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Performance characteristics and egg quality in layers decline steadily in the last stage of laying owing to maturity which harmfully influences the meta- bolism of the birds. The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation (2500, 3000, 3500, and 4000 IU/kg diet) on production parameters of layers were exa- mined. Eight hundred eighty Lohmann egg layers (age of 81 weeks) were allotted randomly into 5 dietary treatments with 4 replication of 44 birds each. The standard ration in the present trial contained 3.25% of calcium contents along with natural vitamin D3 in feed ingredients. The addition of dietary vitamin D3 at all levels substantially (p ≤ .05) improved the rate of laying, egg weight, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, and broken eggs rate compared to the control diet. Besides this, the addition of vitamin D3 at 3000, 3500, and 4000 IU/kg to basal diets enhanced (p ≤ .05) the indexes of shape, albumen and yolk, specific gravity, Haugh unit score, shell thickness, and shell strength than those of control and 2500 IU vitamin D3/kg diets. Increasing vitamin D3 levels from 2500 to 4000 IU/kg diets elevated serum calcium, phosphorus, and VIT-D3 compared to the control diet. In conclusion, the addition of various levels of vitamin D3 (2500--4000 IU/kg diet) in the layer's basal ration at the last production stage might be helpful means to develop the performance of layers, egg worth traits, as well as physiological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Punjab has been deeply connected to the history of the Sub-continent. The people of Punjab belong to different religions i.e Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism, and possess various beliefs; thus have been playing a significant role in the continuity of its social and cultural development. The history of Sikhism originates from their spiritual leader "Bābā Gurū Nānak". Their famous holy books 'Gurū Granth has been written in Punjabi language. During the Sikh rule, the Punjab consisted of twelve (12) Misals in other words, twelve people ruled there. The reign of Maha Raja Ranjīt Singh witnessed an organized rule; thus it is called the golden period of the Punjab history. This manuscript „Tārīkh-e-Punjāb', is a unique and unmatched manuscript in Persian language, about the history of the Punjab during the reign of Maha Raja Ranjīt Singh. This manuscript reflects the political, geographical, military, economical, religious and social aspects of the Punjab in the 19th century. The images of various customs, dresses and ornaments have also been provided. Although, it was written in Persian language, in 19th century; yet it is a bit different from the modern Persian language of Iran. Since, it includes the words from other languages of the Punjab, including Sanskrit, Punjabi, Hindi and Urdu; its text is difficult and complicated. Inspite of the use of a number of allegories and idioms, there are many textual mistakes. These have been corrected and editing. Its detail comes in the Preface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paradox, bringing two apparently contradictory statements in a verse containing any truth, reality and satire has been counted as an important artistic characteristic in poetry since long and poets have always used it to enhance the beauty and depth of their poetry. Indian style of Persian poetry has been known as a style of novelty and artistic display. Poets of these styles apart from other techniques have rewmendoxy used paradox and presented beautiful examples of imagery. This article presents an analysis of exhibition of use of paradox in the poetry of prominent Persian poets of Indian style along with its examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the affective domain indicates it is a less explored area in Pakistan. The study focuses on the factors of writing anxiety and how motivation affects writing anxiety are the two affective variables associated with foreign language learning. The data was collected from 36 students from a private university in Lahore. The study's findings revealed that despite their low anxiety level, they still experience writing anxiety due to grammar, evaluation, and topical knowledge. In addition, they had a lot of instrumental and integrative motivation. They valued the English subject's instrumental function and contributions, the communicative activities, and the instructor's teaching. According to correlation and regression analyses, writing anxiety levels decrease as motivation to learn a language rises. It concluded that encouraging students to learn English can reduce writing anxiety. According to the findings, English teachers should prioritize motivation in their classrooms by serving as effective role models for their students, encouraging students to write to learn, encouraging students to write to learn, appreciating the writing they produce, and exposing them to real-world applications of the English macro skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of breast carcinoma among females above 30 years of age presenting with palpable breast lumps in south Punjab. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Department of Surgery, Ward No.4, Nishtar Medical University/Hospital, Multan. Period: 1st July, 2021 to 31st December 2021. Material & Methods: One hundred and thirty six patients with palpable breast lumps were included in the study. History, clinical examination, mammography, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and Tru cut biopsy was done in all the patients. Finally the report of Tru cut biopsy was used to find out the frequency of breast carcinoma in all these patients. Results: Carcinoma was present in 43 (31.6%) patients and benign diseases were present in 93 (68.4%) patients. Conclusion: Carcinoma was present in higher frequency (31.6%) among patients above 30 years of age who presented with palpable breast lumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nitrogen (N) forms on growth and accumulation of nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) by wheat genotypes viz. Lasani‐2008 and Sahar‐2006 is investigated. Genotypes are grown in Ni‐contaminated soil with different N forms viz. urea, NH4–N, mixed N (NH4–NO3), and NO3–N. Lasani‐2008 produces maximum shoot dry weight (SDW) with NO3–N while Sahar‐2006 produces maximum SDW with NH4–N. Lasani‐2008 has higher SDW (24%), greenness index (7%), photosynthetic rate (18%), and transpiration rate (29%) compared to Sahar‐2006. This genotype accumulates more N with mixed N (NH4–NO3) and NH4–N and has 47% higher remediation factor. Lasani‐2008 contains 43% more Ni and maximum Zn in roots with NH4–N while minimum with NO3–N. Lasani‐2008 accumulates Ni and Zn more in shoots while Sahar‐2006 retains more Ni in roots. Sahar‐2006 contains 16% higher Mn in shoot compared to Lasani‐2008. Manganese is maximum with NO3–N followed by urea in roots. It is concluded that genotypes differ for Ni accumulation in response to N forms. Lasani‐2008 proves effective for remediation of Ni‐contaminated soils while Sahar‐2006 can be a good choice for restricting the entry of potentially toxic elements into food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choice between organic and inorganic farming is an exciting debate in scholarly literature. A large number of studies has enriched the discussion. However, this particular study adds to this debate in unique ways. This study uses a hybrid model based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a methodological contribution to the debate of organic and inorganic farming by using multicriteria decision analysis. Also, this study uses several conflicting criteria (such as health benefits, environmental benefits, soil fertility, consumer awareness, etc.) that have not been combined in a single research study earlier to consider the choice of organic and inorganic farming. The study is based on a questionnaire survey undertaken by consumers, farmers and agriculture experts. After the application of the AHP-TOPSIS based hybrid model, several interesting results have been founded that have important policy implications for farming in Pakistan and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a pot experiment to evaluate the potential for soil- and foliar-applied silicon (Si), alone and in combination, to a Cd-contaminated soil in order to evaluate the effects on such amendments on the Cd translocation from soil to wheat root, shoot and grains. Five treatments were used, T1) control with no external factor added, T2 received only Cd, while T3–T5 treatments received Cd in combination with soil, foliar and soil plus foliar applied Si. Except control (T1), soil was contaminated with Cd at 10 mg kg−1 in all the treatments and 1% solution of Si as an amendment was used for soil and/or foliar application or their combination. Overall, while Si application improved both plant growth and yield in Cd-contaminated soil. Control and combined soil- and foliar-applied Si in Cd contaminated treatments showed equally positive (2.5%) increase in plant height over Cd contaminated treatment. Grain yield was also highest in the treatment receiving Cd plus soil-applied Si (29%) followed by control (26%). It was concluded that Si can alleviate Cd toxicity in wheat irrespective of whether the Si was soil-applied or applied via a foliar method, but soil applied Si proved the best in this regard. Novelty statement Immobilization of metals i.e., cadmium (Cd) with soil-applied amendments like biomaterials and organic manure to decrease Cd concentration in plants have already been widely investigated. Silicon (Si) is a cheap in-organic and readily available element in the nature and also used for the same purpose. It can be applied both in soil as well as by foliar and soil + foliar application to decrease the metals concentration in soil and plants. However, comparative effectiveness of these three methods have not been checked simultaneously. In this study, we have studied the comparative effectiveness of Si application to soil, foliar and their combination (soil + foliar) to decrease Cd concentration during wheat crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]