already obvious that it is necessary to put together all data regarding spatial units at the place of distribution to all users and that accurate and up to date data are needed. The current separated management of alphanumeric and graphic databases cannot satisfy the above mentioned functions efficiently. New technology is described that enables uniform and unambiguous data management of spatial units using as an example conversion of data of only one type of spatial units – cadastral districts. Bentley's MicroStation GeoGraphics is used as program support. In addition examples are given for production of various reports related to spatial units in written and graphic form.

U tekstu je dan popis radova koji su objavljeni u stranim časopisima.

Prostorne su informacije od ključne važnosti u mnogim poljima ljudskog djelovanja. Budući da se uvođenjem odgovarajućih normi u prikupljanju, izradbi i održavanju prostornih informacija stvorila mogućnost njihova korištenja u različitim aplikacijama neovisno o izvoru njihova nastajanja, u posljednjih je 20-ak godina većina zapadnoeuropskih zemalja i više međunarodnih organizacija uložilo znatno truda i materijalnih sredstava u stvaranju normi digitalnih prostornih informacija. Regionalna i nacionalna nastojanja dovela su konačno i do pokretanja inicijative za donošenje globalnih normi u okviru Međunarodne organizacije za normizaciju, čiji se rezultati očekuju tijekom 2000. godine. U radu je opisan proces razmjene prostornih informacija na osnovi saznanja Međunarodne kartografske udruge, dan je pregled trenutačnog stanja i postignutih rezultata na polju normizacije digitalnih prostornih informacija u nekim međunarodnim organizacijama (Međunarodna organizacija za normizaciju, Europski komitet za normizaciju, Europsko povjerenstvo nadležnih za službenu kartografiju i Radna grupa za digitalne prostorne informacije), zatim u pojedinim europskim državama (Austrija, Finska, Norveška, Njemačka, Švicarska i Velika Britanija) i u Republici Hrvatskoj., Spatial information is very important in many fields of the human work. Thanks to the progress of the computer technology, most of today's collection, production and maintaining of geographic information is done by digital means. Many individuals and organizations have spent considerable amounts of time and money to build their own geographic databases, which they use in their own computing systems. Finally, it became obvious that the existence of adequate standards would create a possibility for the use of spatial information in different applications, independently of their source of origin. Having that in mind, during the last 20 years most of the West-European countries, as well as many international organizations put the lot of effort and money in building spatial information standards. Regional and national endeavors finally led to an initiative of making a global standards under the responsibility of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) whose results are expected during the year 2000. In this paper, a description of the process of the transfer of spatial information is presented. It is followed by the description of the present situation and achievements in the field of digital spatial information standardization within some international organizations (International Cartographic Association, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Comité Européen des Responsables de la Cartographie Officielle, Digital Geographic Information Working Group), and in some European countries (Austria, Finland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland and United Kingdom). At the end there is the overview of the situation in the Republic of Croatia.

Dana je vijest o održanom znanstvenom simpoziju Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering.

Deseti tom višejezičnog rječnika - Inženjerska geodezija.

Krk Bridge connects the mainland with the island of Krk and consists of two arches made of reinforced concrete. Since the year 1980, ever since the bridge has been in use, there have been periodical measurements carried out on this object (at least once a year). During the periodical measurements of the vertical shifts of Krk Bridge (an arch bridge) considerable influences of temperature changes on the extent of the vertical shifts have been noticed. In this paper, the results of observations on the bridge are analyzed and the mathematical model of the shift as the function of the structure temperature is analyzed

Figtree našao novi dom u Danskoj.

XXI. kongres FIG-a - Brighton '98.

FIG utemeljuje dvije nove radne skupine.

Cadastral maps in official use in the Republic of Croatia were made in different time periods and according to different legal systems. The constant disregard of the cadastre, especially in the last fifty years, has led to the present condition, in which the cadastral maps are less and less capable of fulfilling the demands that the cadastral system is being faced with. A uniform cadastral map on a state level can be achieved through improvement of the existing data along with the transition to digital recording systems. The improvement process described in this paper is based on the experiences of countries that have legal systems similar to Croatia’ s, with adjustments both to particularities in Croatia and to the most recent technological advances.

Izvješća radnih skupina.

Odgovor glavnog urednika Geodetskog lista kolegici Kićinbaći.

FIG se pridružuje UN-u u organiziranju međunarodnih skupova.

Nova sveobuhvatna FIG definicija geodeta.

SAD poboljšavaju globalni pozicijski sustav.

Riječ urednika.