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The objective of this study is to establish how well the public distinguishes between different uniformed patrol officer patrolling shopping malls, and whether they have different effects on feelings of safety and worry about crime. It is based on interviews with a sample of 502 shoppers at five shopping malls in Southern England. Using photographs, most respondents correctly identified the police officer and the PCSO, whereas fewer recognised the ACSO and private security guard, and few the ACSO. Police officers instilled the greatest feelings of safety, well above PCSOs, who, in turn, were rated above security guards and ACSOs. Police officers also generated the most worries, especially among young women. Police officers emit ‘control signals’ that have stronger positive effects on reassurance, reflecting correct identification combined with established regard and confidence. Patrol officers who were not police officer provided weaker ‘control signals’. Correct identification made less difference to reassurance they provided, especially for security guards. Police officers appear to be as cost-effective as PCSOs, though far less so than private security officers. Successful ‘reassurance policing’ depends on who carries out the policing as well as what is policed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's insights on moral error theory and argument that rises from epistemic reasons. The author highlights the articulation and defense of the argument from epistemic reasons against the said theory. It explores the arguments against the moral reasons in nonnormative properties and the Moorean argument against the moral error theory. He adds that the error theory avoids arguments made by Bart Streumer, Jonas Olson and Tristram McPherson.

Argues that the play `The Captives; Or, The Lost Recovered,' by Thomas Heywood, which is a close adaptation of `Rudens' by Plautus, is both a more interesting and a more accomplished play than previous criticism has allowed. Heywood's understanding of the unusual place that the `Rudens' occupied within the canon of New Comedy; Expansion by Heywood of Plautus's exploration of ownership in the ideal city state.

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The article discusses about the population redistribution in the Soviet Union and its impact on the society. It aims at measuring dispersal of Russians into non-Russian areas of the Soviet Union since 1897, and endeavor to explain this population redistribution in terms of general formulations from the migration literature. Because the bulk of the Russian migration was to the urban areas of the non-Russian areas, major emphasis is placed upon the changing shares they have comprised of the urban population in these areas outside of the RSFSR. The article also considers the prospects of future migration of non-Russians into Russian areas. The Russians have been relatively highly mobile, which is to be expected of such a modernized and dominant group. In particular, they have experienced a great amount of regional dispersal from their traditional areas in the western Soviet Union to regions farther east. The article suggests that determining conditions in the explanation of ethnic identity and tension, particularly the competition for jobs and economic improvement, which are associated with the differential integration of the various groups into the modernized sectors of society.

In this study we attempt to describe and to analyze broadly urbanization in Russia and the USSR during the present century. To measure urbanization data were gathered from Russian, Soviet, and East European censuses according to a comparable definition and comparable territorial units. Despite very great population losses owing to war and famine in this century, urbanization increased at a remarkable rate, even greater than that of the United States. Between 1897 and 1959, the urbanization process was especially dynamic in four regions--Ural, Central, West Siberia, and Donetsk-Dnepr--and, in general, the east experienced a greater increase than the west. Since 1959, however, this latter trend has been reversed. Our analysis demonstrates that this urbanization was, in general, related to three complexly interrelated factors-industrialization, transportation accessibility, and in-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]