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Education and financial development are key determinants of economic growth. This research makes an effort to highlight the role of education and financial development with urbanization in the economic growth of selected Asian countries. Economic growth is used as a dependent variable, and secondary school enrolment, financial development, life expectancy, and urban population are used as independent variables. Panel data set for the time 2002 to 2019 is used for the analysis. The random effect technique is used. The study results demonstrate that secondary school enrolment, financial development, life expectancy, and urban population increase economic growth in selected Asian countries. It is recommended that government should provide free of cost education facilities in selected economies. Moreover, the public should be provided with more financial debt facilities to increase per capita income, high living standards, and economic growth in these selected economies. The plan must be placed on education and health high on the agenda in these economies.

A study was conducted on the current status of terrestrial vertebrates and butterflies in Garbhanga Reserve Forest. Data were compiled from field surveys and secondary sources like existing literature, and citizen science databases. We found that Garbhanga is represented by 254 species of butterflies (6 families), 29 species of amphibians (7 families), 64 species of reptiles (12 families), 307 species of birds (68 families) and 31 species of mammals (19 families). In Garbhanga, amongst the studied group, two species are ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR), six species are ‘Endangered’ (EN), 14 species are ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), eight species are ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), eight species are ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), 411 species are ‘Least Concern’ (LC), and 236 species are not assessed (denoted by blank space). This shows a huge gap in research and status evaluation of understudied species. This in turn also provides further research opportunities on the lesser known species.

The provision of inexpensive and expeditious justice is one of the constitutional responsibilities of the state, which is fulfilled through the instrument of the judiciary. In pursuance of the Expeditious Justice Initiative, the government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (hereinafter KP) established Model Courts in the province in 2019 with the purpose of introducing a time-bound criminal trial regime. The study in hand intends to evaluate the impact of Model Courts on reducing the pendency of criminal cases in KP. To achieve this objective, a questionnaire-based survey was designed, and data was collected from legal professionals as well as litigants. The study findings indicated that both legal professionals and litigants are satisfied with the establishment of the Model Courts and their functions, helping to adjudicate and dispose of the cases in efficient ways in the province. The study suggests that in order to evaluate the efficiency of statistical data regarding the outcome of the Model Courts in terms of its decisions, pendency, rate of conviction and acquittal and the ratio of reversal of its decisions on appeal, it is required to be rigorously analysed. The Model Courts have been used as a case study to bring about some positive changes in the contemporary criminal justice system of the province.

In this study, two-dimensional graphene oxide-based novel membranes were fabricated by modifying the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets with six-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) at room conditions and used for organic solvent nanofiltration applications.

Many governments and international organizations in Pakistan have introduced various reforms to promote the justice system in the country, but their efforts have ended in vain. The justice system in Pakistan has not been able to provide justice to common citizens. The reforms were aimed at decreasing the time span trials usually take in Pakistan and minimizing the cost of litigation; however, the basic purpose of the justice system, that is, the dispensation of justice, has remained unfulfilled. The reforms strengthened judicial hierarchy, improved infrastructures, and amended certain procedural laws but did nothing to address the real issues that were hindering the deliverance of justice to the common people. The legal fraternity and international donor agencies, who were the forces behind these reforms, have been the defenders of the formal justice system in Pakistan for reasons that are many.

Objective: To determine the frequency of Hypovitaminosis D in kids by increasing pains and to find out the relationships among biochemical biomarkers and serum vitamin D concentration levels. Study Design: An exploratory cross-sectional investigation was conducted. Methodology: Growing pains were diagnosed in 100 outpatient children aged 5–12 with diffuse lower leg pains. The study excluded infants with arthritis, systemic diseases, organic pain, rheumatologic diseases, or rickets symptoms. We measured total inorganic phosphate, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and vitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol). Group A had enough vitamin D3 (> 75 nmol/L), Group B had 50–75, and Group C had levels below 50. Group rates mattered at 0.05 in the chi-square test. Results: 9-year-olds and 60% women participated. 7% of infants with growth pains had enough vitamin D. 95% of vitamin D-deficient babies had high alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion: Growth pains may cause hypovitaminosis D. Youngster's Vitamin D levels should be tested for unusual leg pain. Molecular clues cannot diagnose hypovitaminosis D.

This study investigate the corporate social responsibilities and their effect on the financial performance of Pakistani and Malaysian Islamic banks, as well as to compare the CSR practices of both of these countries. The research was conducted using quantitative methods, and the sample consisted of four banks from Pakistan's neighboring countries as well as eight full-fledged Islamic financial institutions. In the Pakistani study, a representative sample was drawn from the entire population of banks, whereas in the Malaysian study, a random sampling approach was used for both the selection of banks and the data collection. The findings indicate that the bank, through its participation in corporate social activities, plays an essential position in the community. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Return on Asset, Return on Equity, Earning per share, Net Income Financial performance, Islamic banks, Pakistan and Malaysia.

Objective: To find the common risk factors of relapse in drug addicts after being treated in a rehabilitation center. Materials And Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in four rehabilitation centers, i.e., Da Haq Awaz, Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), and two Dost welfare Foundations in Peshawar City, from October 2019 to August 2021. The non-probability sampling method selected 70 addicts who had undergone single or multiple relapses. The Data was collected using a questionnaire, developed and validated via a structured seven-step process proposed by AMEE guide no. 87, which provides questionnaire development (conduction of literature review, interviews, synthesizing the literature review and development of items) and questionnaire validation (conduction of expert validation; content and face validation, cognitive interviews, and construct validation by pilot study resulting in a Cronbach’s ? = 0.7). Data were analyzed using SPSS-23. Results: A total of 70 drug addicts participated in the study. All of them were males, out of which 78% were adults, 4.3% were elderly and the remaining 17.1% were adolescents. The most common risk factor of relapse was found to be the lack of hobbies, n=32 (45.3%), followed by peer pressure, n=26 (33%), while the least common was economic factors, n=13 (18.6%). Association among variables such as age, peer pressure, family issues, polydrug abuse, lack of hobbies, disturbed sleep, and financial issues was significant p