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Silver coins were the first coins to be manufactured by mass production in the southern Levant. An assemblage of tiny provincial silver coins of the local (Judahite standard) and (Attic) obol-based denominations from the Persian and Hellenistic period Yehud and dated to the second half of the fourth century BCE were analyzed to determine their material composition. Of the 50 silver coins, 32 are defined as Type 5 (Athena/Owl) of the Persian period Yehud series (ca. 350–333 BCE); 9 are Type 16 (Persian king wearing a jagged crown/Falcon in flight) (ca. 350–333); 3 are Type 24 series (Portrait/Falcon) of the Macedonian period (ca. 333–306 BCE); and 6 are Type 31 (Portrait/Falcon) (ca. 306–302/1 BCE). The coins underwent visual testing, multi-focal light microscope observation, XRF analysis, and SEM-EDS analysis. The metallurgical findings revealed that all the coins from the Type 5, 16, 24, and 31 series are made of high-purity silver with a small percentage of copper. Based on these results, it is suggested that each series was manufactured using a controlled composition of silver–copper alloy. The findings present novel information about the material culture of the southern Levant during the Late Persian period and Macedonian period, as expressed through the production and use of these silver coins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines frequency dynamic spillovers in return and volatility and the hedging ability of Green Bonds, gold, silver, oil, the US dollar index, and volatility index against downside US stock prices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and for the short and long run. To do so, we use the Diebold and Yilmaz (2014), the TVP-VAR model, and the frequency spillover index by Baruník and Křehlík (2018). We show that the short-term volatility spillovers dominate their long-term counterparts. Green Bond is net transmitters of spillovers in the system at the short term and net receivers at the long term. S&P500 and silver (USDX and oil) are net transmitters (receivers) of short- and long-term spillovers. Gold and VIX are net receivers of short-term spillovers and net transmitters of long-term spillovers. COVID-19 crisis has more effects on the short-term spillover, which reaches its highest level early 2020. COVID-19 and time horizons lead the direction and the magnitude of spillovers. The Quantile-on-Quantile regression analysis shows significant nonlinear relationships between markets under study. More interestingly, we show that green bonds and gold are safe haven assets for US equity investors during COVID-19. On the other hand, a mixed portfolio offers higher diversification benefits. Finally, hedging effectiveness is dependent on COVID-19 and time horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on value added tax and price of silver bullion coins and simplification of financial management enabled the use of the reduced rate until 2013 tax rate on silver bullion coins. It mentions impact of pandemic as well aggression of Russia in Ukraine for attractiveness provided by gold and silver. It also mentions complex sales taxation of bullion coins represent and the price effects resulting from the removal of the beneficiaries.

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the decision of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on classification of actual circumstances and the resulting legal valuation differences make a detailed discussion with the decision necessary. It mentions assignment of the claim on the ones won with the horses at tournaments and the prize money to which the horse owners are entitled. It also mentions organizer of a horse race provides a service of the horse owner to the tournament organizer.

Purpose: The study aims to examine the relationship among economic policy uncertainty (EPU), geopolitical-risks (GPR), the interaction (EPGR) of EPU and GPR and the returns of gold, silver, platinum, palladium and rhodium using monthly data from January (1997) to May (2021). Design/methodology/approach: The paper employs the Markov-switching and the novel Shi et al. (2020) bootstrap time-varying Granger-causality approach. Findings: Though the Markov-switching shows variation in the responses of precious metals to EPU, GPR and EPGR across low and high states, the paper observes the safe-haven potential of the precious metals in the high regime while the hedging potency is also evident in the results. To further substantiate the safe-haven and hedging properties, the time-varying Granger-causality shows the causal effect of EPU on all the selected precious metal returns coinciding with global events. While the authors show that GPR Granger causes platinum, palladium and rhodium consistently under the rolling/recursive-evolving tests, the authors cannot find the causal effect of GPR on gold and silver returns across the algorithms. The paper also observes persistence in the causal effect of EPGR on palladium and platinum across all the algorithms, while gold and rhodium only show consistency in the responses under the rolling- and recursive-evolving algorithms given the conditions of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity. Practical implications: The authors' results are essential to investors and policymakers since both typically leverage the hedging and safe-haven characteristics of precious metals to obviate downside risks during highly uncertain periods. Originality/value: The authors' techniques allow examining the hedging and safe-haven properties of precious metals across regimes and date-stamp critical periods of causation inherent in the relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive review of the available information on Syllaeus, an official of the Nabataean empire, and his probable date of death. Only two contemporaneous sources, Strabo and Flavius Josephus, mention Syllaeus and his activities. The article discusses the original sources in detail and the context in which they were written, which has led to various conjectures in scholarly literature that lack evidence. In addition, the research reveals the publication of two previously unknown Jordan National Bank coins from Syllaeus's collection, shedding lighter on his life. The study suggests that both the Romans and King Aretas IV showed an interest in having Syllaeus executed in Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is about monetary reform projects in Puerto Rico and the riots caused by the resealed Mexican silver currency between 1888 and 1894. It discusses the situation of Mexican pesos and the concern for local disturbances of public order and business paralysis. Additionally, it mentions the acceptance of the national Spanish currency and the exclusion of old silver and copper coins from circulation. The article also talks about the global overproduction of silver and its impact on prices. Urgency is urged to reach a resolution promptly to avoid problems in monetary circulation. The monetary problem was resolved in 1895 with the exchange of Mexican currency for the provincial currency minted in Madrid. [Extracted from the article]

"The Yehud Coinage: A Study and Die Classification of the Provincial Silver Coinage of Judah" is a comprehensive study of the indigenous coinage of Judah during the Persian and early Hellenistic periods. The authors use archaeological evidence to explore the local economy, religious and social identity, government, settlement patterns, and conflicts in the region. The book provides a history of scholarship on Yehud coinage, a chronology of the coins, a die study, and an analysis of metrology. It also examines the interpretation of coin hoards and establishes relative and absolute chronologies based on iconography, paleography, die links, and hoards. The authors analyze the historical, iconographic, and technical aspects of the coins, offering new insights into their meaning. The book also explores the administration, location, and technology of the Yehud mint, as well as the economic role of the coins. Overall, "The Yehud Coinage" is a valuable resource for numismatists, archaeologists, and historians interested in the coinage of Judah. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Proceedings in Archeology & History of Ancient & Medieval Black Sea Region is the property of Cimmeria Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the scholarly and diplomatic career of Ibn Ajā and focuses on his journey to Tabriz. The author analyzes the chronology and itinerary of this journey based on the Tārīkh al-Amīr Yashbak. The text provides references to other works and editions related to Ibn Ajā's journey. It also discusses the entanglement between the Mamluk realms and post-Ilkhanid Persophonie, as well as the various channels of engagement between the Mamluk court and other Islamicate courts in the region. The author proposes emendations to the dates mentioned by Ibn Ajā to create a more coherent timeline. The text emphasizes the need for caution when interpreting dates in Muslim sources and highlights the importance of considering cultural and historical factors. Overall, the article provides valuable insights into Ibn Ajā's journey and its historical context. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Magazine General Union of Arab Archaeologists is the property of General Union of Arab Archaeologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forgeries exist in many fields. Money, goods, and works of art have been imitated for centuries to deceive and make a profit. In the field of Cultural Heritage, nuclear techniques can be used to study art forgeries. Ion beam analysis (IBA), as well as 14C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), are now established techniques, and the purpose of this paper is to report on their capacity to provide information on ancient, as well as modern, forgeries. Two case studies are presented: the production of silver counterfeit coins in the 16th century and the detection of recent forgeries of 20th century paintings. For the counterfeit coins, two silvering processes were identified by IBA: mercury silvering (also called amalgam silvering or fire silvering) and pure silver plating. The discovery of 14 mercury silvered coins is an important finding since there are very few known examples from before the 17th century. In the detection of recent forgeries, among the five paintings examined, 14C dating showed that three of them are definitely fakes, one is most likely a fake, and one remains undetermined. These results were obtained by using the bomb peak calibration curve to date canvas and paint samples.

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article reports on archaeological findings in Husby, Sweden, which provide new insights into the manor house and its history. During a metal detector survey, copper alloys and a stamp for the production of waffle gold foil were found, which were part of the exclusive decoration technique of cloisonné. Hack silver and coins from the Viking Age were also found, indicating an initial phase of commemoration. The results of the investigation shed new light on the history of Husby in Glanshammar during the Viking Age. [Extracted from the article]

In numismatics, coins are considered as a reflection of the economy and culture of a nation or civilization. Relative proportion of major/minor elements in coins provides valuable information on changes in monetary theory, economic conditions, material technologies, political aspect, religion, cultural heritage and art of minting at the time. Ten silver coins issued by Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, a ruler of the Bengal Sultanate, were selected from the collection of Bangladesh National Museum and analyzed using EDXRF for elemental composition and comparative study. Shamsuddin Iliyas Shah ascended the throne about the end of the year 1342 CE (743 Hijri) and had a reign of 16 years and some months. The main element, silver was estimated along with trace elements copper and gold. Silver was found in all coins and varied between 97% and 99% indicating the better economic condition of the regime of Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah. Moreover, copper was deliberately added to silver during coin fabrication for hardening purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patterns of finds of continental coinage appear to vary considerably, related to fluctuations in trading relationships and economics, with finds of Venetian coinage and the Low Countries most common.[39] A mid-12th-century I petit denier i struck at Ypres (Belgium) from Temple Bruer with Temple High Grange (Lincolnshire; LIN-6D2321; Fig 2j) is of an earlier date than the main Low Countries incursions (mid-late 13th century) and the first PAS-recorded example from outside southern England. Evidence from graves shows that such copies were often pierced for suspension, playing the same role in burials as official coins - eg as pendants at Lechlade (Gloucestershire) and Ipswich (Suffolk), and unmodified at Carisbrooke Castle (Isle of Wight), where it was placed in the mouth of the deceased.[9] Other plated imitations with piercings have been recorded by the PAS.[10] PHOTO (COLOR): Fig 1 Early medieval coins. Two pennies of Offa of Mercia (757-96), non-portrait types belonging to the "Light Coinage" (c 784-92), extend the distribution of Mercian coinage into SW England with finds from Tarrant Hinton (Dorset; DOR-A6A573; Fig 1f) - the first from Dorset - and Chitterne (Wiltshire; SUR-7F7364; Fig 1g). I General Editor: i NEIL CHRISTIE I Portable Antiquities Scheme Report edited by: i JOHN NAYLOR[1] I Medieval Britain and Ireland compiled and edited by: i TIZIANA VITALI I and i PATRICK GLEESON I with i TOMÁS Ó CARRAGÁIN This section of the journal comprises two core sets of reports linked to work in 2021: finds and analyses relating to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) and related research reports; and site-specific discoveries and reports in medieval Britain and Ireland (MB&I), with a selection of highlighted projects. [Extracted from the article]

The present research is focused on the 3-Polker coins issued during 1619–1627 by Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland. A major financial crisis took place at that time due to the 30-year War, which started in 1619. There are two theories among historians concerning the silver depreciation of these coins. The most common theory (generally accepted without proof) is that the later years of issue are depreciated below 60% Ag. The second theory is based on the medieval sources that indicate inflation during the years from 1621–1625, but the medieval source only refers to the inflation of the type of coins and does not mention the issuer. Therefore, in this study, we use modern investigation techniques and materials science methods to help historians elucidate the aforementioned aspects regarding the medieval period. The XRD investigation results are in good agreement with the SEM-EDX elemental analysis. The coins from 1619 and 1620 have high silver content, namely, 86.97% and 92.49%, which corresponds to good silver. The amount of Ag found in the coins from 1621–1625 issituated in the range of 63.2–74.6%. The silver titleis suddenly restored in 1626 at about 84.3% and is kept in a good range until the end of this decree under Sigismund III in 1627. In conclusion, the second theory was partly validated by our experimental results, certifying the currency depreciation during 1621–1625, but the silver title was not lower than 54.2%. Notably, even this depreciated silver title assures a good quality of the 3-Polker coins compared to similar coins issued in other countries that were copper–silver-plated. Therefore, the 3-Polker coins were preferably hoarded at that time.Small alterations in the mint mark's design were observed in all the depreciated coins compared to the good ones. This might be a sign for an expert to identify the depreciated coins, a fact which requires supplementary investigations. The silver title's restoration in 1626 also came with a complete change of the mintmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Latin Monetary Union (hereafter LMU) was established in 1865 between France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland. The agreement provided for the adoption of a common monetary base consisting of specie, and the adoption of the free circulation of gold and silver coins among them, whatever the issuing country. Despite its original goal, the minting of silver coins was subject to numerous restrictions (especially between 1874 and 1876) before being fully suspended by article nine of the convention of November 5th 1878. The necessity for a lender of last resort quickly appeared in practice, even though the 1865 convention, and its numerous amendments, did not mention it in theory. The present article looks at how the idea of the lender of last resort was discussed in the context of the Latin Monetary Union. Specifically, it focuses on two opposing views on the LMU and its problems, as adopted by French economists at the time. The article concludes that the Banque de France played a crucial role in safeguarding the LMU. Referring to Bordo's 1990 typology of lenders of last resort, we also add a fifth type, that of converter of last resort, to characterise the specific role played by the Banque de France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of multi-trap optical tweezers based on new quadrifocal kinoform lenses. The phase distribution of these diffractive lenses is characterized by the Silver Mean sequence. The focusing properties of the resulting aperiodic DOEs coined Kinoform Silver Mean Lenses (KSMLs) are numerically examined. It is shown that, under monochromatic illumination, a KSML drives most of the incoming light into four single foci whose focal lengths are related to the Silver ratio. In this way, a KSML improves the diffraction efficiency of binary Fresnel Silver Mean Zone Plates. Through experimental results, the simultaneous trapping of particles in the four focal planes and their three-dimensional manipulation is demonstrated. • Design and implementation of a new quadrifocal kinoform lens called KSMLs. • KSMLs focus light into four foci with Silver ratio-related focal lengths. • Implementation of KSMLs on an optical tweezers setup. • KSMLs enable particle multi-trapping and manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]