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In this study, we use two representative surveysto investigate how competition and cooperation relate on the individual level and whether (and how) they associate with educational attainment. Our first result is that the correlation between competition and cooperation is positive and significant, even if we take into account the respondent's age, gender, settlement type and region of residency. We also find that competition and cooperation relate in a nonlinear way to educational attainment. Higher levels of competition and cooperation associate with more years in school, but at a decreasing rate. Moreover, too high levels of competition and cooperation correlate with lower levels of educational attainment.

The growing literature on racial justice in the field of normative political theory usually tracks the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, white settlement and African slavery, that systematical...

The paper presents results from a fieldwork study with Russian Roma children. Two groups of children, 6–8 years and 8–10 years old, were involved in the study. Before the pandemic crisis began in Russia, a large number of Roma children were kept home by the parents. The study was conducted in a Roma settlement of a small town not so far from Moscow, and the author was living with the Roma family for a week. Using an ethnographic approach, he observed the communication between children and adults, children and siblings, children and neighbours. The ROMLAT test was used to measure the knowledge of Roma children regarding different grammatical categories from their mother tongue. The Roma oral tradition served among the community as a factor stimulating the language development of the children and maintaining their Romani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Intercultural Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has become more important in conducting regional affairs with its distinctive approach to interstate relations and regional cooperation. This distinctive practice is called as ‘ASEAN Way’ and the scholars assert that it is a pragmatic and informal approach to conduct intraregional affairs. As viewed by the scholars, what sets the ASEAN apart from many other regional institutions is its own process of decision-making, typically referred to as the “ASEAN Way’ (Weber, 2019). The ASEAN Way consists of a code of conduct for inter-state behavior as well as decision- making process based on consultations and consensus among its member states (Acharya, 1997). This ASEAN model or ‘ASEAN Way’ provides example of how a region can manage its problem and develop a positive identity in International Relations. Therefore, both in terms of intraregional and extra regional perceptions, Southeast Asia has become a symbol of a dynamic and largely peaceful region (Acharya, 2012). The central objective of this paper is to conceptualize the significance of ‘ASEAN Way’ as a distinctive approach to conduct regional affairs and highlight its implications for sustaining regional cooperation. The idea of ‘ASEAN Way’ is examined in this paper with specific reference to two important propositions. The first holds that ‘ASEAN Way’ is a normative approach to conduct intraregional affairs and it possess distinctive features compared to other regional practices. The second proposition holds that ‘ASEAN Way’ is potential as a mean for peaceful settlement of regional disputes. In order to realize these objectives, this study intends to answer these two research questions; what are the distinctive features of ‘ASEAN Way’ as an approach to conduct regional affairs and how it can be attributed as a peaceful mean for settling regional disputes. This study adopts a qualitative approach and primarily depends on the secondary data to answer the aforesaid research questions.

In the Mediterranean basin, the archaeological presence is extremely relevant and diffuse. Together with this is a difficult intertwining with contemporary urban settlements, which archaeology, by tradition, has to be protected from. If conservation is the goal of restoration, the problem of the cohabitation between past and present use is still an issue. This paper will focus on the project of enhancement of the archaeological park of the Greek colony of Naxos, near Messina, in Sicily, led by the Department of Architecture of the University of Palermo in cooperation with the administrative head of the park. At the crossroads between the sea, the highway, a lemon orchard and the city of Giardini Naxos, the ancient Greek settlement could be an example of coexistence of the different layers composing the landscape, with the aim of making history and archaeology come to life as synchronous components of the contemporary fruition of the place.

The development of the business world is getting more advanced, in the current era it has resulted in an increase in disputes that occur among business people. Business people prefer non-litigation channels such as sharia arbitration. Arbitration is a court of peace, where the parties to a dispute or dispute want their dispute over personal rights that they can fully control. Includes settlement of mudharabah financing contract disputes at Islamic Banks. In this article, it discusses how sharia arbitration is in resolving disputes and how to settle financing disputes based on the mudharabah contract. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. This type of research is a literature review method and uses a normative approach and a juridical approach. In the results of this study, sharia arbitration in dispute resolution must determine a contract in advance to determine whether the dispute will be resolved in a religious court or arbitration. If there is no clear agreement at the beginning to determine the place for dispute resolution, it will be difficult for both parties who have debts and parties who have receivables. Meanwhile, solving the problem with the financing of the mudharabah contract, here the financing contract is signed by the parties before a dispute occurs and to anticipate the methods for resolving the dispute however, that most important thing is the content of the mudharabah contract financing it self.

В статье показано, что тесное взаимодействие сакральных и профанных центров поселенческой структуры старообрядцев часовенного согласия на протяжении почти ста лет составляло основу этнокультурных ландшафтов «енисейского меридиана» — единого религиозно-экономического пространства, включавшего в себя современные территории Тувы и Красноярского края. На основе полевых материалов авторов, собранных в ходе экспедиционных поездок в места компактного проживания старообрядцев-часовенных Верхнего и Нижнего Енисея 2004–2021 гг., а также архивных документов по истории старообрядческих миграций, в работе реконструированы основные вехи уникального жизненного пути Клавдии Ивановны Юрковой (по отцу Сальниковой), которая еще в юном возрасте была отдана в Дубчесский монастырь и прожила там двенадцать лет вплоть до его разорения в 1951 г. Контент-анализ записанных в разные годы текстов интервью позволил выявить эмоционально окрашенные высказывания, характерные для биографического нарратива, и воссоздать значимые фрагменты системы ценностей информанта. Де­лается вывод, что траектория земной жизни старообрядцев-часовенных, рассмот­ренная на фоне миграционных процессов, является проекцией их духовной жизни как пути к спасению.

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony będzie kwestii zasięgu osadnictwa wołoskiego, prawa wołoskiego i jego funkcjonowania oraz społeczno-gospodarczej roli środkowoeuropejskich i bałkańskich Vlachów. Materiał źródłowy, jakim dysponujemy, nie pozwala nam wytyczyć jakiegoś wyraźnego kierunku ekspansji Wołochów jako etnosu, zwłaszcza że na niektórych terenach ewoluował on bardzo szybko, niewątpliwie jednak w momencie, gdy w źródłach się pojawiają, widoczni są od Półwyspu Chalkidiki po Karpaty. Obserwując funkcjonowanie prawa wołoskiego możemy zaobserwować podobny jego rozwój na całym terenie, na którym było ono stosowane, niezależnie od tego, czy były to państwa o tradycji zachodnioeuropejskiej, bizantyńsko-prawosławnej, czy Imperium Osmańskie. Także ewolucja tego prawa przebiegała podobnie i w podobnym czasie. Możemy zaobserwować następujące etapy tej ewolucji: 1. do XIV wieku kształtowanie się systemu społecznego i samorządowego wspólnot wołoskich 2. wiek XIV–XVI: procesy osadnicze i intensywna kolonizacja na prawie wołoskim 3. wiek XVI–XVIII: podejmowanie przez część Vlachów zajęć rolniczych i utrata przez nich prawa wołoskiego 4. wiek XV–XVIII: wykorzystanie zasad prawa wołoskiego do budowy statusu prawnego Pograniczy Wojskowych. 5. wiek XIV–XVIII: przechodzenie knezów, wojewodów i primićurów do stanu szlacheckiego lub warstwy timariotów. Wołosi, mimo pozornie prymitywnego sposobu życia i gospodarowania odegrali ważną rolę cywilizacyjną, umożliwiając wykorzystanie gospodarcze trudno dostępnych i niebezpiecznych terenów.

The first Central European university departments focused specifically on non-classical archaeology were established 170 years ago: Jan Kollár became a professor in Vienna in 1849, Jan Erazim Vocel in Prague in 1850. The content and focus of their teaching in this period is best evidenced by introductory and concluding speeches, preserved in manuscript and printed form; above all, they clearly demonstrate the difference between Kollár’s Romantic approach, which for the most part uncritically sought traces of the supposed original Slavic settlement in Europe (mainly in Italy), and Vocel’s, which already distinguished between “pagan” and “Christian” (prehistoric and medieval) archaeology and with his concept of the field was already heading for Positivism. The article includes the texts of these speeches.

Italy may well contribute to a better understanding of the lasting Roman impact on conquered societies in Italy as a whole. The first phase of Romanisation, especially coinciding with the later centuries of the Republic (third to first centuries BC), and culminating in the reign of Augustus, is essential to deciphering forms of transmission, assimilation and cultural integration. This phase is marked by an impressive influx of colonists from Latium and other Italian regions into the central Adriatic area, and by the introduction of urban ways of life modelled on Rome and central Tyrrhenian Italy. But it is also in these three first centuries of Roman dominance in the region that a diversity of interesting agglomerations and urban forms is being created, by a heterogeneous group of indigenous populations and immigrated individuals who deeply integrated their new habitation centres in the gradually changing surrounding territories and landscapes, stretching between the central Apennine mountains and the Adriatic Sea. To illustrate this, we will focus on landscape change in the crucial contact area between the coast and one of the most important valley corridors linking Rome and Latium with its Adriatic borderland during this last part of the Republic. Based on a recent analysis of urban developments in the whole central Adriatic region, as well as on intensive archaeological field surveys in the Potenza valley, we can start to reconstruct the main features of the Roman colony of Potentia in northern Picenum and its steering role in marked landscape change and settlement dynamics that occurred in this part of central Adriatic Italy. The sudden creation and relative fast development of such Roman colonial towns on the coast has, together with the impressive influx of viritim and veteran colonists, created a real and dynamic colonial landscape with a highly organized urban centre, a well-structured suburbium, (temporary) villages or hamlets, and isolated farms, which all play their role in a complex changing world., L’étude de la formation et du développement des paysages coloniaux dans l’Italie centrale adriatique contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’impact à long terme de Rome sur les sociétés conquises dans l’ensemble de l’ Italie. La première phase de la romanisation, coïncidant avec les derniers siècles de la République (du IIIe au Ier siècle avant J.-C.), et qui culmine lors du règne d’Auguste, est essentielle pour le déchiffrement des formes de transmission, d’assimilation et d’intégration culturelle. Cette phase est marquée par un afflux massif de colons du Latium et d’ autres régions italiennes dans la région de l’Adriatique centrale et par l’introduction de modes de vie urbains inspirés de Rome et de l’Italie tyrrhénienne centrale. Mais c’est aussi dans ces trois premiers siècles de domination romaine dans la région que se développe une diversité d’agglomérations et de formes urbaines intéressantes, créées par un groupe hétérogène mêlant populations autochtones et immigrés individuels, qui ont su profondément intégrer leurs nouveaux centres d’habitation dans des territoires variés, entre les montagnes apennines et la mer. Pour illustrer cela, nous nous concentrerons sur l’évolution du paysage dans la zone de contact cruciale entre la côte et l’une des plus importantes vallées de circulation reliant Rome et le Latium à la frontière adriatique pendant cette dernière phase de la République. Sur la base d’une analyse récente des développements urbains dans l’ensemble de la région adriatique centrale, ainsi que sur des études archéologiques intensives dans la vallée de la rivière Potenza, nous pouvons commencer à reconstituer les principales caractéristiques de la colonie romaine de Potentia et son influence sur la dynamique spatiale de l’occupation humaine dans le Picenum septentrional. La création soudaine et le développement relativement rapide de ces villes coloniales romaines sur la côte, ainsi que l’afflux impressionnant de colons et vétérans, ont créé un véritable paysage colonial dynamique, avec un centre urbain hautement organisé, un suburbium bien structuré, des villages ou hameaux temporaires, et des fermes isolées, chacun remplissant son rôle dans un monde complexe en pleine évolution., Vermeulen Frank. The Impact of Later Republican Colonisation on Coastal Settlement Dynamics in Central Adriatic Italy: the Case of Potentia. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément n°23, 2021. Colonies, territoires et statuts : nouvelles approches. pp. 149-178.

Workers / laborers are often extorted by employers with relatively small wages. An employment relationship is basically a relationship between a worker / laborer and an entrepreneur after a work agreement is made. The formulation of the problems discussed in this paper is how to regulate freelance daily workers in Indonesia and how to resolve disputes related to work agreements for casual daily workers in Indonesia. The result of the research on the formulation of the problem is that the regulation regarding freelance workers / laborers is regulated in statutory regulations, in law number 13 of 2003 concerning manpower in Article 56 to Article 59, but there are several articles amended by -Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning work copyright. Settlement of disputes between employers and workers / casual daily laborers can be resolved first by deliberation to reach a consensus in accordance with what has been stipulated in Article 136 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, but if deliberation efforts to reach consensus cannot be reached then the management and workers / laborers or trade / labor unions resolve industrial relations disputes.How to cite item: Suryaningrat, R., Ghufron Az, M., Supriyadi, S. (2021). Tinjauan yuridis terhadap pengaturan terkait pekerja harian lepas. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 12(2), 213-222. doi:https://doi.org/10.26905/idjch.v12i2.5813

The article discusses the results of archaeological-onomastic research carried out for the village of Nowosielec, Łosice dist., situated in the Toczna river basin on the northern edge of Poland’s Siedlce Upland. Archaeological analyses of the chronological and spatial development of this micro-regional settlement showed this oecumene to have been continuously viable from the younger phases of the early Middle Ages to modern times. A trace of the continuity of settlement is preserved as the very place-name Nowosielec = Nowe Sioło (‘New Village’), which records memory of the existence of an older village. Its onomastic base indicates that it derived from the Old East Slavic term seło, which formed the core of many toponyms along the eastern frontier of contemporary Poland. The rise of the oldest settlement was probably related to the socioeconomic facilities of the nearby Dzięcioły stronghold – identified as the pre-location centre of the region (medieval Łosice). The example of Nowosielec and two other local micro-regions where settlement processes show similar patterns, offer insight into the regional settlement regress dated to the 2nd half of the 13th century. Results of the research carried out in the upper Toczna river basin show that its cultural landscape radically changed not earlier than during the 14th-15th centuries and was not caused by a demographic decline. Regional cultural continuity between the early medieval, late medieval, and modern times can be identified thanks to archaeological investigations and linguistic analysis of regional toponyms – in the case of microregions continuously functioning from the early Middle Ages till the modern period –derived from Old Russian apellatives and personal names.

Mediation in the process of proceedings at the Court is an important stage, so the Judge can delay the proceedings. At the first session, the Judge was obliged to encourage the parties to carry out the mediation process and provide explanations to the parties regarding the procedures and costs of mediation. This is important so that the parties can know the mechanisms, procedures and costs of mediation that must be issued in the mediation process. The mediation process is divided into three stages, namely the pre-mediation stage, the stage of mediation implementation, and the final stage of the implementation of the mediation results. The mediation stage begins with important steps: preliminary remarks by the mediator, presentation and presentation of the parties' stories, sorting and clarifying issues, discussing and negotiating agreed issues, creating options, finding points of agreement and formulating decisions, recording and retelling decisions and closing mediation. Effect of the mediation process in resolving inheritance disputes in Decision No.2570 / Pdt.G / 2017 / PA. Mdn can be said to be successful, because the parties to the dispute can reconcile according to the peace deeds made and agreed by each party in litigation. Constraints faced in the mediation process in resolving disputes over the distribution of shared assets after divorce, namely the absence of a mechanism that can force one party or parties to attend mediation meetings, lack of goodwill of the parties to reconcile.

The purpose of this research is to Know the Arrangements About Buying and Selling Shares, How Legitimate Selling and Selling of Shares. As well as to find out the Step in Settlement of Sales and Purchase Dispute of Company Shares This type of research in this journal is Normative Juridical. Arrangements for buying and selling of shares are regulated in law number 40 of 2007 concerning limited liability companies and the Civil Code and other laws. The validity of the Sale and Purchase of Shares is in accordance with the applicable regulations stipulated in Article 1457 of the Civil Code regarding the sale and purchase of shares while the shares are regulated in articles 40.41.42, and 43 KUHD. Settlement of disputes over the sale and purchase of company shares is resolved through 2 (two) channels, namely through deliberation and settlement through judicial channels.

Termination of work relations between workers and employers (entrepreneurs), commonly known as layoffs, can occur due to the expiration of a certain period that has been previously agreed or agreed upon and can also occur because of a dispute between the worker and the employer (entrepreneur), the death of the worker or for other reasons. As for what is meant by termination of employment according to F.X. Djumialdji, is the termination of a work relationship because of certain things that result in the termination of rights and obligations between workers or laborers and entrepreneurs. Worker Rights / labor rights. Rights are everything that must be obtained by everyone who has been there since birth, even from the womb. Workers / laborers rights are always attached to everyone who works for a salary. Because of his job. All rights and obligations of workers are clearly stated in the Civil Code, the provisions regarding the obligations of laborers / workers are regulated in Articles 1603, 1603a, 1603b, and 1603c. Settlement of cases in term of employment based on industrial relations courts is carried out using the first method outside the court (non-litigation) and the second through the PHI (litigation). Outside the court (non-litigation) include: Bipartite negotiations, tripartite negotiations. And the settlement process is limited to 50 (fifty) working days if more then it is considered broken or finished.

Although there is substantial research examining adult perspectives of immigration and integration, there is notably less data on youth attitudes and experiences. When youth are surveyed, a preliminary review of the existing literature reveals that non-immigrant voices are very rarely included. This systematic literature review (a) identifies the major themes and summarizes the findings of existing research; (b) determines gaps in the existing literature and; (c) proposes recommendations for future integration research, policy, and interventions. Ultimately, this paper finds that integration policy and research in Canada tends to focus on the changes required by immigrant youth but rarely discuss the cultural adaptation and inclusion required by settled Canadians. A paradigm shift in research, settlement practice, and policy is necessary to better reflect the bi-directional cultural exchange and the mutual responsibilities of integration.

Xinfang, as a major participation channel in China, sets social stability as its most important objective. The way it seeks to balance the participation-institutionalisation dynamic is thus key to understanding its function. Drawing on detailed interviews and archival sources, this study clarifies the practice and rationale of the new and important online xinfang channel which has not, to date, been amply examined. By integrating offline communication methods with the new online format, it achieves a subtler form of participation through field diversion, standardised settlement, and balanced evaluation, and thus partly corrects the offline xinfang channel’s heavy reliance on non-institutionalised tactics to maintain stability. However, as long as xinfang still operates at the intersection of law and politics, the question of how to balance citizens’ desire for participation and an appropriate level of institutionalisation remains a noteworthy issue, since stability is only achieved when these two elements are in equilibrium.

The hypothesis of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) colonisation by Amerindian voyagers has been largely dismissed archaeologically since the mid-twentieth-century controversy generated by Thor Heyerdahl’s American Indians in the Pacific. The orthodox hypothesis today is that Rapa Nui was settled exclusively by Polynesians who, however, brought the sweet potato and a few other items from South America by return voyaging. This view is challenged by recent evidence that widespread admixture of Amerindian and East Polynesian DNA in East Polynesia, dated to the twelfth to fourteenth century AD, could represent Amerindian landfalls. Reconsideration, here, of putative Amerindian archaeological remains on Rapa Nui—notably the facade of the ceremonial platform known as Ahu Tahiri, circular stone structures known as tupa, and birdman motifs—in the light of recent, largely contextual, research also appears to offer more support for the hypothesis than hitherto. However, the argument is heavily constrained by the long absence of systematic analytical research designed to test such indications, perhaps because marginalising the Amerindian hypothesis suits archaeological perspectives on both sides of the southeast Pacific. The purpose of this review is to encourage new research on the archaeological material in question.

In the western Mediterranean, the question of the settlement patterns of the first farming communities remains a much debated issue. Frequently compared with the LBK model, based on hundreds of well-documented villages, the settlement organization of the Impressed Ware complex is still poorly characterized and highly diversified. New data obtained in Southern France (Languedoc) may shed light on this matter, based on new excavations, revised data, and a multi-proxy perspective (site type, domestic area, food supply strategies, activities, spheres of acquisition of raw material, and so forth). Rather than reproducing a pattern of site locations and settlement structuring, it seems that these Early Neolithic groups sought to optimize the location and structuring of their settlements in relation to the specific characteristics of the surrounding environment and available resources. We therefore propose that the diversity observed in the settlement organization of these first farming communities is a reflection of a social organization well-adapted to the diversity of the ecosystem.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the natural and migration movement of the rural population of Russia over several periods of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The authors proceed from the premise that it is necessary to consider not only the decline of Russia’s rural population but also its movement. The article refers to the data of general censuses and vital records of the population at the regional, district, and settlement levels in one of the most successful agrarian regions by Russian standards, i.e. the Central Black Earth Region. The authors process the information from the sources employing various quantitative methods, including modeling demographic processes of the past, which helps verify the information of official documents. It is concluded that the idea of the general “extinction” of the Russian countryside is oversimplified. Historical data of the Central Black Earth Region testify to the constantly changing, different directions of demographic processes at the level of individual regions, districts, and settlements. Backsliding due to the process of depopulation, conservative demographic modernisation, and especially the transfer of urban dwellers back to rural areas contribute to the preservation of “islands of stability”. There are still dozens of districts and hundreds of settlements in the Central Black Earth Region characterised by natural growth and migration influx. The authors argue that a population which is excessive in terms of the needs of modern agriculture will continue to migrate. At the same time, based on the data of last decades, it is suggested that a certain number of people will be staying in the countryside as well as relocating there — those preferring a rural lifestyle in general or seeking to survive there in times of crisis. The reverse migration to rural areas observed during critical periods made it possible and continues to amortise the continuous decline of the rural population., Целью статьи является комплексное изучение естественных и миграционных аспектов движения сельского населения России на протяжении XX — начала XXI в. под воздействием урбанизации и консервативной модернизации. Авторы исходили из необходимости учета не только убыли, но и перемещения сельского населения России. Статья основана на данных всеобщих переписей, материалах текущего учета населения областного, районного и поселенного уровней одного из успешных по российским меркам аграрных регионов — Центрального Черноземья. Данные источников обработаны количественными методами, включая моделирование демографических процессов прошлого, что позволяет верифицировать сведения официальных документов. В статье делается вывод об упрощенности тезиса о всеобщем «вымирании» русской деревни. Материалы истории Центрального Черноземья свидетельствуют о постоянно меняющейся демографической ситуации на уровне отдельных областей, районов и поселений. Откаты в процессе депопуляции, консервативная демографическая модернизация, особенно обратное перемещение горожан в сельскую местность, способствуют сохранению «островков устойчивости» в аграрном секторе. В черноземных областях остаются десятки районов и сотни населенных пунктов, где продолжается естественный прирост и миграционный приток жителей. Авторы утверждают, что избыточное с точки зрения потребностей современного сельского хозяйства население будет продолжать мигрировать. Вместе с тем на основании материалов последних десятилетий высказывается предположение о том, что в сельскую местность будет прибывать определенное число людей, предпочитающих сельский образ жизни или стремящихся пережить там кризисные времена. Наблюдаемая в критические периоды обратная миграция в сельскую местность позволяла и позволяет амортизировать непрерывную убыль сельского населения.

This study is an application of the ideal free distribution (IFD) model to understand settlement patterns during the Mauretanian and Roman periods in northwest Morocco. We use proxies for potential agricultural productivity and distance from a viable harbor for each of the locations of known settlement sites. There is a clear relationship between the distance from harbors and habitat suitability, with sites that were established earliest all on or close to a point of access to the ocean. This is consistent with a focus on maritime trade and a connection with the Mediterranean Sea. Agricultural potential is also an important factor influencing settlement, although to a lesser extent, with earlier, low-density settlement more focused on trade potential. Consistent with predictions of the IFD, there is an expansion through time to progressively lower ranked habitats, with persistent settlement at the highest ranked habitats, including at Lixus, which is generally considered to be the earliest city in northwest Africa. During the Roman period, there is a focus of interior settlement near Volubilis. Subsidiary sites likely benefit from their proximity to this important political site, despite their relatively low rank within the IFD, perhaps reflecting patterns consistent with an ideal despotic distribution. This study demonstrates how the IFD can be used in a simple context with limited available survey data to assess the important environmental variables influencing settlement decisions. It has broad implications for understanding the formation of urban centers prior to and during the Roman period.

The Eastern Mediterranean is becoming a new region of interstate confrontation and clash of national interests. This is largely due to the discovery of oil and gas reserves, the development of which is becoming possible with the existing technology. The Republic of Turkey has a special position regarding this maritime region. The paper analyzes those bases - historical, political and legal - that determine Turkeys current policy with regard to maritime delimitation and the settlement of maritime disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean. Particularly, it is shown that Turkeys policy in the region continues to be based on the approaches that were announced by Turkey during the I-III UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea (1958, 1960, 1973-1982 respectively), which have remained unchanged up to now. This position, as regards both the outer limits of the territorial sea, the legal regime of islands and the delimitation of the continental shelf, continues to define the essence of the controversy between Turkey and other countries of the region, including Greece and the Republic of Cyprus. At the same time, it is shown that there is a set of circumstances that significantly limit the prospects of solving these interstate contradictions within the framework of international judicial instances, including the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The conclusion is made that, for both Turkey and Greece, the most acceptable option would be to work out a model of settlement, which would not imply the obligation of its immediate implementation. Particular attention is paid to the ideological and practical framing of Turkish claims within the framework of the Blue Homeland doctrine, developed by a number of retired Turkish officers. It shows how Ankara uses the ideas of pan-Turkism and neo-Ottomanism to justify its claims to vast maritime spaces. The distinctive feature of this doctrine most likely is its anti-American, anti-NATO and anti-European orientation. There is a paradoxical situation when certain ideas enshrined in this concept directly correlate with the interests of the Russian Federation.

This Article highlights the legal and procedural restrictions a Member States faces during its withdrawal from the EU and subsequent talks on a future trade relationship by analyzing the unprecedented case of the UK. One such restriction consists of an obligation to negotiate withdrawal as a result of the principle of sincere cooperation. Other limits derive from the withdrawal process itself, designed as it was by the European institutions on the basis of a very scant Article 50 TEU. By then comparing the three substantive pillars of the EU-UK WA—citizens’ rights, the financial settlement, and the Irish border— with the UK’s initial negotiating red lines, I offer two conclusions: That the aforementioned constraints on the withdrawing state can significantly weaken the defense of its interests during its withdrawal process and that having to agree to important issues in a first and separate stage of “orderly withdrawal” talks also diminishes the state’s bargaining power with regards to the next stage of negotiating a future partnership with the EU.

In the course of the 20th century, Thai political elites fashioned a religiopolitical settlement that has a great deal in common with covenantal pluralism. They did so, furthermore, by rediscovering a historic precedent in the Indian emperor Asoka, and reinterpreting the image of this paragon of Buddhist kingship so as to emphasize theological humility and a benevolent embrace of religious pluralism. Since the fall of the absolute monarchy in 1932, this Asokan ideal has been reflected in the Buddhist Thai king’s constitutionally defined role as upholder of religions – in the plural. However, recent developments in Thailand highlight the difficulties associated with sustaining a tolerant and robustly pluralistic policy regime over time, and the inescapable normative trade-offs that this involves.

Introduction Urban areas continue to be attractive destinations for migrants. In these urban areas, migrants use their ethnic networks to ease the settlement process and often form residential hubs. The creation of these residential hubs is frequently followed by ethnic retail agglomerations. Many cities, in turn, regard their increasing ethno-cultural diversity as an opportunity for branding.

Despite the increase in efforts to attract and retain international students in Canada, including the introduction of the Canadian Experience Class in 2008, there has been little investigation into what supports will assist international students as they transition from students to workers to migrants. This research paper is a Toronto-based investigation of the service needs and gaps that exist for international students aiming to transition to permanent residency in Canada. Data gathered from interviews with front-line workers assisting international students, an immigrant-serving organization, and government suggests that immigration policy reforms aiming to attract and retain international students have not been accompanied by the necessary changes to traditional settlement and international student services resulting in service gaps for this segment of Canada's international student population. The present study also connects these findings to neoliberal immigration policies and practices in place in Canada since the 1990s.

Dudnyk V. M, Diachenko S. V. Mediation in civil judiciary. - Article. This article is devoted to the study and comparison of the institutions of mediation and dispute resolution with the participation of a judge. The issue of distinguishing between mediation as an alternative way of resolving con­flicts and resolving disputes with the participation of a judge is becoming increasingly important. According to the case law, in addition to litigation, as a traditional way of resolving the conflict, there are other ways to resolve disputes between the parties, in particular, mediation, which has a positive trend in civil proceedings. However, at the moment, the institution of mediation is in its in­fancy and is not fully regulated in disputes. The article raises the issue of the absence of a legislative act that will clearly define the main provisions concerning the imple­mentation of mediation. Although the development and dissemination of mediation will affect the dispute res­olution process because it has a number of advantages over litigation. It also helps to reduce the burden on the judiciary, ensures the efficiency of judicial proceedings, the speed of dispute resolution. The views of scientists on the introduction of mediation in the system of dispute res­olution are also analyzed. The legal nature of mediation is a procedure such as the settlement of a dispute in­volving a judge, which is why these procedures are often mistakenly identified, so the article outlines the main differences between the two ways of resolving conflicts. Based on the analysis of judicial practice of the use of me­diation institutions and dispute resolution with the par­ticipation of a judge, it is proved that the institution of mediation is a completely independent and autonomous conciliation procedure. Conclusions are formulated, which indicate that in order to completely differentiate from other ways of administering justice and resolving conflicts, the mediation procedure must be standard­ized in the legislation of Ukraine, which will contrib­ute to the effective development and increase the trend of application.

The Law on mineral and coal mining provides opportunity to carry out mining business activities. To do mining out by the people by using the people suggest. In practice, cause s problem in the form of vertical and horizontal conflicts society in west Lombok district. people's mining conflict were caused by uncontrolled mining activities and mining land ownership disput e. In the above issues, alternatives are needed in resolving disputes that occur, so that conflicts that occur can be resolved. This study empirical law research to understand that the law is not only a normative legal regulation. The data in this study w ere obtained from literature studies and field research, using a sociological juridical approach, the result prove that alternative mechanism of settlement of mining disputes based on the good faith of the parties in the conflict, to reach an agreement that can provide a sense of justice.

By means of the Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates, a comparison of chronologies of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement and the cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar-5 of the Late Bronze Age Syntashta-Petrovka period has been carried out. Both sites are situated in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat River in Kartalinsky district of Chelyab-insk Region (Russia). Comparison of the pottery assemblages of the settlement and the cemetery demonstrates their similarity, which suggests existence of a genetic link between the sites. The purpose of this work is devel-opment of a generalized chronological model of the two monuments. This is achieved by comparison of uncali-brated intervals of radiocarbon dates and calculation of chronological boundaries of the existence of the settle-ment and cemetery by means of Bayesian modeling of the calibrated dates. The method consists in that, in the beginning, the stratigraphic position of each date is determined, and then the dates suitable for the analysis are arranged in the chronological order and calibrated, while the algorithm of the OxCal 4.4 calibration program is queried for calculation of the boundaries of the given periods and their duration. Also, the paper reports complete sets of the radiocarbon dates: 61 dates have been obtained from the materials of the settlement of Kamennyi Ambar, while 19 measurements originate from the Kamennyi Ambar-5 cemetery. Correlation of the radiocarbon dates and development of the Bayesian chronological models have demonstrated contemporaneousness of the settlement and the cemetery with slightly later beginning of the activity at the latter. This observation is in agree-ment with the concept of the genetic link between the sites and, arguably, can be extended onto other pairs of fortified settlement — kurgan cemetery attributed to the Sintashta-Petrovka period. Our conclusion is also consis-tent with the concept of building the complex of monuments by a newly-arrived population, who founded a settle-ment, occupied the new territory for some time, while the first deaths occurred some time afterwards. That said, the settlement of Kamennyi Ambar existed for no longer than a century in the 1950s — 1860s BC, while the cemetery of Kamennyi Ambar-5 was used for 70–80 years within the same chronological interval.

China has signed the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, namely the Singapore Convention on Mediation, on August 7, 2019, making it possible for China’s domestic courts to resolve international commercial disputes by implementing settlement agreements resulting from international commercial mediation. Relying on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), numerous commercial mediation organizations have successively established and integrated mediation into the international commercial dispute resolution mechanism in making effort for the internationalization of China’s commercial mediation system under the background of improving diversified dispute resolution mechanisms. Based on the status quo of commercial mediation in China, this article focuses on the connection and convergence between China’s practice and the principle of the Convention, as well as discusses the rationality for its ratification.

The purpose of this research is to discover the factors which create the bonding social capital strengthening the relationship amongst Lengkong Kyai residents, Tangerang Regency, Banten, Indonesia. This research employs the qualitative method by triangulating primary data collected from in-depth interviews with local community leaders and public figures, field observation, and secondary data in the form of video recording, journalistic publications, and scientific journals from previous researches. The result shows that historical legacy, maintenance strategy, implantation of cultural, religious, and spiritual beliefs values, shared identity, as well as a relationship based on mutual trust are the factors contributing to the bonding social capital amongst Lengkong Kyai Residents. The novelty of this research is pointing out that policymakers, developers, even capitalist-oriented academicians often neglect the existence of bonding social capital in the development of urban settlements. This neglect often creates tension between kampong enclave’s residents and housing developers. Coexisting and mutual respect becomes important in building bridging and linking social capital between kampong residents, housing developers, local government, and private city dwellers.

We propose some reflections on ethics and politics about the archaeological research of the Diaguita El Olivar settlement and cemetery (La Serena, Chile), exposing the misunderstandings of the paradigms of archaeology, state and diaguita communities. Despite the state recognition achieved in 2006 on the basis of archaeological and ethno-historical knowledge, Chilean Diaguitas are today faced against the discourse of some who do not give recognition to their people, and refer their existence to the past. To this invisibility is added a double discourse of government institutions that accept and then deny indigenous rights to their convenience. We consider that these situations are due to a lack of knowledge and appreciation of indigenous rights, as well as the ambiguity of the social role of archaeology in current indigenous matters in Chile. As long as pre-columbian indigenous cemeteries remain in a category of heritage objects exclusively related to the past, the scientistic archaeological discourse will continue to endorse the silencing and symbolic extermination of our native peoples. From a decolonial focus, we propose a more ethically responsible perspective for archaeological work in relation to indigenous heritages, integrating the feelthinkings, cosmovivences and wills of native peoples.

Despite the dominance of arbitration in the realm of investor-state disputes, the variety of proposals for reform suggest considerable stakeholder discontent with the current framework. One suggested reform is the introduction of investor–state mediation, which has been supported by the conclusion of the Singapore Convention on Mediation and the proposal by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) of a set of mediation rules. This article examines the respective merits of arbitration and mediation to settle investment disputes related to the Belt and Road Initiative. Many of the principles underpinning the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative sit uncomfortably alongside an adversarial adjudicative mechanism, and access to arbitration is limited in some investment treaties. It is argued that, in some instances, mediation may be more attuned to the unique conditions of the Belt and Road Initiative. Stakeholders have done considerable work to enhance the legitimacy of mediation within the field of investor–state dispute settlement, but it remains dormant in practice and comparatively rare within investment treaties. While a mediated settlement will remain elusive in many instances, it can be encouraged by a series of reforms to treaty drafting, the internal organization of government departments, and the actions of foreign investors.

The policies of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) towards Zionism and Jewish immigration and settlement in Palestine have already been considered in the scholarly literature. The other side...

This paper discusses progressive thinking and clinical views on improving mental health practice for immigrants and refugees. It addresses policy, care delivery, professionals’ attitudes, and immigrants’ access to mental health care — all factors especially pertinent for practice in major immigration hubs. The data was gathered from invited presentations and discussions among participants at an international multidisciplinary symposium, including health and social scientists from Toronto (Canada) and Paris (France), major urban centres attracting large numbers of immigrant and refugees who constantly encounter challenges for their successful settlement. The focus is on alternative care thinking and innovative approaches for better care and understanding of these populations’ health behavior. Recommendations on how to advance knowledge relevant for these two urban hubs of immigration were documented, underpinned by the consensus that economic disparities, societal and political forces, as well as cultural and linguistic factors, influence immigrants’ and refugees’ vulnerability regarding mental health stability.

Perceived tenure security is recognised to affect the socioeconomic behaviours and wellbeing of informal settlement dwellers. The provision of perceived tenure security is centred on the developmental agenda as a key policy alternative of tenure legalisation. Despite the consensus about its importance, the reason perceived tenure security is different amongst dwellers remains unclear. To fill this gap, we introduce social capital theory to understand the formation of and disparity in perceived tenure security. The hypotheses are that dwellers living in informal settlements with higher collective social capital and having higher individual social capital tend to feel more secure on their tenure because of higher backing power attained to deter the threats of eviction. We examine the hypotheses using a structural equation model approach to a dataset collected from three small property rights housing communities, which are emerging informal settlements in urban China. Modelling results support our hypotheses and suggest that female, low-income and migrant dwellers tend to feel less secure on their tenure because of the lack of social capital to deter the threats to their tenure. This study contributes to a new sociological explanation for the disparity in perceived tenure security other than the established psychological explanation. Empirically, this study contributes to the understanding of the rapid development of small property rights housing developments in China from the perspective of how dwellers develop security on informal tenure.

Following the Fourth Crusade, one of the Frankish states that were established in former Byzantine territories was the Principality of Morea, in the Peloponnese. A strict hierarchy consisting of the prince, the barons, and the fief-knights quickly implemented a feudal system and imposed it on the locals; towers were erected and settlements were relocated. Fieldwork in the Patras area, in the northwestern Peloponnese, has focused on identifying the implementation of the feudal system on the level of the barony and that of the fief. Data are drawn from surface surveys and from historical records, including Ottoman tax registers. Spatial analysis in GIS is used to examine the role of the towers in the economic and social life of the subordinate settlements and how the exercise of power manifests itself in the landscape.

We examine how jurors’ negligence judgments and attorneys’ out-of-court settlements are differently impacted by two features of a materially misstated accounting estimate—the amount of estimate uncertainty and whether the misstated account is disaggregated into its own line-item or aggregated with other accounts into a single financial statement line-item. We predict and find that jurors and attorneys react to estimate uncertainty in opposite directions under common conditions. This finding is important because, when jurors’ judgments and attorneys’ settlements differ, research into juror judgments alone may not capture a complete picture of auditor liability, since the vast majority of audit litigation is resolved by attorneys in out-of-court settlement without ever going to trial. Consistent with attribution theory, results from our first experiment show that jurors hold auditors more responsible for misstatements of lower estimate uncertainty when the misstated account is disaggregated, as opposed to misstatements that are of higher uncertainty and/or aggregated with other, accurate accounts. However, in a second experiment we find that attorneys negotiate auditor settlements under the incorrect assumption that jurors will hold auditors more responsible for failing to prevent misstatements of higher uncertainty. Our results illustrate that accounting research should not focus solely on juror judgments in the study of how specific factors impact auditor liability, and that attorneys would benefit from a better understanding of juror decision making.

Narcotics can be categorized into extraordinary crimes. Currently, the circulation of narcotics has targeted almost all circles. Military institutions are also not spared from the circulation of narcotics. The basic question is how to handle narcotics crimes by the Military judiciary and the legal efforts that can be made by the soldiers who are accused. The research method used is socio-legal legal studies: Data sources come from secondary data sources or literature studies, which review data from laws and regulations, readings, and books related to research titles. The settlement of narcotics crimes involving TNI soldiers is carried out by the military judiciary. The component or sub-system of military justice is the same as the general judiciary, namely the existence of Ankum and Papera which are important components in the military justice system, in addition to the Military Police, Oditur, and Military Judges. Soldiers involved in such crimes can also make legal efforts as a form of self-defense. The Military Judiciary has the authority to resolve its cases without interference from other agencies, as whose authority and position are contained in Law No. 31 of 1997

The basis of this work is a fragment of Zygmunt Dżuganowski’s diary ‘Wrocławska szansa’, regarding the post-war journey to Sobótka. In the article ‘Ślęża Mountain as a metaphor for the Western Territories in 1945’, the way of how memory works was analyzed by examining stages of the road surrounded by cultural, given meanings. The symbolic peregrination towards Ślęza and the Slavic beginnings of Polishness has a strictly legitimizing purpose.The exploration of space and the ancient traces of ancestors found in it are a poetic way of presenting evidence of the validity of settlement.

This study aims to determine the application of the final and binding principles in sharia economic dispute resolution through Basyarnas. This research method used empirical research with secondary and primary data. Secondary data was complemented by primary and secondary legal materials, while primary data was obtained through interviews. The data analysis was carried out in a descriptive qualitative manner. The results indicated that the final principle is applied to the settlement of sharia economic disputes through Basyarnas when the parties have received the sharia arbitration decision and do not object to the decision issued by Basyarnas, or when one of the parties submits an objection to the sharia arbitration decision, and the arbitrator re-signed the revised decision in accordance with Article 58 of Law Number 30 of 1999 and Article 20 of the 2017 Basyarnas Rules of Procedure. The final sharia arbitration decision will have binding power for the parties (binding) after the decision is registered with the Religious Court in accordance with the respondent’s regional laws.