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The interest in Czech slang in the 1930s was not only the domain of the academic community, but we can also find good collection of data among amateur researchers. This text focuses on the researchneglected work of Jaroslav Podzimek and his fieldwork in the years 1934–1935, which is unique in its focus on the „language“ of the non-settled population. The study compares data from the urban environment, published mainly by German researchers, with data from the so-called itinerant niche and examines their validity at present.

In this article we propose to study the different ways in which three Greek translators have dealt with popular slang in Émile Zola's L'Assommoir. More precisely, using tools and methods used in CALT (Computer Assisted Literary Translation) and Translational Stylistics, we will examine the translation of popular slang drawn from the semantic field of alcohol, in the speech of three characters of the novel (Coupeau, Mes-Bottes, Bec-Salé/ Boit-Sans-Soif). Starting from the observation that popular slang is not only a central stylistic element of the novel but also an essential aspect of the very identity of the text, closely linked to the literary techniques practiced by the author, we try to identify the main techniques adopted to translate popular slang into Greek. Our main aim is to distinguish the strategies of the translators (in terms of their position on the domestication-exoticization continuum proposed by Venuti) and to put the translations in perspective with respect to the socio-cultural conditions and the initial norms (appropriateness or acceptability according to Toury) that govern the act of translating in each given period.

The focus of this work is on comprehension of active process in the modern Russian language: changes in lexis and grammar, widening of stylistic variability and social functioning of the language, formation of a particular communicative area, which has a virtual status, and new strategies of speech behavior. In this article the original concept of language transgression is provided, which is deined by cultural ground of post-industrial social formation, postmodern philosophy as well as postnonclassical scientiic paradigm, inherent laws of language development and creative power of the language. This work deals with the genesis of philosopheme of transgression, the origin of which is traced in Fichte, Kant and Heidegger works. The final articulation was acquired in the scientiic works of French postmodern philosophers such as Foucault, Blanchot and Bataille. In addition, Russian philologist Lotman has made a significant contribution in analysis of transgressive phenomenon. In wide cross-cultural aspect, the transgression is considered as universal and flexible strategy of transcending social, moral and religious standards, language restrictions and structures. The embodiment of transgression of language area is understood as destruction and reduction of the codiied system of written form of the language. The penetration of substandard highly specialized vocabulary in communicative ield of mass media is regarded as one of the variants of this process. On the one hand, it serves practical aims of conscious communicative strategy, that is reaching an absolute interest, a full trust and a perception of the recipient, destruction of personal boundaries of communicators (blending of friend-or-foe words through the infusion of spoken elementin substantive indirect forms of writing or TV or radio communication). On the other hand, such speech behavior is dictated by determined demand of modern person in breaking rules and prohibitions, which is used as epistemological framework. In this research, the cross-curricular links of modern humanitarian knowledge are actualized.

The article deals with the description of language interference as the main process in creating the regional identity of the Russian language in Donbass. The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that it is the first attempt to identify the role and forms of language interference in the formation of a regiolect, moreover, the object of research of the processes of language systems interaction is the Donetsk diffuse regiolect, which arose on the South Russian language base as a result of interference of closely related languages and regiolects. The stated subject involves the identification of types, zones, models and participants of interference interaction. The purpose of the article is to determine the sources and results of language interference that occurred during the formation of the Donetsk diffuse regiolect. The author uses general scientific and linguistic methods and techniques for analyzing regionalisms, in particular, comparative, descriptive methods, methods of collecting and processing sociolinguistic data, specialized methods for determining regionalisms. The use of basic methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the observation method when considering Donetsk language phenomena, allowed the author to determine the Russian basis of the Donetsk regiolect, its diffuse nature, to justify the implementation in regional modifying the “interference absorption” model of external (different language and different regiolect) and internal (idiom) language phenomena, to establish the language zones of interference interaction, the main language systems that participated in the formation of the Donetsk regiolect, and the degree of their participation in this process. The obtained theoretical conclusions can be used in the study of the regiolects of the territories of late settlement, formed on the basis of closely related languages and regiolects, for example, Russian and Ukrainian, Russian and Belorussian, etc.

The article reveals the communicative and pragmatic parameters of the blog as a genre of personal Internet communication. On the material of the blog by Lyudmila Linnyk on the website «Galitsky Correspondent» it is proved that language means of different levels can participate in the process of text and character formation. They can acquire additional meanings in the process of unfolding the text, form an evaluative frame of the message, and facilitate the decoding of blog posts in the manner defined by the author mainstream. The purpose of the study is to reveal the communicative and pragmatic features of a blog as a specific genre of Internet communication. The following methods have been used in the work: descriptive (with its help we have collected and analyzed language means that are significant in the communication process), contextual (has allowed us to explore the environment of linguistic units and its impact on the result of communication) and the associative field method (has helped to identify associative links between in words, the implementation of a multilevel analysis of tokens). It is noted that various researchers base their understanding of a blog as a separate genre of communication in the network on its specific characteristics, but everyone agrees with the statement that a blog is a website with chronological, back-structured multimedia information presented in it, the content of which can be commented on. It has been found that the communicative and pragmatic potential of a blog as a genre of personal Internet communication is realized due to the actualization of linguistic means of different levels: pronouns and deictic structures, connotative and associative linguistic units, slang and pejorative elements, phraseological units, grafon, parcels, affix morphemes. It has been established that pronouns are used in blogs to intensify the text, dynamizing the storyline, and forming antinomies. Connotationally and associatively coloured linguistic units act as keywords that are nodes of a concatenation of the semantic structure of the text, the starting point for the development of the topic; they are emotionally evaluative components capable of semantically expanding the text, giving it new semantic dimensions, reflecting the blogger’s position and his individualized vision of certain social problems. Parcelled constructions perform attractively and meaningful reinforcing functions, actualize the blogger’s speech intentions. The use of grafon as a way of avoiding the graphic standard contributes to the actualization of the meanings of individual lexemes, providing them with new meanings. Slang and pejorative elements, like affixal morphemes, form evaluativeness (usually negative), expressiveness and euphemism. It is noted that different types of linguistic units can form the evaluative frame of the message, intensify the plotline, express the presentation of the material, establish connections between implications in the text and facilitate the identification of the associative meanings of the word

In this study, the formulaic expressions that have become jargon as a result of the fact that car shopping has been mainly transferred to internet sites are focused on. In the study, firstly, the relationship between jargon and slang concepts was addressed and other studies related to the topic were mentioned. Then, some explanations were made about the position of the virtual shopping language in the general uses of the language and the nature of this language. In addition, it is stated that the individual language used in traditional shopping can become the jargon of the related social group by transforming it into text on virtual shopping sites. Based on these explanations, the jargonization process of the formulaic expressions in the text of the advertisement prepared for car shopping on virtual platforms was evaluated. It was explained with examples that the guidance of the sellers about safety, cleanliness, less cost and comfort are effective in the jargon of these formulaic expressions. In addition, while expressing these jargons in writing, usage contrary to the standardized language that arises was also discussed. It was explained that these mistakes are sometimes made intentionally to manipulate the buyer and sometimes unconsciously depending on factors such as the educational level of the sellers.

Slang is a phenomenon of using language variations that arise due to language development and a social dynamic in society in the realm of language. Slang in Indonesian is referred to as bahasa gaul and is mainly used by young people when communicating with other groups. Therefore, this study attempts to analyse more in depth the form, function and meaning of existing slang, particularly used in social media. This research is qualitative by documentation methods in data collection. The data was obtained through observations about the use of slang in several social media then the slang found is classified into the type and formation of words. Based upon Allan & Burridge (2006) the findings show that the forms of slang found on social media are very diverse, creative and active including Fresh and Creative, Flippant, Imitative, Acronyms and Clipping

This paper analyzes the expressivity of popular language from the novels ”Iancu Jianu, Head of Administration” and ”Iancu Jianu, Captain of the Hajduks” by N.D. Popescu. The popular language is a language specific aspect, a language version and a main component of the oral version of the national language. In literary works, the popular language has a stylistic purpose. The aesthetic value of the text is the result of the process by which the expressiveness of the writer`s language is converted into an individual literary rule. The stylistic processes and brands encountered in popular language are national specific and they reflect the history, the way of thinking and the feelings of Romanian people. The popular language implies the release of constraints and limitations imposed by national language standard. I have chosen this study because it is an important matter that was not explored in Romanian hajduk novels and hajduk short fiction (novella, short-story, and tale).

The purpose of this paper was to describe the different types of slang words and their meanings that were discovered in the data source. Slang is a part of sociolinguistics and a common phenomenon found in all languages, so this research is crucial. As a result, slang remains interesting to study or analyze. The data was analyzed by performing the following steps: first, repeatedly watching Kevin Misher’s film Carrie and looking for statements that reflected the slang words and phrases used in the film. The theories used in this study were based on Chapman’s (1988) slang word theory of Primary slang and Secondary slang, as well as Leech’s (1988) seven types of slang word meaning: conceptual, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning (1974). The data collection method used in this paper was documentation. And descriptive and qualitative methods were used to analyze the data. The study’s findings revealed that thirty slang expressions were examined. One or two words make up the majority of the slang in this film. The slang meanings discovered in this study mostly expressed the expression’s implicit meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropelías: Revista de Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada is the property of Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Dialogue: East-West is the property of International Center for Slavic Education- Sveti Nikole and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Treaties & Documents / Razprave in Gradivo is the property of Institut za Narodnostna Vprasanja and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I analyze institutions of prison subculture that mitigate potential violent confrontations among inmates, in contrast to Hobbesian-Zimbardo default spontaneous violence. The games that are relatively rarely played in prison are Chicken and other violent confrontation games. Incoming rookie inmates are subject to initiation tests that allocate them into different subcultural groups, which signals their toughness and disincentivizes fighting. Most experienced inmates develop the eristic skills utilizing prison argot, use informal conflict adjudicators, and fake aggression toward rookies. All inmates form defensive coalitions. Finally, when inmates commit self-injuries, they follow well-rehearsed protocols to minimize the damage to their bodies and to maximize the impression made on the authorities. The secret knowledge of the associated rules, tricks, and cons is passed down over generations of prisoners through informal schooling. The material for this study comes from two Polish prisons, where the author spent 5 months as a political prisoner in 1985. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper presents a critique of how a totalising consumer voice predominates, as does a globalised marketing knowledge. We argue that it is time to release ideas from the marginalised, the unhinged and the peripheral. We feature a fictional dialogue between two characters using vernacular language: Ọmọ Naija, a Pidgin-speaking Yorùbá woman from Nigeria, and Rab, a Glasgow Patter-speaking man from Scotland. The conversation traverses two important areas of critique regarding hierarchies of knowledge in marketing: (1) decolonisation and (2) marginalisation of the vernacular. Our characters draw upon ancient and contemporary thinkers, writers and cultural icons to substantiate their critiques. Our analysis foregrounds how hierarchies of knowledge in marketing serve academic imperialism, an untranslatability of vernacular life and ignore the terroir of everyday existences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Most phylogenomic library preparation methods and bioinformatic analysis tools in restriction site–associated DNA sequencing (RADseq)/genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) studies are designed for use with Illumina data. The lack of alternative bioinformatic pipelines hinders the exploration of long‐read multi‐locus data from other sequencing platforms. The Simple Long‐read loci Assembly of Nanopore data for Genotyping (SLANG) pipeline enables locus assembly, orthology estimation, and single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling using Nanopore‐sequenced multi‐locus data. Methods and Results: Two test libraries (Leucanthemum spp., Senecio spp.; Compositae) were prepared using an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)‐based method to reduce genome complexity, then Nanopore‐sequenced, and analyzed with SLANG. We identified 704 and 448 orthologous loci with 12,368 and 10,048 SNPs, respectively. The constructed phylogenetic networks were identical to a GBS network produced using Leucanthemum Illumina data and were consistent with Senecio species circumscriptions based on morphology. Conclusions: SLANG identifies orthologous loci and extracts SNPs from long‐read multi‐locus Nanopore data for phylogenetic inference, population genetics, or phylogeographical studies. Combined with an AFLP‐based library preparation, SLANG provides an easily scalable, cost‐effective, and affordable alternative to Illumina‐based RADseq/GBS procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper embarks upon ascertaining the chronological advance in the modern Egyptian-Arabic slang usage over a span of more than one hundred years, from the earlier decades of the twentieth century to the first decade of the twenty-first. The sociolinguistic survey is implemented via a close reading of modern Egyptian-Arabic fiction works authored in different stages in recent Egyptian history, and which have been mostly written in informal, colloquial language. The conversational parts of these modern novels yield, via a sociolinguistic exploration, several slang expressions that have been subject to many changes with the passing of time, yet special reference is given to four books of fiction as typical epitomes of the sequential eras. A big number of modern Egyptian-Arabic movies have been fashioned out of narrative works, so if media productions are considered as windows for informal language, recent and contemporary fiction might be one of the chief sources where a reader can learn about the various slang idioms and how these terms have developed all through ages. This study pays meticulous attention to the following modern novels: Ihsan Abdel-Quddus' Ana Hurra (I am Free) (1954), Yusuf Al-Qaeed'sLaban Al-asfour (The Sparrow's Milk (1994)Khaled Al-Khamissi'sTaksy (Taxi)(2006) -Youssef Maaty'sKalamAbeehGeddan (Very Dirty Words)(2009). Lexicographers have noted that a significant shift happened in Egyptian-Arabic prose writing in the early decades of the twentieth century, in which a further amount of everyday speech began to enter the narrative style. Due to its sociological and scholastic weight, both the marks and the minute down-to-earth progress of such change is the focus of this study. Modern Egyptian-Arabic slang register has grown in Egyptian-Arabic novels from around the 1920s to the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a fact that language is dynamic, and nothing can not stop it from changing. This dynamism has implications for the use of various languages among Indonesians. The youth mostly uses it because they are active and massive users of technology and social media. This research aims to describe the form and character of the linguistic variation of slang which is popularly used by the millennial generation. In this study, data is taken from social media, and direct informants then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method. The results showed that four types of linguistic variation of slang which is popularly used by the millennial generation such phonology (32,29%), morphology (22,92%), syntax (4,17%), and semantics aspect (40, 63%). Based on the results, the millennial generation’s most dominant type of semantics aspect with 39 data (40, 63%). It means that millennials preferred using more slang utterances modified in semantic elements. Millennials did not completely change or create many new meanings. They retained the meanings of existing references only in the forms of new terms.

The article analyses 246 hybrid verbs of Slavic origin with the suffixes -inti, -uoti, -yti, -ėti, -auti from the Lithuanian slang and non-standard dictionary. The study reveals that borrowings with affixal adaptation are always adapted to the linguistic system. The most popular suffix is -inti (190 hybrid verbs). There are some (64) derivative hybrids with this suffix, hybrids are formed from the adapted basic words, and therefore, in such cases hybrid verbs are derivations of the suffix -inti. There are twice as many adaptive hybrids (126), which are morphologically adapted by replacing the derivative suffix of the language donor with the suffix of the language recipient. Other suffixes are rare: -uoti (21), -yti (12), -ėti (12), -auti (11), with which derivative hybrids are usually formed from already adapted basic noun in slang.

The article deals with the study of processes of individual and group identification design. The research is based on the commentaries in social networking. The signs of political differentiation in the society are analyzed: the discursive practices reflecting different ideological views, linguistic means marking semiotic border “our world” and “the alien world”, various oppositions in intercultural and intracultural fields. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of slang used by different ideological groups, mythological and stereotype structures, language semantic processes which produce new axiological values. Productive word-formation models, describe the mechanisms of paronimic attraction, phoneme and graphic variations and other means of ironic evaluation and sarcasm are revealed.

The article analyses 200 nouns of Lithuanian slang with the three most common Slavic suffixes: -ka, -kė (Russ. -ка, Pl. -ka); -akas (Russ. -ак, Pl. -ak), -iakas (Russ. -як); -ščikas, -čikas (Russ. -щик, -чик). The majority of nouns in the slang are with the suffixes -kė, -ka. A part of the borrows with theses suffixes are the result of suffix univerbation; the univerbs usually are informal or slang words in Russian language. The borrowings with the suffixes -akas, -iakas are the second most common: these nouns are mostly slang words in Russian. There are many hybrids created with the suffixes -akas, -iakas in Lithuanian slang. The nouns with the suffixes -ščikas, -čikas are the third most common; the words with -ščikas are more ordinary in slang; the suffix -čikas is less common, but both forms are often used as synonyms. There are also few pseudo-borrowings with Russian roots and suffixes -ščikas, -čikas as well as hybrid derivatives.

The article traces the origin of the 16th to 18th-century underclass slang word autem mort which means married woman. Topics include the definition of the word in the "Oxford English Dictionary," the early lexicographer's description of autem mort, the first element of autem mort for which the OED has a very limited commentary, and the origin of the term from Old Norse murta or small trout or other fish.

Slang is the everyday use of language and is not considered standard in speech. Slang also has its vocabulary and is categorized as informal vocabulary. Yet this study is about slang used in social media aimed at social interaction. The objective of this study was to analyze layered slang sentences on WhatsApp and Instagram using a minimalist framework and look at the formation of sentence types that are considered informal. The study to be conducted by the researcher uses only qualitative methods. This method is more descriptive to the description of the 'meaning' of the sentences studied by collecting and executing a content analysis on 25 slang sentences from social media, namely Instagram and Whatsapp, as observation instruments. The results of studies that have been obtained from the use of slang language in social media such as Whatsapp and Instagram were found to have a relationship with personal pronouns, verbs and the influence of foreign languages. This slang consists of four forms of slang words, namely slang word a, which refers to the pronoun (KGN) self, slang word refers to expression, slang word refers to verb (KK) and also slang word which is influenced by foreign language. This study successfully shows that the widespread use of slang due to social media harms the Malay language if not curbed properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Film translation has become a worldwide field in which subtitlers translate and transfer language and style from one culture into another. Subtitling has always been affected by cultural elements. The purpose of this study was to find out how professional subtitlers differ from fansubbers when dealing with such expressions concerning the strategies that both groups use to subtitle these expressions. To achieve the goals of this study, the researchers identified 120 slang expressions from two American movies, Goodfellas and Training Day, but chose only 30 slang expressions to report on how they were rendered by both groups. Results of the study showed that the professional subtitler and the fansubbers faced many challenges and used varying strategies when subtitling slang expressions. The challenges were related to the presence of some cultural terms and different types of slangs which are unfamiliar to most subtitlers. The most frequent strategies used by the professional subtitler and fansubbers were paraphrase, euphemism, omission, and calque. The study recommends that further studies be conducted on a larger sample of slang expressions in American or British movies and TV series. In addition, the subtitling of these slang expressions can be investigated in other target cultures and languages such as Spanish, Persian, Turkish, Greek, and Kurdish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twenty-first century gave birth to a new generation of “internet natives” that are actively developing a new form of communication – the laconic semivisual and semi-verbal tidbits of wit and wisdom known as memes. The study of memes is only just beginning to emerge, mainly in the West, and the ubiquitousness of the phenomenon requires researchers to actively classify the linguistics of meme culture according to its integral semiotic properties and its unique historicity. Memes have become the new form of sharing and togetherness, and to ignore the significance of this phenomenon is to miss the core dynamics of the new generation of communicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the long-term influence of the French language on the formation of Bulgarian phraseology. Distinct periods during which the French influence on Bulgarian is especially strong are analyzed. Hypotheses of individual scholars about the calquing of French phrasemes both in Bulgarian and internationally are commented on. Idioms, conventional metaphors and metonymies, loan translations of verb paraphrases, and other types of collocations are discussed. Since the French influence is both literary and oral in Bulgarian from the National Revival Period to the present day, both slang and colloquial expressions based on the French model are used. Through a comparative study of a translation done during the Revival, an attempt is made to outline the specifics of borrowing in the field of phraseology in the years before the Liberation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hawlyat Al-Montada is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the role of referential directness and community emblematization in the documentation of Libyan sign processes construed by Italian colonial ethnographers as secretive. I examine the key texts on these practices to show that colonial ethnographers metasemiotically framed the so-called argots of Libya in terms of what was understood to be their occulting function of hiding one's intentions and their anti-language function of opposing established society. I show that Italian colonial-ethnological preoccupations with clarity and moral unity were articulated against the discursive background of French colonial ethnology of Algeria as well as Italian racist criminology anchored in the metaphor of relative opacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the phenomena of multiethnolect, ethnolect, contact language and pidgin has been analyzed, which are inherent in the speech of migrants. The peculiarities of this linguistic phenomena are based on the example of different languages (German, English, Norwegian, etc.). In particular, emphasis is placed on the reasons for their formation. The commonalities and differences between analyzed linguistic concepts are also outlined. The analyzed phenomena contains a large amount of foreign vocabulary, which is not in the literary version of the language. At the same time, they create new forms, build their specific grammar. The experience of foreign researchers working on this topic is taken into account, so examples from local realities are given. The focus is on multiethnolect as a language of modern European cities. The spread of this phenomenon beyond the narrow groups of migrants, where it was formed, is traced. For example, in Germany, a mixture of German and Turkish is popular among ethnic German youth. An attempt is made to compare the realities of migrant speech in Europe with the speech of migrants in Ukraine. Based on the sociological study «Prestige of Ukrainian language among foreign students in Lviv» the features of the language of foreign students of three largest Lviv universities: Lviv Polytechnic National University, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University, Lviv National University have been analyzed. According to the study, almost all foreign students use Ukrainian words, both in literary language and in slang, dialect and «surzhyk» are common on the streets of Lviv. In fact, Ukrainian language is most often used in everyday situations outside the university: for example, in public places – transport (81.8%), shops (90.2%), cafes and restaurants (82.2%), health care facilities (68%). In contrast, in the academic environment, the language of communication is mostly English – 67.6%, and at the place of residence of students – their native language (67.6%). This is due to the fact that most university courses are taught in English, and most foreign students, as already mentioned, are not interested in staying in Ukraine after graduation, so they are not highly motivated to deepen their knowledge of Ukrainian. Thus, the primacy of the communicative function of Ukrainian language among foreign students is attested; the most typical situations in which foreigners use Ukrainian language are identified; an attempt has been made to explain the current state of affairs. The speech of foreign students is classified as a contact language and prepidzhin, which is caused by the temporary stay of these people on the territory of Ukraine, and hence the need for full integration with Ukrainian society. To increase the interest in Ukrainian language by foreign students, exercises with the use of slang vocabulary have been proposed.

This paper examines linguistic debates surrounding new stylistic conventions in American English, namely the use o f uptalk (speaking statements with a sing note at the end, as in a question), vocal fry (the injection o f creaky, glottal vibrations at the end o f words), and the increasing appearance o f slang in the United States school system. These phenomena are assessed through the prism o f Dwight Macdonald’s essays on English from the l°60s, and the “prescriptive” vs. “descriptive” debate on lexicography bom in that ame decade. While this division of perspectives and \alues defines the rift from past models of language and culture, the current prevalence of the descriptiv e school in American academia and its endorsement of uptalk, vocal fry, and slang designate the trajectory of English’s stylistic future.

This páper attempts to interrelate culture (as a set of values produced and received by a specific community, including its artistic and literary production) and language/speech culture/cultiva on. Its point of departure is the classic hierarchy of styles, the differentiation between high style (which is associated with cultivated, and in Czech, exclusively standard language expression), middle and low style. Low style is characterized by the use of non-standard. slang and expressive means and vulgarisms, and currently extends into Czech literatuře; the style characteristics o f which, in addition to the non-standard means listed above, are contributed to by a significant amount of English loanwords, trendy words and phi ases (often from the media and advertising spheres). The use of all means of low style by the younger generation o f Czech authors is motivated by cnrical attitudes towards the contemporary consumption-oriented society. This is documented in the páper through examples irom two playwrights (David Drábek, Petr Kolečko) and two poets (Karel Škrabal, Jan Tesnohlídek, Jr.). The critical orientation of the authors is directed toward the lifestyle of the society - it is, of course, a question, how to evaluate their work from the perspective of language culture/cultivation.

This research is a process of collecting and counting a number of words collected through the daily conversations taking place in the Hilla society (the city of Hilla). We wanted to document the colloquial language in the city of Hilla, which is a common language in its colloquial language, so that we can contribute to collecting of the Hilla heritage through this authentic language. And it is an integral part of the slang Iraqi language , that our contribution is a continuation of what was written by those who preceded us in such a collection, research and addition of new linguistic to such researches as the language is in the daily development and renewal of the vocabulary of the colloquial and according to the development of time and its life data. We relied in our research on the process of classifying vocabulary according to the function it performs. The number of vocabulary used in the research may not represent all the vocabulary of the colloquial language, but rather it is a modest contribution to the collection and study process, and this research falls within a series of research that we are working to accomplish in sequence in the process of documenting and detailing the colloquial Iraqi vocabulary, which is a rich linguistic and cultural heritage. These vocabulary may be unnecessary in some of them and essential in others by virtue of the social influences and neighborhood of peoples and the original ones have their historical roots back thousands of years and to ancient and original languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic It falls within the Semitic languages tree, in which the Arabic language constitutes an important branch, from which various dialects branched out. Our folklore, which has this aesthetic characteristic that distinguished it from the surrounding languages spoken Among its Arab neighbors, this dialect, with its beautiful vocabulary, became a prominent feature of the original Iraqi heritage. هذا البحث هو عملية جمع و احصاء لعدد من الالفاظ تم جمعها من خلال الحوارات اليومية الدارجة في الشارع الحلي (مدينة الحلة ) , اردنا بذلك توثيق اللغة العامية في مدينة الحلة و هي لغة دارجة في الفاظها العامية , لنسهم بجمع التراث الحلي من خلال هذا العمل وهو تكملة لما كتبه من سبقنا بهكذا جمع و بحث و اضافة لغوية جديدة لهكذا بحوث حيث ان اللغة في تطور و تجدد يومي للمفردات العامية و حسب تطور الزمان و معطياته الحياتية . اعتمدنا في بحثنا على عملية تصنيف المفردات حسب الوظيفة التي تؤديها , ان عدد المفردات المستعملة في البحث قد لا تمثل جميع مفردات اللغة العامية و انما هو اسهامة متواضعة في عملية الجمع و الدراسة ويندرج هذاالبحث ضمن سلسلة بحوث نعمل على انجازها تباعا في عملية توثيق وتاصيل المفردات العامية العراقية التي تعد موروثا لغويا وثقافيا غنيا , هذه المفردات قد تكون دخيلة في بعضها واصيلة في البعض الاخر بحكم التاثيرات الاجتماعية والتجاورللشعوب والاصيل منها تعود جذوره التاريخية الى الاف السنين والى لغات قديمة واصيلة كالاكدية والارامية وهي تندرج ضمن شجرة اللغات السامية والتي تشكل اللغة العربية فرعا مهما فيها تفرعت منه لهجات مختلفة ,ان هذه المفردات اصيلة في بعضها ومنقولة في بعضها الاخروهي بجملتها تشكل موروثنا الشعبي الذي بصبغته الجمالية هذه ميزها عما حولها من لغات منطوقة بين جاراتها العربيات واصبحت هذه اللهجة بمفرداتهاالجميلة سمة بارزة من سماة التراث العراقي الاصيل .و من الله التوفيق .

Literary translation, despite the numerous rewards it offers both to translators themselves and the humanity in general, is considered to be the most challenging type of translation. Research shows that numerous factors contribute to this state of affairs. The differences between the source and target language and culture surely account for a large portion of the challenges that arise in doing literary translation. In addition, literature abounds with diverse literary genres – the most predominant ones being prose¬, poetry and plays. Each of them features a set of specific traits which when transferred into the target language need to be addressed with special deliberation. Nevertheless, a plethora of issues that literary translators grapple with are common to all three literary genres. These encompass translating the title, the culture-specific terms, slang, expletives, subtext, style, etc. This paper is intended to shed some light on these common pitfalls that recur in translating diverse literary genres, and is intended to be of assistance to novice literary translators. What makes the study particularly valid and authentic is the fact that the points discussed are illustrated with instances of translation solutions extracted from empirical studies of Macedonian translations of literary works originally written in English.

In English, there are a series of paired antonyms ending with the same suffix, particularly in slang or colloquial speech—stardom, regulardom/unknowndom; friendship, enemyship; singlehood, marriedhood, etc. This article looks into the tenets of the analogical suffixation of paired antonyms (ASPA), which is the process that is thought to underlie the mechanisms of morphological analogy and semantic complementation in the structuring of same-suffixed antonymic pairs (APs). In the study of ASPA, the AP innie/outie is used to explore the interconnection of antonymy, suffixation and analogy in the twenty-nine senses identified in the corpora (News on the Web Corpus and Lexis Nexis Academic). This case study shows that the semantic composition of the AP is the result of overlapping categories that involve the bases (in-, out-), the attached suffix (-ie/y), the complementary and coalescent nature of the pairs and the morphological adaptation undergone by the etymons to fit into the pairing markedness. The process of ASPA is a universal and scalar property that depends on the semantic opacity of bases, the sociolinguistic value of the word stock and the concept of lexical creativity. The examination of the morphological analogy of paired antonyms can shed more light on the predictability and performance (profitability) of word-formation mechanisms in both mainstream and peripheral lexis.

This article is devoted to the analysis of military slang peculiarities. Military discourse is a topical issue in the context of modern military conflicts and military contacts development of the 21st century. Mentioned above discourse is the main instrument not only for giving commands and orders, strategies and doctrines, but it also aims at forming ideology in society, embracing the whole discourse. So communication in military circles and the discourse itself should transfer cultural models based on specific elements and phenomena. Army is known to be one of the most important social institutions of many governments including a complicated system of individuum relations realized by communication rules and regulations. Thus studying some peculiarities of military discourse verbalization as a social professional subcode is a really important issue. It emphasizes the applicability of this research.

Slang language is an informal language which has been used among different social groups and entered literature, too. Considering the linguistic and cultural limits in the process of slang translation, this study was done to examine the translation of slang language in two children and adult picture novels, The Diaries of a Wimpy Kid, and The Brilliant World of Tom Gates. The first novel written by Kinney exploded in popularity and was considered New York Times bestseller in 2007. It has won many national and international prizes including “Nickeldone” and “The children praised book”. The second novel, The Brilliant World of Tom Gates, was written by Pishon. It has won several prestigious awards, including Roald Dahl funny Prize and the Water Stones children’s Book Prize. It has also been translated into over 33 languages worldwide. This study was done to elaborate different types of slangs and translation strategies applied in the translation of slangs to show how much the translators were successful in translating slang words and how the introduced translation strategies were beneficial in translation of slang expressions. The data of this qualitative-descriptive study were collected by applying Partridge’s theory about types of slangs and Baker’s strategies for translation of slangs. Partridge distinguishes ten different kinds of slangs: a. Cockney: It is divided into two types used by educated and uneducated people; b. Public house: It refers to group words and phrases made up for the smallness of the recorded vocabulary by nature. It is the main, genial, cheery, materialistic, but not gross nor cynical one; c. Workmen’s: Linking up with the public house is workmen’s slang which is very closed to tradesman slang used to refer to family and financial matters in workmen’s lives; d. Tradesmen: They are used between tradesmen; e. Commerce: it refers to slangs used in trade between tradesmen and customers; f: Public schools and universities: in these type students become the main source, because they are fresh, full of spirit to move forward for their future; g: Society: it is concerned with the spirit of universe, the world life; h. Art: The words and phrases of art are quickly adopted by the society; however, only few words of them are known; I. Theatre: It came to existence in the nineteen century and is related to slangs in art; and J. Church: Slangs not only appear from people in the street or in their daily conversation, but also can be found from a holy place such as church. Baker provides 8 strategies for translation of slangs: 1. Translation by a more general word: The translator uses a common word in the target language which expresses the same referential meaning and the same expressive meaning as those of the slangs in the source text; 2. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word: It consists of data that are translated using common words or phrases of dissimilar meaning, both referential and expressive; 3. Translation by cultural substitution: This strategy involves replacing a culture-specific item with a target language item, which does not have some propositional meaning but is likely to have similar impact on the target reader; 4. Translation by loan or loan word plus explanation; 5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word: This strategy consists of data that are translated using words or phrases of similar referential meaning but dissimilar expressive meaning; 6. Translation by paraphrasing using an unrelated word: Means translation using words or phrases of similar expressive meaning but dissimilar referential meaning; 7. Translation by omission: The translator can omit one word or more to make the translation suitable to the target language structure, seems natural, and suitable for the target language’s culture, 8. Translation by illustration: This strategy enjoys illustrations or pictures to convey the idea from the source text to the target text. Pictures can be helpful to the translator for translating slangs appropriately. According to Partridge’s classification of slang types, there were three types of slangs of school and university (53.27%), social (44.26%) and workmen (24.45%) in the first novel. In the second novel, there were also three types of slangs, namely, social (72%), school and university (24%), and artistic slangs (4%). For translation of these slangs in the first novel, eight strategies of translation introduced by Baker were used. They were translation by more general words (62.22%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (9.76%), cultural substitution (15.86%), translation using loan words and explanations (2.44%), paraphrasing using related words (20.44%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (18.3%), omission (9.76%) and translation by illustrations (6.1%). In the second novel, six strategies were applied. They were namely, translation by more general words (4%), translation by more neutral/less expressive words (0%), cultural substitution (30%), translation using loan words and explanations (6%), paraphrasing using related words (26%), paraphrasing using unrelated words (30%), omission (0%) and translation by illustrations (4%) were applied. In the first novel, translating by more general words was the most applied strategy and in the second novel, cultural substitution and translation by unrelated words were the most used ones. By applying translation by more general words strategy, the translator of the first novel made the meaning of slang words change and transferred them to common words, so he did not transfer the exact meaning of slangs and did not produce the same effect on the target language. On the other hand, the second translator applied the cultural substitution strategy to find proper equivalences for slangs in the target culture and in this way succeeded in transferring the exact meaning of slangs, and producing the same effect on the target language. Another finding of this study was that pictures are influential in transferring meaning of slang language to children and adult reader. According to results of this study, pictures can help the translator in conveying the meaning of slang words in children and young adult literature.

Tulisan ini membahas tentang ketaksaan leksikal dalam lagu “Glow Like Dat” dan “See Me” karya Rich Brian. Ketaksaan leksikal dalam lagu dapat menyebabkan penyampaian pesan mengalami kendala pemaknaan budaya, bahasa, sosiologis, dan psikologis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk leksikal yang digunakan di dalam lagu tersebut apakah mengandung ketaksaan leksikal, dan kemudian menganalisis bentuk ketaksaan leksikal dan makna kata-kata dalam lirik lagu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deksriptif kualitatif dan metode non-participant observation sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Data yang dianalisis diambil dari lirik lagu “Glow Like Dat” dan “See Me” karya Rich Brian yang kemudian diklasifikasikan ke dalam beberapa kategori ketaksaan leksikal dan pemaknaannya. Temuan penelitian yang diperoleh adalah ketaksaan leksikal yang terdapat di dalam lagu “Glow Like Dat” dan “See Me” karya Rich Brian dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai homonimi berbentuk homofon, serta polisemi yang dikemas dalam bentuk kata slang. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pemahaman terhadap pemaknaan leksikal dalam lagu berbahasa Inggris sangat penting bagi penutur bukan berbahasa Inggris agar memperoleh pemahaman makna lagu yang komprehensif. This paper discusses lexical ambiguities in the songs "Glow Like Dat" and "See Me" by Rich Brian. Lexical ambiguities of the songs can cause the delivery of messages to experience constraints of meanings in cultural, language, sociological, and psychological aspects. The purpose of this study is to identify the lexical forms used in the songs whether they contain lexical ambiguities, and then to analyse the lexical ambiguities forms and meaning of words in song lyrics. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method and a non-participant observation method as data collection techniques. The data analysed were taken from the lyrics of the songs "Glow Like Dat" and "See Me" by Rich Brian, which were then classified into several categories of lexical ambiguities and their meaning. The research findings obtained are the lexical ambiguities contained in the songs "Glow Like Dat" and "See Me" by Rich Brian can be classified as homonymy in the form of homophones and polysemy which are packaged in slang words. The conclusion of this study is that the understanding of lexical meanings in English songs is very important for non-English speakers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the meaning of the songs.