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Reproducibility and reusability of research results is an important concern in scientific communication and science policy. A foundational element of reproducibility and reusability is the open and persistently available presentation of research data. However, many common approaches for primary data publication in use today do not achieve sufficient long-term robustness, openness, accessibility or uniformity. Nor do they permit comprehensive exploitation by modern Web technologies. This has led to several authoritative studies recommending uniform direct citation of data archived in persistent repositories. Data are to be considered as first-class scholarly objects, and treated similarly in many ways to cited and archived scientific and scholarly literature. Here we briefly review the most current and widely agreed set of principle-based recommendations for scholarly data citation, the Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles (JDDCP). We then present a framework for operationalizing the JDDCP; and a set of initial recommendations on identifier schemes, identifier resolution behavior, required metadata elements, and best practices for realizing programmatic machine actionability of cited data. The main target audience for the common implementation guidelines in this article consists of publishers, scholarly organizations, and persistent data repositories, including technical staff members in these organizations. But ordinary researchers can also benefit from these recommendations. The guidance provided here is intended to help achieve widespread, uniform human and machine accessibility of deposited data, in support of significantly improved verification, validation, reproducibility and re-use of scholarly/scientific data.

La psicologia fiscale si è ad oggi occupata prevalentemente di tassazione, con un focus prioritario sui fenomeni dell’evasione fiscale e della tax compliance. Questo contributo intende avviare un’esplorazione su alcune nuove prospettive per le applicazioni della psicologia alla fiscalità, considerando il fenomeno del “benefit fraud” (truffe a danno del sistema fiscale, come per es. il noto fenomeno dei cosiddetti falsi invalidi). Nella prospettiva dell’homo oeconomicus, evasione fiscale e benefit fraud non dovrebbero differire per gravità percepita o propensione, a parità di valore economico. Un approccio psicologico ai due temi considerati, tuttavia, fa ipotizzare possibili differenze. La presente ricerca intende compiere un’esplorazione di base rispetto ad alcuni temi quali la gravità percepita, la diffusione percepita, l’atteggiamento e il comportamento di evasione fiscale e benefit fraud. È stato realizzato un questionario, compilato da 438 studenti provenienti dalle facoltà di Psicologia ed Economia dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano e della University of Bath (UK). Il confronto tra Italia e Regno Unito, oltre ad essere interessante data la similarità del sistema fiscale ed il diverso tasso di evasione fiscale dei due paesi, consente anche di effettuare un confronto tra un paese dove la crisi finanziaria ha avuto effetti consistenti (Italia) e un paese dove il problema è meno pressante (UK). I risultati mostrano che, a parità di valore economico, evasione e benefit fraud sono percepite in modo differente. In particolare, i partecipanti tendono ad essere più severi con il benefit fraud e più indulgenti con l’evasione; inoltre, l’evasione fiscale è spesso percepita come meno grave rispetto ad altri comportamenti illeciti (anche di natura non fiscale). Infine, numerose differenze sono osservabili nei due contesti culturali considerati (Italia e UK). Questi risultati indicano come possa essere promettente ampliare il raggio d’azione d

Il concetto di engagement nella letteratura di marketing e di psicologia del consumatore è oggi frequentemente richiamato a fronte della necessità di favorire nuove forme partecipative e co-creative di scambio tra “domanda” e “offerta” di prodotti e servizi (materiali e immateriali). Il verbo inglese to engage è polisemico e rimanda alla capacità sia di attrarre l’attenzione di qualcuno, sia di legare emozionalmente una persona in un contratto affettivo che è duraturo e forte, sia di “assumere” qualcuno, di “tirarlo a bordo”, di renderlo parte di qualcosa (Oxford English Dictionary, 2010). Il concetto di consumer engagement è, infatti, di natura eminentemente relazionale e si propone come chiave di lettura sistemica delle diverse componenti organizzative, relazionali e psicologiche che sono in gioco nella dinamica relativa all’erogazione-fruizione di un servizio e/o prodotto (Hollebeek, 2011; Brodie & Hollebeek, 2011; Gambetti & Graffigna, 2009). Nel presente contributo, a partire dalla prospettiva teorica della value-co-creation di Vargo & Lusch (2004) si procederà alla rilettura critica di alcune esperienze di ricerca maturate nell’ambito della psicologia dei consumi e della salute al fine di sintetizzare le determinanti individuali, relazionali e organizzative che – dal punto di vista del consumatore/fruitore dei prodotti-servizi – possono favorire o ostacolare il processo di engagement e co-costruzione di valore. In particolare si ragionerà a partire da tre casi di ricerca: 1) il primo relativo al processo di engagement di un consumatore verso il brand; 2) il secondo relativo all’engagement del paziente cronico nella gestione della sua cura; 3) il terzo relativo all’engagement dei cittadini maturi nella promozione di stili di vita attivi

Psychotherapists are not immune to prejudice and stereotypes against homosexual people, although nothing is known about their direct impact on the clinical process. Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze the impact of homophobic prejudice on clinical formulation, and its influence on diagnosis and assessment of severity and prognosis of a fictitious patient. Methods: We recruited a sample of 152 heterosexual male psychotherapists (psychologists or psychiatrists) (Mean age = 46.04; SD = ±11.26; range: 29–71), through an online survey which was advertised by contacting the boards of psychologists and psychiatrists throughout the country. Participants were asked to read a fictitious clinical vignette and formulate an impression of the patient. We used a 2 (Sexual Orientation of the Client: heterosexual vs. homosexual) × 2 (Diagnosis: difficulties in controlling sexual urges vs. anger). Participants were randomly exposed to one of four experimental conditions, thus they read about a heterosexual (vs. homosexual) patient with difficulties in controlling rage (vs. sexual urges). The two diagnostic profiles were considered as stereotypical of heterosexuals and homosexuals respectively (Boysen et al., 2006). After reading the vignette, participants were asked to rate the patient’s: – Psychopathological severity; – Amenability to psychotherapy; – Level of functioning using the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Results: Results showed that stereotypes influence clinical practice, most of all in prognosis: in particular (a) therapists believe that homosexual patients can benefit less from psychotherapy when their disorder is stereotypical of their sexual orientation, and that (b) the patient’s sexual orientation has more impact on diagnosis when his disorder is stereotypical of the sexual orientation, both in homosexual and heterosexual patients. Conclusions: Our results show that psychotherapists can be biased by prejudice against homosexuals and therefo

Do people gamble more on slot machines if they think that they are playing against humanlike minds rather than mathematical algorithms? Research has shown that people have a strong cognitive tendency to imbue humanlike mental states to nonhuman entities (i.e., anthropomorphism). The present research tested whether anthropomorphizing slot machines would increase gambling. Four studies manipulated slot machine anthropomorphization and found that exposing people to an anthropomorphized description of a slot machine increased gambling behavior and reduced gambling outcomes. Such findings emerged using tasks that focused on gambling behavior (Studies 1 to 3) as well as in experimental paradigms that included gambling outcomes (Studies 2 to 4). We found that gambling outcomes decrease because participants primed with the anthropomorphic slot machine gambled more (Study 4). Furthermore, we found that high-arousal positive emotions (e.g., feeling excited) played a role in the effect of anthropomorphism on gambling behavior (Studies 3 and 4). Our research indicates that the psychological process of gambling-machine anthropomorphism can be advantageous for the gaming industry; however, this may come at great expense for gamblers' (and their families') economic resources and psychological well-being.

Climate change governance is extremely challenging because of both the intrinsic difficulty of the issues at stake and the plurality of values and worldviews. For these reasons, the ethical concerns that characterise climate change should also be meaningfully addressed through a specific version of procedural justice. Accordingly, in this article we adopt an impure notion of procedural justice. On this theoretical basis, we define relevant fairness criteria and contextualise them for climate governance systems. Then, we empirically justify fairness criteria against a critical and divisive element for the future governance of the Green Climate Fund, i.e., the no-objection procedure. The article concludes with some considerations prompted by the analysis.

When examining social targets, people may ask asymmetric questions, that is, questions for which “yes” and “no” answers are neither equally diagnostic nor equally frequent. The consequences of this information-gathering strategy on impression formation deserve empirical investigation. The present work explored the role played by the trade-off between the diagnosticity and frequency of answers that follow asymmetric questions. In Study 1, participants received answers to symmetric/asymmetric questions on an anonymous social target. In Study 2, participants read answers to a specific symmetric/asymmetric question provided by different group members. Overall, the results of both studies indicate that asymmetric questions had less impact on impressions than did symmetric questions, suggesting that individuals are more sensitive to data frequency than diagnosticity when forming impressions.

The search and evaluation of pieces of evidence for testing alternative hypotheses is a cognitive activity of critical importance in many human domains, including criminal investigations and judgments. The subset of gathered evidences is determined by the information search strategies that are used by the decision maker. However, some highly spontaneous and frequent information search strategies can thwart the hypothesis testing process, causing (over)confirmation biases. The yes-no format of the question is not always a guarantee of effective discrimination between alternative hypotheses. For instance, a dichotomous question can be strongly asymmetric, when affirmative replies are more diagnostic than negative ones (i.e., asymmetric confirming questions, LR(Dh)>>LR(D¬h). Although the modern forensic methodology are particularly careful about procedural accuracy and leading questions, the use of asymmetric-confirming questions could elude the cognitive control and consequently lead to an unconscious confirmation of the focal hypothesis. The present contribution explores cognitive and motivational factors affecting the use of asymmetric questions. Study 1 (N = 253) aimed at exploring if people may have cognitive control over the use of asymmetric strategy. To this goal, specific instructions in order to avoid confirmation tendencies were experimentally manipulated and their efficacy was tested. Study 2 (N = 112) focused on the effect of power on the use of asymmetric strategies. Participants will be placed in more or less powerful position than the social target and their information search process was analyzed. Overall, results showed that, under certain conditions, people may have cognitive control on questions asymmetry and that powerful people are more prone to use asymmetric questions when searching information than weaker persons. Implications for forensic psychology are discussed.

The research investigated the relation between the individual’s deontological stance about environment and the attitude toward a market-based approach to climate change mitigation. We introduced people to the cap-and-trade program which is expected both to reduce the environmental risk and maximize economic benefits. Study 1 showed that the stronger the deontological mandate people held toward nature, the more likely they were to refuse the cap-and-trade mitigation program regardless of its effectiveness. In Study 2 and in Study 3, a similar winewin scenario was adopted to explore whether deontology and consequentialism consist of mutually exclusive orientations. Our results revealed that the deontological approach per se did not preclude the use of the costebenefit analysis and that consequentialism moderated the relationship between deontology and the attitude toward the cap-andtrade program. Taken together, our findings have relevant practical implications for environmental politics and contribute to theoretical insights into moral reasoning.

Recent studies show that, while losses loom larger than equivalent non-gains, gains loom larger than equivalent non-losses. This finding has been interpreted within the framework of regulatory focus theory. In this study, we highlight the importance of considering the motivational focus independently of the framing and the valence of outcome, thus exploring the causal effect of regulatory focus on the asymmetric perception of gains vs. non-losses and losses vs. non-gains. In two studies, we examine the perceived effects of either actual or hypothetical changes in monetary wealth, while orthogonally manipulating framing, valence, and regulatory focus. We find a significant interaction between the three factors. The gain vs. non-loss asymmetry in perceived satisfaction is stronger in promotion focus, while the loss vs. non-gain asymmetry in perceived dissatisfaction is stronger in prevention focus. The results suggest that the effects of incentives framed in terms of (non)gains and (non)losses depend on their congruence with the individual's motivational state

This study seeks to find the reasons for the rising risk of unemployment for people who have completed basic vocational education and training (VET) in Switzerland. We focus on the long-term structural shift on the demand side of the labour market and its consequences for new entrants’ chances of employment in the labour force. A detailed analysis of the development of vacancies for such ‘career entrants’ in the time period 2001 to 2011 suggests that neither a growing occupational mismatch nor a general shift in the level of education to the disadvantage of workers with vocational education can be made responsible for the rising unemployment of labour market entrants. Instead, the available evidence indicates that a diminishing part of the vacancies suited for VET graduates remains open to entrants because of the increasing job requirements with regard to work experience and further education. Basic vocational education and training alone is increasingly less a guarantee for a smooth entry into the working world.