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In this study, the possibility of culturing Dunaliella salina in stickwater (SW) as the main effluent of fishmeal plants was evaluated. D. salina was grown in different media obtained by replacing standard Guillard medium (F/2) with SW at 0% (control), 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ratios. The cell density, pigment contents, proximate composition, saponification value, and fatty acids (FAs) profiles were measured for 14 days. SW was collected from a kilka fishmeal factory in northern Iran, and the characteristics indicated high concentrations of nitrate (242.00 mg L-1) and phosphate (11.13 mg L-1). A significant increase in the cell density was observed in 14 days when 75% SW was used. Moreover, SW significantly affected the pigment contents. The highest contents of chlorophylls, total carotenoids, and β-carotene (3.64 μg mL-1) were calculated in 75% SW. According to the algal proximate composition, the highest and lowest contents of lipid were accumulated in 75% and 100% SW, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest level of saturated FAs was observed in 75% SW compared with the others (p < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing F/2 with SW indicated the capability of D. salina to grow in a treated medium with 75% SW substitution as a bioremediator.

The effect of solvent polarity, polar and non-polar solvents, on pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seed oil yield and quality based on selected physicochemical properties was investigated. Five different solvents, like petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, acetone and ethanol were used on a laboratory scale in this study. Results showed that both physicochemical properties and oil yield extracted from the pumpkin seed were influenced by solvent polarity. Oil yield ranged from 4.12 to 27.93%, with higher yield registered in petroleum ether and lowest in ethanol. Results on the physicochemical properties were as follows: Refractive index ranged from 1.437 (cyclohexane) to 1.466 (hexane), acid value, in mg KOH/g oil, ranged from 1.80 (cyclohexane) to 43.54 (ethanol), Peroxide value ranged, in meq O2/kg, from 6.70 (hexane) to 58.11 (ethanol), Iodine value, in g I2/g, ranged from 1.20 (petroleum ether) to 36.73 (ethanol), Saponification value, in mg KOH/kg, ranged from 30.54 (hexane) to 121.14 (acetone). The findings have demonstrated that solvent polarity significantly influenced physicochemical properties and oil yield extracted from pumpkin seed and therefore can assist in selecting solvents required in oil extraction to maximize yield and enhance or maintain oil quality. Key words: Cucurbita maxima, dielectric constant, oil, polarity, phytochemical properties, soxhlet extraction.

In this investigation, optimization experiments were carried on lipid extraction and biodiesel production parameters from Ulva fasciata as a potential feed stock. This study was carried by running one to one optimization model. The results showed that, the highest yield and the best quality of biodiesel was achieved at the optimum condition of

Experiment was conducted to assess the seed oil yield and physical and chemical characteristics of ten castor plant accessions. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. At maturity, the racemes were harvested and seeds were extracted. One hundred gram of seed was taken from each accession for oil extraction. The extracted oils were analysed for physical properties and chemical properties. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using least significant difference at 5% probability. Significant variations (Pc0.05) occurred among the accession’s oil yield, physical and chemical properties. CASGPMAN produced highest oil content (51.90%) which was significantly higher than values obtained for other accessions. Specific gravity (0.97) obtained from IARCAS001 was significantly higher than others. Viscosity (9.4) and refractive index (1.43) obtained from NCRICAS056 were significantly higher than the values obtained from others. The highest saponification value (184.20 mg KOH/g) obtained from NCRICAS057 was significantly higher than 165.10 mg KOH/g obtained from IARCAS001. The highest free fatty acid (2.6 mg KOH/g) was obtained from NCRICAS057 while the least (1.8 mg KOH/g) was obtained from NCRICAS041. The study therefore concludes that NCRICAS057 produced oil with best physical and chemical properties. Key words: Castor plant, oil yield, moisture content, viscosity, free fatty acid.

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale), African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) and Ashanti Black pepper (Piper guineense) essential oils. Dried plant materials were obtained from the Oba market in Edo State, Nigeria. All samples were ground into a fine powder and stored in an airtight plastic container at room temperature (28±2°C) until when used. The essential oils were extracted using steam distillation and their physicochemical properties analyzed using standard procedures. The results showed that color varied from yellow for Z. officinale to colorless for M. myristica and P. guineense. The highest yield (3.55%), acid value (6.73 mg KOH/g), saponification value (185.13 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (3.37%) and iodine value (69.49 gI2/100 g) were recorded for M. myristica, the highest specific gravity value (0.88) was for P. guineense and M. myristica, the highest peroxide value (2.67) was for P. guineense while the highest refractive index value (1.49) was for both P. guineense and Z. officinale. There were significant differences (p

This work was carried out to compare the potential applications of Ricinodendron heudelotii, Cyperus esculentus, Citrullus colocynthis and Irvingia gabonensis oil seeds by investigating their physicochemical parameters. Physicochemical parameters of the extracted oils were respectively as follow: Refractive index (1.49; 1.46; 1.45 and 1.44), acid value (1.35±0.02; 1.87 ± 0.45; 13.85 ± 0.02 and 39.04 ± 0.34 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (37.98 ± 0.01; 86.16 ± 0.32; 48.77 ± 0.22 and 2.34 ± 0.31 meq O2/kg), iodine value (142.12 ± 0.34; 75.46 ± 0.35; 120.45 ± 0.29 and 07.42 ± 0.3 g I2/100 g), saponification value (154.67 ± 0.28; 175.47 ± 0.30; 175.64 ± 0.28 and 176.03 ± 0.50 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (1.88 ± 0.04; 0.88 ± 0.03; 0.74 ± 0.03 and 1.26 ± 0.05%), vitamin A (0.00 ± 0.00; 2.78 ± 0.07; 3.66 ± 0.04 and 7.17 ± 0.32 µg/g), cholesterol (0.00 mg/g) for R. heudelotii, C. esculentus, C. colocynthis and I. gabonensis. P-anisidine value (301.17 ± 0.98; 24.47 ± 0.03; 29.04 ± 0.03 and 0.39 ± 0.00). R. heudelotii and C. colocynthis seeds showed relatively high content of linoleic acid (about 26.61 and 53.09% of total fatty acids). The nervonic acid content of the R. heudelotii seed is 45.24 ± 0.02 of total fatty acids. All these interesting characteristics should arouse attention for the usage of these oils seeds in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries and biodiesel. These results suggest that they can be good for table, cooking and frying oils. The high linoleic acid level makes them good oils for the fight against cardiovascular illnesses. In addition, the high content of nervonic acid in R. heudelotii oil could be used in cases of diseases involving demyelination, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and multiple sclerosis where there is a considerable reduction in the levels of nervonic acid in the sphingolipids. Key words: Acid nervonic, fatty acids, oils seeds.

Mango consumers only use pulp and consider the kernel as wastes. This study aims to valorize the kernel of mango (Mangifera indica). In this study, the kernel of ten mango varieties (Ruby, Kent, Retard, Key, Assabony, Smith tete de chat, Smith normal, Palmer, Governeur and Aravia) collected at Yamoussoukro in the center of Cote d’Ivoire were used. The oils of these kernels were extracted by maceration method. Their physicochemical properties were determinate using standard methods. The yields of oils extracted are higher than 10%. The acid value of these oils varies from 2.50±0.25 to 27.06±0.35 mg of KOH/g, the saponification value ranges between 164.17±1.30 and 199.21±0.32 mg of KOH/g, iodine value varies from 36.38±0.96 to 54.46±0.54 g of iodine per 100 g of fat and the refractive index ranges between 1.458±0.001 and 1.480±0.002. The water and volatile matter content are varying between 1.08±0.19 and 12.30±0.46%. The study of the lipid composition of these fats showed a significant presence of fatty acid and unsaponifiables. The major fatty acids are palmitic acid (6.77-12.80%), stearic acid (36.36-45.76%), oleic acid (43.20-52.42%) and arachidic acid (0.85-1.65%). The major unsaponifiables are ergosterol (1.94%), sitosterol (78.65%), stigmasterol (10.67%), campesterol (5.33%) and 3-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one (3.39%). The results of the study indicated that mango kernel oils could be used in cosmetics and also in human nutrition for prevention against arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Key words: Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae, fatty acids.

This experimental study was framed with an objective to optimize the nutrients ((dairy industry wastewater (DIWW), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO4−3)) using response surface methodology (RSM) with Chlorella to investigate biomass and lipid with FAME content. Quality of obtained bio-oil was also indexed on scale of fuel quality parameters. Three variables were tested with 20 interactions between these variables, and their affects were statistically studied using central composite design. Biomass and lipid concentration with FAME content varied between 0.59 to 1.54 g L−1, 19.81 to 34.54%, and 69.32 to 82.78%, respectively, for different combinations of operating variables. Interactive effects of combined nutrients were also studied in combination, and the best biomass and lipid productivity was noticed with NO3− + PO4−3 in comparison to others, whereas the best FAME content (85.23%) was observed with DIWW + NO3. FTIR analysis showed variation in the spectra with different selected combinations with 1.7-fold increase in the lipid content in respect to control. Qualitative assessment of parameters ranges in between 0.74 and 1.01 mg KOH/g for acid value (AV), 152.34–187.24 mg KOH/g for saponification value (SV), 135.39–143.95-mg I2/100 g oil for iodine value (IN), whereas cetane value (CN) was found in between 43.06 and 50.31 and higher heating values (HHVs)) almost 45 MJ kg−1. Crude bio-oil’s quality was compared with the fuel quality index (FQI), where S4 quality sample (59.12) was found significantly compatible with the commercial biodiesel.

The extraction of fat/oil from fleshing by-products using moist heating (boiled and steamed) produces a fat that contains large amounts of impurities and which is bluish color, whereas when using fatty solvents, it is necessary to dry the ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the fat/oil characteristics from fleshing by-products extracted using a combination of wet rendering (temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C, and times 1, 2 and 3 hours) with n-hexane. The combined treatment of wet rendering (temperature 90 °C and duration 2 hours) with n-hexane gave rise to the production of fat with the highest yield (11.10% w/w). The higher the temperature and the longer the wet rendering process, results in fat with higher levels of free fatty acid and the saponification value, but the lower the number of peroxides and the darker the color. The fats/oils consist of 37 fatty acid compounds, composed of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. There are six very present fatty acid compounds, namely butyric acid methyl ester, tetradecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-10-pentadecanoic acid methyl ester, palmitoleic acid methyl ester, octadecanoic acid methyl ester and trans-9-elaidic acid methyl ester.

The higher demands of fossil energy usage are currently imbalance to its reserves. This issue will give a potency of fossil fuel scarcity that contributes on rising of its cost and disturbing economic stabilization in the future. It is desirable to find another resource which is sustainable and renewable to reduce the dependency on this resource. This study aimed to utilize the oil from instant coffee waste as biodiesel feedstocks. The coffee oil was extracted from instant-coffee waste by Soxhlet extractor and characterized its physical and chemical properties. The solvent extraction through the solid bed of coffee ground performed by five cycles interval using n-hexane as a solvent. Separation processing oil from its hydrocarbon solvent was in a rotary vacuum evaporator and the oil extract collected for further purposes. There was about 17.6% (on a dry weight basis) of coffee oil gained on 20 cycles of extraction. Analysis regarding its physicochemical properties reported that the crude oil has 0.89 g/mL of density, 43.82 mm2/s of kinematic viscosity, 44.47 mg KOH/g of acid value, and 176.40 mg KOH/g of saponification value. The fatty acids composition of the oil provided by GC-MS analyzer showed that unsaturated fatty acids contained, observed as trans-fatty acids rather than cis-fatty acids.

Culture medium composition and an efficient lipid extraction process have the largest impact on the cost of industrial production of microbial single-cell oil (SCO). In this study, SCO from the yeast Rhodosporidium thoruloides grown in sugarcane medium was successfully produced in a 1 m3 bioreactor. Biomass was concentrated by sedimentation and the acid-hydrolysed cells were extracted using a recurrent extraction (RE) and a newly-proposed wet extraction (WE) process. RE consisted of Soxhlet extraction of dry hydrolysed biomass with different solvents: hexane, chloroform and chloroform/methanol (2:1). The WE process consisted of the extraction of wet hydrolysed biomass with the same solvents. The highest lipid yields (m/m) were achieved by hexane in RE and chloroform in WE. The chloroform WE extract presented similar density, saponification number, iodine value, moisture and acid value as that from RE with hexane, but much lower peroxide content. The fatty acid methyl ester compositions of WE and RE extracts were also very similar. An energy–cost analysis showed that WE used only 13% of the energy used in RE. Moreover, an energy conservation analysis showed that approx. 65% of the energy from molasses was effectively transformed into microbial lipids. The low energy requirement, the high efficiency and the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil achieved by WE evidence the potential of the proposed methodology for use on an industrial scale.

In Ivory Coast, there are three different purple maize varieties whose culture is confined to Katiola (Central-North) area. These varieties locally called "Violet de Katiola" are the most widely grown and prized maize in this area because of its important socio-cultural character, its good organoleptic quality, its market value and its therapeutic virtues. The present paper aimed at evaluating physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of these purple maize oilseeds in order to explore their nutritional and industrial potentialities. Physicochemical properties of the seed oils were: specific gravity, 0.90 to 0.91; refractive index (25 °C), 1.456 to 1.459; iodine value, 102.90 to 124.34 g I2 /100 g ; peroxide value, 4.23 to 4.99 meq.O2/kg ; free fatty acids, 0.74 to 0.86 %; acid value, 2.50 to 2.99 mg of KOH/g and; saponification value, 138.96 to 170.36 mg KOH/g. Results revealed that these oilseeds contained high amount of unsaturated fatty acids mainly consisting of linoleic (42.86 to 45.16 %) and oleic acids (33.27 to 34.98 %) which were desirable from the nutritional and health viewpoints. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid with contents ranged from 15.51 to 17.06 %. The oilseeds showed high PUFA/SFA ratios suggesting their ability to reduce cholesterol levels and coronary heart diseases in body. All these interesting characteristics confirm their usefulness for different nutritional and industrial applications.

This study aims to examine the quality of cooking coconut oil (CCO) and virgin coconut oil (VCO). The analysis was carried out as a physical parameter test including organoleptic and density while the chemical parameter test was: free fatty acid (FFA) peroxide number and test of saponification number. The sample oil used comes from coconut oil made traditionally by virgin coconut oil or commonly abbreviated as VCO, which is coconut oil which passes through a different extraction process with ordinary coconut oil so it is believed to have higher quality and provide more benefits. Samples derived from coconut oil traditionally processed in Beji Village, Boyolangu District with the brand "MALIKA". It was found that both oils had relatively the same physical parameters, the difference in density on VCO and CCO: 0.88 g / ml and 0.82 g / ml. As for the chemical parameters of free fatty acids, peroxide numbers, and saponification numbers of the VCO and CCO comparisons: 0.165: 0.207; 0.54: 0.68; 203: 321, so that the overall VCO has good quality, while CCO has an unfavorable saponification number.

The effect of four processing methods and the storage time on the chemical properties of palm oil were determined. The palm oil samples were extracted using hot extraction (HEPO), Cold extraction (CEPO), hot extraction with Sand (HSEPO) and Mechanized extraction (MEPO). Processing methods had no significant effect on the iodine value (45.94±0.68 to 47.06±2.25 wijis) whereas there were significant (p≤0.05) variations in saponification value (250.89±4.84 to 260.50±3.35mgKOH/g), peroxide value (8.59±4.14 to 12.08±4.70 mEq/kg), free fatty acid value (1.80±1.01 to 3.94±1.03%, mgKOH/g), acid value (3.77±1.91 to 7.90±2.08%, mgKOH/g) and carotenoids level (301.12±13.38 to 311.21±12.59 mg/kg) due to the processing methods. Storage time (months) caused no significant (p≤0.05) effect in iodine value (45.93±1.55 to 47.91±0.83 wijis) of palm oil samples stored for 0 to 3 month(s) but caused significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the carotenoids content (321.72±5.68 to 287.15±5.19 mg/kg). Storage time caused significant (p≤0.05) increase in saponification value (250.41±4.30 to 260.96±3.61 mgKOH/g), peroxide value (4.56±1.36 to 14.93±1.61%, mgKOH/g), free fatty acid value (1.83±0.84 to 3.77±1.32%, mgKOH/g) and acid value (2.45±1.74 to 7.54±1.80). Hot extraction method of palm oil was observed as the best method because its palm oil had the better quality parameter than other methods such as saponification value (252.20±4.00 mgKOH/g), iodine value (47.03±0.94 wijis), peroxide value (8.59±4.14 mEq/kg), free fatty acid (2.03±0.96%, mgKOH/g), acid value (3.94 ± 2.04%, mgKOH/g) and carotenoids level (302.90±13.46 mg/kg). Crude palm oil should not be stored for more than two months. It is recommendable to study the effect of storage conditions on the chemical properties of palm oil.

The fruit seed kernel oil from Washingtonia (W. robusta) locally in Aswan governorate, Egypt were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, and composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols. The contents of carbohydrates, fiber, protein and ash for W. robusta palm fruits were 47.00, 6.50, 5 and 4.2%, respectively. The oil content in the seed kernels was 32.80%. The extracted oil had as refractive index (at 20oC) 1.46, specific gravity (at 20oC) 0.92, colour (yellow, 3.5; red 0.09), average iodine value (g of I/100g oil) 87.68; acid value (% oleic acid) 0.22%; saponification value (191.66 mg of KOH/g oil; unsaponifiable matters 0.70, the oxidation stability was 30. The major fatty acids detected in oil were noted to be oleic acid (64.80%) followed by palmitic acid (14.40%), linolenic acid (5.20%), arachidic acid (5.10%), linoleic acid (4.50), stearic acid (4.30) and myrstic acid (1.70%). The observed data showed that the total saturated fatty acids 25.50%, whereas the amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids 74.50%.The content of total tocopherols in oil was 97.4 mg/100g), with α-tocophero l16.0, γ-tocophero l31.4, and δ-tocopherol (50 mg/100g). β-sitosterol (11.331 mg/100 g) the main phytosterols in oil. The results of this study revealed that the Washingtonia robusta fruit could be explained as a potential source of high-oleic oil for the local oil industry as well as the seeds is a nutritive value.

Oils are a very important component in different diets, which makes it important for researchers to constantly search for a variety of sources of these oils that are acceptable to consumers on the one hand and are characterized by high nutritional value and storage properties on the other hand. This study was carried out to determine physical properties of linseed, soybean and walnut oils (Refractive index, color, specific gravity) as well as chemical properties (Acid value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value and peroxide value). The percentage of unsaponifiable matter and stability induction period at 100◦C were also estimated. To determine the nutritional value of these oils, both their fatty acid content (assessed by the gas chromatography apparatus) and sterol content (assessed by GC-MS). Physical properties of linseed, soybean or walnut oils showed that; refractive index were 1.48, 1.47 and 1.84, respectively, while color (red) intensity were 9.5, 3.5 and 2.6, respectively and specific gravity were 0.93, 0.92 and 0.92, respectively. On the other hand, chemical properties of linseed, soybean or walnut oils showed that; saponification value were 192, 191 and 190.73(mg KOH/g oil), respectively, while acid value were 0.87, 0.27 and 0.79 (mg KOH/g oil), respectively, and iodine value were 175, 128 and 145 (g I2/100 g oil), respectively, finally, peroxide value were 1.95, 0.77 and 1.31 (Meq oxygen/Kg), respectively. Alpha linolenic acid was the major fatty acid in linseed oil (60.21%), while linoleic acid was the main fatty acid in both, soybean oil (52.83%) and walnut oil (61.85%). β-sitosterol was the main sterol in the linseed, soybean or walnut oils (54.72, 40.13 and 76.85%, respectively). As shown by the results, the three studied oils showed high content of essential fatty acids, (both omega-3 and omega-6), making them promising oils to support diets with essential fatty acids.

Oxidation of aliphatic terminal alkenes having more than 30 carbon atoms to carboxylic acids is presented. Such long carboxylic acids are useful as waxes, lubricants, plasticizers, etc. The oxidation was conducted under solvent-free conditions or with small amounts of diluents (heptane, methylcyclohexane, and tert-butylbenzene). Hydrogen peroxide was used as the oxidant, and tungstic acid was used as the catalyst. Halogen-free quaternary ammonium salts were used as phase-transfer catalysts, and the importance of the elimination of halide ions is discussed. Purification of the crude oxidized product and tungsten removal are also presented. The products have a maximum acid number of 75 mg of KOH/g, a saponification number of 100 mg of KOH/g, and tungsten content below 400 ppm.

In this study, oil quality with respect to physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics extracted from nonconventional seed oil namely Moringa oleifera, Adansonia digitata, Parinari curatellifolia and Cajanus cajan and conventional seed oil namely soybean (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) was assessed and compared. Results showed that there were significant differences in various quality parameters such as saponification number, peroxide value, free fatty acids in oils extracted from non-conventional and conventional sources. Oil yield ranged from 4.71 to 46.05% with pigeon peas registering the lowest yield and P. curatelifolia registering the highest yield. The following range of values in quality parameters were obtained: values in saponification number ranged from 55.91 mg KOH/g (C. cajan) to 220.54 mg KOH/g (groundnut): Peroxide value ranged from 2.79 meq O2/kg (M. oleifera) to 10.47 meq O2/kg (C. cajan): Free fatty acids ranged from 1.11 mg/100 g (P. curatelifolia) to 4.80 mg/100 g (pigeon peas): Specific gravity ranged from 0.87 (P. curatelifolia) to 0.91 (groundnuts): Oxalate ranged from 75.41 mg/100 g (groundnuts) to 632.56 mg / 100 g (pigeon peas): Acid value ranged from 2.21 mg KOH/g (P. curatelifolia) to 9.53 mg KOH/g (Pigeon pea): Iodine value ranged from 35.53 g/100 g (P. curatelifolia) and alkaloids ranged from 58.28 mg/g (M. oleifera) to 123.60 mg/g (groundnuts). Irrespective of the source of the oils, it was observed that the values in most of the oil quality parameters were within the acceptable levels. The findings in this study have demonstrated that nonconventional sources of oil have the potential to adequately supplement oils used for domestic consumption as well as industrial use in Malawi and therefore reduces the volumes of imported oils hence safeguarding foreign reserves. Key words: Phytochemical, physicochemical, oil quality, Moringa oleifera, Parinari curatellifolia, Adansonia digitata.

Salvia hispanica L. famous as ‘chia’ is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to family Labiatae, is a richest source of alpha linolenic fatty acid. A detailed examination on chia seeds was performed. The microscopic investigationsshowed the presence of lignified fibres, epidermis cells, aleurone grains, fatty oil globules and lignified sclerides etc. Physicochemical assessment of chia seeds revealed foreign organic matter (0.76%), loss on drying (8.09%), pH (4.39), moisture content (8.96%), swelling index (8.36), foaming index (

Oxidation stability and useful applications of seed oils from Prunus amygdalus, Dyacrodes edulis and Chrysophyllum albidium were studied. FT-IR analyses showed that the seed oils were made up of prevalent double bonds (C C, C H) and R1 C(OR) O which were attributed to unsaturation while GC–MS analyses showed that the seed oils belong to the oleic category. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents were: 25.71%, 33.56% and 22.12%; 58.02%, 59.88% and 55.05%; 15.50%, 6.01% and 22.25% while the physico-chemical parameters were: saponification value: 165.50, 250.72 and 201.66; specific gravity: 0.8552, 0.8885 and 0.8346; acid value: 2.811, 6.57 and 2.88 mgKOH/g; flash point: 157, 149 and 135 °C; cloud point: 2, 10 and −3 °C; oil yield: 60.15, 55.70 and 13.36% for P. amygdalus, D. edulis and C. albidium seed oils respectively. Exponential regression model developed described the variation of oxidative stability of the seed oils against storage time and the analysis of variance validated the model with low root mean squared error (RMSE): 0.5923

In this study, seeds of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) as a biomedical plant were pretreated with microwaves (800 W) for 2 and 4 min, to evaluate the process of intensifying oil extraction efficiency, physicochemical properties, nutraceuticals content, and fatty acids profile of milk thistle seeds oil extracted from Iranian ecotype, Khoreslo. Results showed that microwave pretreatment of Milk thistle seed increased the oil extraction yield (by 6%), total phenolic content (by 12.2%), phytosterols (by 25%), and tocopherols (by 37.5%) of the oil obtained by solvent. Some physicochemical properties of seed oil such as chlorophyll content (0.55–1.73 mg pheophytin/kg oil) and saponification value (179–187 mg KOH/g oil) increased, but acid value (4.24−2.16 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide value (5.11−2.09 meqO2/kg oil), iodine value (107−99 g I2/100 g oil), and the poly unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) ratio of all samples decreased by treatment with microwaves. Moreover, the α, β, γ-, δ δ -tocopherols, and phytosterols content such as cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, cleroesterol, β-sitosterol, and Δ7-sterol of milk thistle seed oils increased by microwaves treatment. In conclusion, the results indicated that microwave pretreatment is a promising strategy for amplification of oil extraction yield and the content of nutraceuticals in obtained oil from milk thistle seeds.

A study on the photocatalytic detoxification of aflatoxins in Sudanese peanut oil was performed using titanium dioxide (TiO2) that was immobilized on a glass support as the photocatalyst and a 500 W high-pressure lamp (with emitted UV of 920 W/m2 and visible of 2000 W/m2) as the light source. The study was performed on naturally contaminated peanut oil obtained from two different irrigation systems in Sudan. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) were identified, quantified and detoxified, whereas aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) were not detected. The results showed that photocatalysis was better than photolysis, whereby ≥99.4% of AFB1 and ≥99.2% of AFB2 were effectively detoxified within 4 min of irradiation at room temperature. In addition, there was no significant changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the peanut oil after treatment, these include fatty acids composition, peroxide value, saponification value, acid value, free fatty acids, iodine value, moisture and volatile matters as well as the refractive index. Furthermore, the TiO2 photocatalyst was also reusable for up to ten cycles of application, thus offering a practical way to detoxify aflatoxins in peanut oil.

In public restaurants, food frying is conducted in the same oil and recycled for the same usage for several days. However, during household frying, the cooking oil is changed after several usage. Obviously, the conditions of the cooking oil changed depend on frying styles and the types of material fried. In this study, three different cooking oils; refined palm cooking oil purchased from local market (CO), used palm cooking oil collected from household (UCO-H) and from restaurants (UCO-R) were selected to examine the colour, acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), ester value (EV), molecular weight (MW), percentage of free fatty acid (% FFA), density, water and impurities contents. Colour was observed by naked eyes, AV and SV were analyzed based on PORIM Test Method (1995). EV was calculated according to The United States Pharmacopeia USP 29 NF 24, while MW was calculated from SV and AV results. Density was measured at 20 °C, percentage of water content was analyzed by heating and weighing while impurities content was studied by filtering and weighing. The results showed that as frequency of frying increased, the colour of cooking oil become darker from the CO. The AV was always depend on % FFA. The % FFA of UCO-H and UCO-R were differed by 0.35 % and 2.15 % respectively compared to CO (2.20 %). Meanwhile, the density, water content and impurities content were also increased slightly compared to CO. The SV was found increased slightly for both UCO-H (207.41 mg of KOH/g) and UCO-R (204.74 mg of KOH/g) as compared to CO (200.59 mg of KOH/g). The value of ester was remained constant for UCO-R with value 196.04 mg of KOH/g in comparison with the EV of CO which is 196.19 mg of KOH/g. While for UCO-H sample, the EV increased to 202.32 mg of KOH/g. In conclusion, according to the physicochemical characteristics, the colour became darker while AV, % FFA, density, water content and impurities content increased with frying period. However, the SV and EV were not depending on frying period but they changed according to the type of reaction occurred during frying; among the components inside the oil or between oil components with the food contents.

Saponification value is defined as mg KOH needed to neutralize free acids and saponify esters in 1 g of the test substance. A search of the literature showed that the standard saponification methods of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, alcoholic potassium hydroxide were the only saponification reagent. The sample to investigate is saponified with an excess of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution. After finished saponification the remaining excess of potassium hydroxide is determined by residual titration under Titrimetry , with aqueous volumetric hydrochloric acid. In this study, a test for saponification value has been successfully determined in carnuba wax. The average result has been found 90.9 mg KOH/g substance and, % RPD was 1.65%. This is in contradistinction to the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/ NF) Method.

Oils from five cultivars of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) grown in Poland were analysed for characteristics of chemical and biological activity. The extracted oils had an average iodine value (g of I/100 g of oil) of 99.2; a refractive index of (40°C) 1.4675; a saponification value of 189 mg of KOH/g of oil; and 0.68% unsaponifiable matter. As regards the oxidation state, the specific extinction values of the oils at 232 and 268 nm were 2.55 and 0.94, respectively, while the peroxide value was 1.40 meq O2/kg and the p-anisidine value was 1.42. Oleic acid (70.70%) was the predominant fatty acid found in the oils, followed by linoleic (22.41%), palmitic (3.14%), stearic (1.4%), linolenic (0.90%), and palmitoleic (0.70%) acid. The content of α-, γ-, and δ- tocopherols in the oils from the five apricot cultivars was 19.6-40.0, 315.4-502.3, and 28.3-58.5 mg/kg, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the apricot kernel oils, measured using the FRAP assay, ranged from 1.07 to 1.38 mM Fe2+/L, while total polyphenols and β-carotene content were 0.85-1.22 mM gallic acid/L and 42.3-66.8 μg/g, respectively. The results indicate that among the cultivars tested, the 'Somo' cultivar grown in Poland provides the most oil, with the highest antioxidant activity. The results of our study demonstrate that apricot seeds are a potential source of oil that can have both dietary and cosmetic applications.

Ethyl ester biodiesel has been produced from a non-edible Jatropha curcas oil. Oil was extracted from the plant seed using n-hexane at 60°C and pretreated by alkaline refining process to reduce the free fatty acid level to less than 1%. Base-catalysed transesterification reaction with absolute ethanol using potassium hydroxide catalyst was adopted for the conversion. Various physicochemical properties of the refined Jatropha curcas oil were investigated. The ethyl ester biodiesel produced was characterised for its fuel properties such as specific gravity at 15°C, flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, iodine value and higher heating value using American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Methods. The crude and refined Jatropha curcas oil yields were 58.16% and 52.5%. The physicochemical analysis revealed FFA, saponification value and peroxide value of refined Jatropha curcas oil to be 0.58 mg KOH/g, 159.9 and 1.92 m E/kg respectively. The fatty acid composition obtained from gas chromatography (GC) revealed that the oil contained 44.85% oleic acid as the dominant fatty acid, while Margaric 0.01% and Behenic 0.02% the least. The biodiesel yield was 57.6%, and its measured fuel properties conformed with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards.

The physical characteristics such as specific gravity, solidification point, saponification value, iodine, and acid value of liver oil were analyzed, and it has showed good characters similar to fish oil. The heavy metal was found in permissible limit, ash, and moisture was recorded in moderate level, protein, and carbohydrate were found as trace amount; the bad cholesterol was noticed lower and good cholesterol was high than fish oil. Ten fatty acids were recorded, the oleic acid, ω-3, EPA, DHA, and α- linolenic acid were recorded maximum level. The essential and non-essential amino acids were estimated and the fat soluble vitamins (A and E) were noticed higher level. The minerals Zn and Fe were found moderate level. The liver oil has showed antibacterial effect against 7 bacterial strains. The six antioxidant activities of liver oil have showed concentration depended. The Sepioteuthis lessoniana liver oil has showed against A549 cell lines.

The study aimed at investigating the meat chemical composition and physical properties of oil of the Hamri (Barbus luteus) and Balaout (Chondrostoma regium) fish and its oil content or fatty acids, and also to know the impact of its oils on the level of cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and blood sugar levels of laboratory rats. The study area extended from the province of Shirqat and Balad district to the province of Salah al-Din. The approximate percentages of meat from Hamri were 72.13, 19.74, 5.07 and 1.60 % for the moisture, protein, fat and ash respectively, and 71.63, 19.98, 4.96 and 2.04% respectively from Balaout. The extract oil from 2 types of fish differed significantly in Iodine value, Peroxide value, and Acid value and in saponification number. The fatty acids profiles results showed that oils from Hamri and Balaout fish meat consisted of 44.31 and 55.76% of Saturated fatty acid, 36.10 and 25.41% of poly unsaturated fatty acid, and 18.17 and 25.41% poly unsaturated fatty acids respectively. The experiment laboratory rats showed decreases in cholesterol, triglyceride and blood sugar level, and increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL). In conclusion, it is recommended that this oil can be used in human diet for health benefits.

In this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) weed is a noxious plant which inhabits many parts of the world. It is responsible for rapid environmental pollution causing a reduction in crop productivity by infesting farm lands and grazing lands. It also causes severe human and animal health problems. The aim of this study was assessing the potential of parthenium weed ash as a substitute for commercial alkali for the preparation of soap. Alkali solution was prepared from partheniun weed ash. Tests on its alkalinity properties revealed that the lye can be used for soap making. Similarly, the tests on physicochemical properties of the collected used cooking oil samples were found to be 141.0 ± 0.4–153.8 ± 0.33 mg KOH/g, 11.28 ± 0.5–14.1 ± 0.5 mg KOH/g, and 0.16 ± 0.2–0.19 ± 0.25 milieq/g for saponification value, acid value, and peroxide value, respectively. The data indicated that both the prepared lye solution and the collected used cooking oils would be suitable for soap preparation. Moreover, analyses of the moisture content, total alkali content, total fatty matter, the pH value, and chloride content of the prepared soap materials were found to be in the ranges of 10.5 ± 0.01–13 ± 0.01, 0.39 ± 0.01–1.63 ± 0.05%, 64.5 ± 0.16–76.4 ± 0.15%, 10.5 ± 0.03–10.63 ± 0.04, and 0.39 ± 0.2–0.45 ± 0.39%, respectively. The finding of the present study, is that it is possible to conclude that the Parthenium weed ash (or lye solution from this ash) and leftovers of used cooking oils can be used as cost-effective substitutes for commercial alkali solution and palm oil, respectively, for laundry soap preparation of acceptable grades. The finding also suggests that preparation of lye solution from parthenium weed ash can be used as an option for controlling the pollution of this invasive weed.

Soap is sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid produced by saponification reaction using sodium or potassium hydroxide. It is used for cleaning, bathing, and washing. Soaps were produced from bleached palm oil (BPO) andMoringa oleiferaseed oil using the cold process method with slight modification. The physicochemical properties (acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value and moisture content) of the oil were determined and it showed that the values are within the standard specifications. The quality of the soaps were also assessed by determining the physicochemical properties such as; free caustic alkali, matter insoluble in alcohol (MIA), pH, total fatty matter (TFM), cleaning properties, washing properties and foam stability. All the results obtained showed that the soaps analyzed are good soaps safe for the skin.

The determination of oil physicochemical properties is a useful strategy to monitor oil quality to avoid the use of potentially toxic oil. It is relevant in determining the physical and chemical changes that oil undergo during heating. In this work, the effect of prolong heating time from 1–7 h on the physicochemical properties of soybean oil, palmolein oil, groundnut oil and palm kernel oil was examined. Properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid and peroxide value (PV) were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oils. Results revealed that heating at the different times did not have any significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the oils. There was however, significant differences of the physicochemical properties on the oil types. Results further reveal that based on the peroxide value, soybean oil was the most stable oil out of the four oils studied while palm kernel oil was found to be the least stable oil; as the stability of palm olein oil was found greater than that of groundnut oil.

A novel strategy of using microalgaeChlorella vulgarisfor simultaneous bio-treatment of petrochemical wastewater and lipid production was developed in the present study. Phycoremediation was carried out in 30 days. The profile of fatty acids was identified, and the specifications of biodiesel including saponification value, iodine value, cetane number, long-chain saturated factor, cold filter plugging point, cloud point, allylic position equivalent and bis-allylic position equivalent were predicted by BiodieselAnalyzer® software. Besides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in both wastewater samples and produced lipid. The observed data showed that biodiesel fromC. vulgariswas superior to petrodiesel in terms of suitability in diesel engines. Moreover, contamination of petrochemical wastewater can influence the expression of a variety of genes in algae. To investigate the effectiveness of contamination on the expression of lipid synthesis as well as three photosynthesis genes, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify transcript levels ofPsaB(photosystem I reaction center protein subunit B),psbC(an integral membrane protein component of photosystem II), andrbcL(a large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase). Furthermore, the gene expression level ofaccD(acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase carboxyl transferase subunit beta, chloroplastic) was studied to discover the effect of wastewater on lipid production. The results showed that when diluted petrochemical wastewater (50%) was used as a media forC. vulgariscultivation, these genes expression significantly increased. For 50% diluted wastewater, the maximum removal of BOD, COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphor has been 30.36%, 10.89%, 69.89%, and 92.59%, respectively.

Palado (Aglaia sp) is a plant that grows wild in the forest around Mamuju regency of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is locally known as palado. Palado seeds (Aglaia sp) can be used as a source of vegetable oil because it contains approximately 14.75 % oil, and it has the potential to be used as food ingredients or as raw material for oil production. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical properties and the composition of fatty acids contained in palado seed oil (Aglaia sp). The employed method involved the use of palado fruit that had been processed to be palado seed and undergoing flouring process. Palado flour was produced by the extraction process by using chloroform solvent with the soxhlet method. The characteristics of the chemical properties in the oil produced were analyzed by using a standard method, including iodine, saponification, and acid values. The analysis of fatty acid composition was conducted by using gas chromatography. The results showed that palado oil extracted with hexane had an iodine value of 15.38 mg/g, saponification value of 190.01 mg KOH/g, and acids value of 1.961 mg KOH/g. The fatty acid composition of the palado seed oil consisted of saturated fatty acids (41.601 %), which included palmitic acid (41.062 %), myristic acid (0.539 %), and unsaturated fatty acids (45.949 %), which included mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as (22.929 %), oleic acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which was linoleic acid (23.020 %).

The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of skin, juice, and seeds of Opuntia dillenii fruit collected from three Moroccan regions (Oujda, Nador, and Essaouira) were studied. The study revealed that the seed oil extracts presented the highest yield of 13.12%, followed by the skin fraction (1.77%) and the juice extract (0.49%). The evaluation of fatty acid compositions using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of linoleic acid as a dominating unsaturated fatty acid with a value of 72.39%, followed by palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid in all localities. Otherwise, the juice extract of Oujda locality was richer in margaric acid (37.41%), followed by Essaouira skin extract (10.7%) and Oujda seed extract (6.18%). However, the campesterol was detected only in trace in the juice extract. The physicochemical properties of O. dillenii seed oils such as acid value, peroxide value, ester value, pH value, saponification value, density, and refractive index were all found to be in good agreement with the quality criteria for pure and fresh oils. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were implemented to compare the difference in the chemical composition of the different O. dillenii extracts.

Sunflower seeds are one of the fourth most widely used sources of edible oil production in the world. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in these oils reaches almost 85%. A previous report showed that a fatty acid can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause infections which are mostly caused by the nature of bacterial resistance. This study focused on the antibacterial activity of sunflower seed oil derivatives; namely K-salt (K-soap), free fatty acids (FFAs), and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The fatty acids in sunflower oil is linoleic (49.57%), 11-octadecenoic acid (39.09%), palmitic (9.06%), and stearic (2.28%) acids. The as-synthesized K-soap is solid, white, melting point 167-184 °C, soluble in water and methanol. FFAs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 201 °C, density 0.94 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.46, viscosity 57.30 cSt, soluble in methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane, acid value 171.35, saponification value 176.73, and ester value 5.38. The FAMEs are yellow, liquid, boiling point 185 °C, density 0.89 g.cm−3, refractive index 1.45, viscosity 4.34 cSt, soluble in chloroform and n-hexane. The acid, saponification, and ester values of K-soap, FFAs, and FAMEs are 0.98, 210.96, and 202.98 respectively. They are potential as antibacterial against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a form of processed coconut meat that has recently been produced for commercial use. Virgin coconut oil or pure coconut oil is the result of processed coconut that is free of trans-fatty acid (TFA) or trans-fatty acids that are easily digested and oxidized by the body to prevent accumulation in the body. Trans fatty acids can occur due to the hydrogenation process, so as not to undergo the hydrogenation process, the extraction of coconut oil is carried out by the fermentation process. This research was conducted by the Fermentation method using Fermipan as a microbe and the addition of the bromelin enzyme from pineapple extracts. The variables in this study were 100 ml of coconut milk volume, pH 4, and fermipan weight 0.2 gr. The variables implemented were pineapple extract volume (20, 25, 30, 35, 40) ml, fermentation time (18, 24, 30, 36, 42) hours. Analysis of VCO results compared with VCO SNI, namely the content of water content, free fatty acid numbers, saponification numbers, and iodine numbers. Optimum VCO results were obtained at 30 hours fermentation time and 30 ml pineapple extract which produced 35 ml rendamen, water content 0.08, free fatty acid numbers 0.1, saponification number 72.9, and Iodine number 26.65.

Avocado and Avocado oil are high in monosaturated oleic acid, a heart-healthy fatty acid that is believed to be one of the main reasons for the health benefits of olive oil. This study, was therefore carried out to determine the physicochemical and proximate composition of the seed and rind of avocado pear with the extraction and characterization of oil obtained from the seed and rind using solvent extraction. The phytochemical screening was also carried out on the seed and rind of avocado pear oil. The moisture contents were (51.05% and 71.77%) for the seed and rind respectively. The ash content of the unripe seed and rind were (0.52% and 0.55%) respectively. The fat (lipid) content in both the unripe seed and rind oil were (21.41g and 9.53 g) respectively. The unripe rind sample was richer in protein (6.4%) and unripe seed being lower (3.04%) to the rind. The crude fibre content for the seed and rind oil were (51.2 g and 2.54 g) respectively. Saponification value of the oil from unripe seed had a higher value of 258.82 mg KOH/g and for unripe rind was 203.47 mg KOH/g. The peroxide value for oil obtained from both unripe seed and rind of Persea americana were 0.91 mg/kg and 0.33 mg/kg respectively. Acid value was low in the unripe seed with a mean value of 0.057 mg KOH/g. It was observed that the Acid value for unripe rind was 0.058 mg KOH/g. The iodine value for rind was 182.85 (gI2/100 g), the seed oil contains 53.78 (gI2/100 g) of iodine. The refractive index was 1.21 and 1.35 for the unripe seed and rind oil respectively. The pH of the various avocado pear extracts also showed their slightly acidic nature.

In this present investigation, we have extracted and characterized the Tapra fish oil as well as applied it to evaluate anti-obesity potentiality. The Tapra fish oil had 1.14 ± 0.10 mg KOH/g of acid value, 129.8 ± 5.09 mg KOH/g of saponification number, 2.67 ± 0.67 mEq/kg of peroxide value, 121.9 ± 2.14 mg of iodine value, and 17.67 ± 1.45 totox value. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis clearly revealed the presence of nine different fatty acids. When the fish oil was applied to high-fat diet-induced obese mice, it showed significant reduction of body weight, Body Mass Index, and serum lipid profiles compared to the high-fat diet-induced obese mice. The levels of leptin and TNF-α were moderately reduced in fish oil treated high-fat diet-induced obese mice than control obese mice. In conclusion, the Tapra fish oil was enriched with essential fatty acids and it could be used as an antiobese food supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Considering the adverse effects of drugs used for the treatment of obesity, there is always a need to find out the alternatives. While the anti-obesity potentialities of different sea fish oil have been documented, the same for the Tapra fish (Opisthopterus tardoore) oil has not been studied at all. The extracted Tapra fish oil was found good in quality. Administration of fish oil in the mice exhibited anti-obesity effect in terms of lowering body weight, Body Mass Index, and serum lipid profiles, leptin, and TNF-α in mice model. These findings are fostering new therapeutic approaches to obesity treatment.

Increasing demands coupled with environmental effects of conventional fuels have over time been a source of great concern to seek cost-efficient and environmentally friendly fuels. This work is therefore, to determine the fuel properties of biodiesel from neem (Azadirachta indica) and jatropha (Jatropha curcas) seed oils using whole-cell biocatalyst. Seeds of both neem and jatropha wyere extracted from kernels using a two-staged mechanical process. Whole-cell biocatalyst-mediated trans-esterification of oils into fatty acids methyl esters (FAME) were achieved by the used of isolated strains of Rhizopus orizae. After pretreatment, the percentage yield of oils from seed kernels of neem and jatropha were found to be 29.49±0.12% and 34.18±0.16% respectively while biodiesel yields from oils of neem and jatropha were 91.20±0.02% and 89.90±0.08%. The neem and jatropha based biodiesels had specific gravities of 0.879±0.002 and 0.877±0.001, flash points (173±1.11 and 135±1.14oC); fire points (205±0.11 and (193±0.01oC) water and sediments (0.04±0.001 and 0.02±0.001%); kinematic viscosity (2.30±03 and 2.10±0.06 cst @ 37.8oC); API gravity (29.48±0.37) and (29.85±1.9); free fatty acids (0.65±0.03 and 0.38±0.04% KOH); ash contents (0.03±0.001 and 0.01±0.001%); iodine number (79.6±0.1 and 20 ±0.2 mg I2/g); saponification value (186.38 ± 0.17) and (191.75 ± 0.11mg (KOH)/g); and peroxide value (7.91±0.09 and 2.50 ± 0.03mg/kg), respectively. Fuel properties of biodiesel compared favorably with American standards for testing materials (ASTM) established limits for biodiesel fuels which showed great potentials in the use of non-food oils coupled with green chemistry in the field of biodiesel research and development.

International audience; In this study, we conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl to the yield and quality of two peanut cultivars L14 and L23 grown in Bac Ninh province, Vietnam. After careful selection, the seeds of L14 and L23 were divided into two parts. Part 1 (control) was treated with distilled water and Part 2 (experiment) was treated with 0.05% KCl. The field experiment was arranged in a Split-plot design with four replications. The results show that pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl increased the yield components (weight of 100 pods, weight of 100 seeds, mass ratio of unshelled peanuts, number of pods per plant) and yield of both L14 and L23 when compared to the control, in which the yield of L14 is higher than that of L23. Pre-sowing seed treatment with 0.05% KCl also increased the quality of peanuts such as starch content, reducing sugar, lipid, saponification value, protein, B vitamins, total amino acids and content of some mineral elements in peanuts such as N, K, Ca, Mg. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of pre-sowing seed treatment for peanuts.

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of cashew nut shell oil (CNSO) as well as its acute and subacute toxicity in rats. In acute toxicity test, the CNSO was orally administered up to 3 g/kg in a single dose and thereafter toxicity signs and mortality rates were observed in the rats within 24 h. In subacute toxicity study, the experimental rats were placed into four (4) groups of 12 rats each. Group I served as control, while groups II, III and IV received daily 20, 40, 60 mg/kg of CNSO respectively for 14 days. The chemical properties of CNSO revealed iodine number (126), acid value (13.80) and saponification number (52). The peroxide value and free fatty acid were 2.80 and 6.90 respectively. The acute toxicity (LD50) of CNSO was 1000 mg/kg. A dose dependent significant decrease (p