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Research is presented concerning the disclosure of environmental and social information in the annual reports prepared by major business enterprises. The size of the company and disclosure policy are compared.

Summary: Background: Exposure to artificial tanning devices is carcinogenic to humans, and government regulations to restrict or ban indoor tanning appear to be increasing. Objectives: We evaluated changes in the international prevalence of indoor tanning among adolescents and adults after artificial tanning devices were classified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 2009. Methods: Systematic searches in PubMed and Web of Science databases were undertaken. Overall, 43 studies reporting 'ever' or 'past‐year' indoor tanning exposure after 2009 were identified. We used metaregression analysis to evaluate the prevalence of indoor tanning over time. Random effects meta‐analysis was used to summarize the prevalence of indoor tanning in adolescents and adults according to sex, region and presence of age prohibitions. Results: Global prevalence of indoor tanning in adolescents for 2013–2018 was 6·5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3·3–10·6], 70% lower than the 22·0% (95% CI 17·2–26·8) prevalence for 2007–2012. Among adults, the prevalence was 10·4% (95% CI 5·7–16·3) for 2013–2018, a decrease of 35% from 18·2% for 2007–2012. Since 2009, the overall past‐year prevalence among adolescents was 6·7% (95% CI 4·4–9·6) and 12·5% (95% CI 9·5–15·6) among adults. The prevalence of tanning indoors in the past year was similar in North America (adults, 12·5%; adolescents, 7·6%) and Europe (adults, 11·1%; adolescents, 5·1%). In 2009, three countries had regulations restricting indoor tanning, compared with 26 countries today. Conclusions: Prevalence of indoor tanning has declined substantially and significantly in adolescents and adults since the 2009 IARC statement, reflecting the rise in regulations that limit this source of unnecessary exposure to carcinogenic ultraviolet radiation. What is already known about this topic? Indoor tanning is associated with an increased risk of melanoma.A meta‐analysis of worldwide indoor tanning prevalence for 1986–2012 found a past‐year prevalence of 18% in adolescents and 14% in adults, with higher prevalences during the period 2007–2012.Policies to regulate indoor tanning began to be implemented across the globe in 2009.Only one study carried out in the U.S.A. has evaluated the efficacy of such policies in reducing indoor tanning prevalence. What does this study add? For the period 2013–2018, we found indoor tanning prevalences of 6·7% in adolescents and 11·9% in adults.This implies a reduction in indoor tanning use of 70% in adolescents and 35% in adults during the last 10 years.Our study encourages policy makers to strengthen indoor tanning regulations that reduce sunbed use among the general population in order to produce maximum public health benefit. Linked Comment:Wehner. Br J Dermatol 2020; 182:824. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical and physiological profile data for elite netball players in South Africa and internationally are limited but are necessary for conditioning programme information. Objective: To determine the physical and physiological profiles of U18, U19, U21 and senior level elite netball players at provincial level in the Free State, South Africa. The information provided is by age group and playing position. The fitness of the players for South African and New Zealand netball is also given using the fitness normative data (norms). Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study consisted of 77 elite South African netball players. Anthropometric measurements were taken according to international standards. Fitness tests included the Star Execution Balance Test, standing broad jump, double- and single-leg vertical jump, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1(IR1) test, sprints over 5, 10 and 40 m, horizontal pull-ups and press-ups, the prone bridge test and anaerobic Octorepeater tests with 10 m and 20 m repeated shuttle sprints. In keeping with the descriptive nature of the study, descriptive statistics were calculated for numerical data by age group and playing position. Results: Players generally did not meet the accepted fitness standards in the following areas: press-ups (all age groups), horizontal pull-ups (senior and U21), standing broad jump (senior and U21), vertical squat jump (senior and U21), 5 m and 10 m sprints (senior and U21); anaerobic Octorepeater (senior players), and the aerobic Yo-Yo IR1 test (all age groups). Conclusion: Strength and conditioning coaches should develop training programmes to address fitness areas where players do not meet the international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how planetesimal impacts affect planetary atmospheres. Atmosphere evolution depends on the ratio of gain from volatiles to loss from atmosphere stripping f v; for constant bombardment, atmospheres with f v < 1 are destroyed in finite time, but grow linearly with time for f v > 1. An impact outcome prescription is used to characterize how f v depends on planetesimal impact velocities, size distribution, and composition. Planets that are low mass and/or close to the star have atmospheres that deplete in impacts, while high-mass and/or distant planets grow secondary atmospheres. Dividing these outcomes is an f v = 1 impact shoreline analogous to Zahnle and Catling's cosmic shoreline. The impact shoreline's location depends on assumed impacting planetesimal properties, so conclusions for the atmospheric evolution of a planet like the Earth with f v ≈ 1 are only as strong as those assumptions. Application to the exoplanet population shows that the gap in the planet radius distribution at ∼1.5 R⊕ is coincident with the impact shoreline, which has a similar dependence on orbital period and stellar mass to the observed gap. Given sufficient bombardment, planets below the gap would be expected to lose their atmospheres, while those above could have atmospheres enhanced in volatiles. The level of atmosphere alteration depends on the total bombardment a planet experiences, and so on the system's (usually unknown) other planets and planetesimals, though massive distant planets would have low accretion efficiency. Habitable zone planets around lower luminosity stars are more susceptible to atmosphere stripping, disfavouring M stars as hosts of life-bearing planets if Earth-like bombardment is conducive to the development of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]