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Secondary school students in the Netherlands already face future-oriented decisions about their educational careers, which are expected to be informed by their interests in specific vocations or occupations. However, vocational interest assessment tools generally do not account for the possibility that students are interested in multiple vocational domains, potentially challenging students' future-oriented decision-making processes. The present study examines the different combinations of vocational interests that secondary school students have and explores how the both differentiated and nondifferentiated character of these interests' structures is associated with students' educational and career-oriented decision-making processes. A latent profile analysis on six realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional interests revealed seven distinct vocational interest profiles across a sample of 358 Grade 9 students, of which 40.8% had a nondifferentiated interest structure (i.e., a low, neutral, or broad vocational interest) and 59.2% had a differentiated interest structure (i.e., a social dominant, enterprising-conventional dominant, realistic-investigative dominant, or artistic-social-enterprising dominant interest). This finding shows that many secondary school students show similar levels of interest across different vocational activities. Additionally, associations between the differentiated and nondifferentiated structure of these profiles and students' educational track choices and career image specificities were examined. Our results extend prior work by showing that having a nondifferentiated interest structure does not necessarily mean that students are more uncertain about their educational or career choice. We suggest that future research can further explore the associations between vocational interest structures and future-oriented decisions.

Abstract Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of disease-specific autoreactive B cell responses, in particular those generating anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). For many years, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in disease pathogenesis, possibly by facilitating the development and persistence of autoreactive B cells. To test this hypothesis, the presence of EBV episomes in ACPA-expressing B cells was analyzed. Methods ACPA-expressing B cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) of seven EBV-seropositive RA patients, and synovial fluid (SF) of one additional EBV-seropositive RA patient, were isolated by flow cytometry. PB cells were expanded for 11–12 days, after which supernatant was harvested and analyzed for cyclic citrullinated-peptide (CCP)2 reactivity. SF cells were isolated directly in a lysis buffer. DNA was isolated and qPCR reactions were performed to determine the EBV status of the cells. EBV-immortalized B cell lymphoblastoid-cell lines (EBV blasts) served as standardized controls. Results Two hundred ninety-six PB and 60 SF ACPA-expressing B cells were isolated and divided over 16 and 3 pools containing 10–20 cells, respectively. Supernatants of all 16 cultured PB pools contained CCP2-Ig. DNA of all pools was used for qPCR analysis. While EBV-blast analysis showed sensitivity to detect EBV DNA in single B cells, no EBV DNA was detected in any of the ACPA-expressing B cell pools. Conclusion ACPA-expressing B cells are not enriched for EBV-DNA-containing clones. These results do not support the hypothesis that EBV infection of autoreactive B cells causes or maintains autoreactive B cell populations in RA. Instead, other mechanisms might explain the association between positive EBV serology and RA.

Plant respiration at night is assumed to be temperature-controlled. Here, the authors show that temperature controls less than half of the variation in leaf respiration rate at night, and demonstrate how to account for such nocturnal variation in biosphere models.

Abstract Statement The aim of this systematic review is to analyze literature regarding the relationship between the implant‐abutment emergence angle (EA) and implant emergence profile (EP) and the prevalence of peri‐implantitis. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies from initiation up to April 2022. Studies describing the EA and EP in association with peri‐implantitis were considered eligible for this review and selected for inclusion in this review if implant groups with wide and narrow EA and different EP types were described. Results Searches in PubMed and the Cochrane Library led to 1116 unique titles and the inclusion of three studies. These concerned 168–349 implants. Two studies presented the mean prevalence of peri‐implantitis which was 16.7% and 24.8% at the implant level. Both studies showed a significant relationship between peri‐implantitis in bone‐level implant groups with an EA above 30° compared to implants with an EA below 30°. A third study presented marginal bone loss which tended to be smaller when the EA was around 20°–40°. In one of the three included studies, the prevalence of peri‐implantitis was significantly higher if implants had a convex EP compared to a concave or straight EP. Another study showed a significantly higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis in implants with a convex EP compared to other EP types, if combined with an EA above 30°. Conclusions Three eligible studies were found. Reported associations should therefore be considered with caution. Synthesis suggests an association between a larger EA (>30°) and a higher prevalence of peri‐implantitis or marginal bone loss compared to a smaller EA (

Entomopathogenic fungi routinely kill their hosts before releasing infectious spores, but a few species keep insects alive while sporulating, which enhances dispersal. Transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based studies of entomopathogens with post-mortem dissemination from their parasitized hosts have unraveled infection processes and host responses. However, the mechanisms underlying active spore transmission by Entomophthoralean fungi in living insects remain elusive. Here we report the discovery, through metabolomics, of the plant-associated amphetamine, cathinone, in four Massospora cicadina-infected periodical cicada populations, and the mushroom-associated tryptamine, psilocybin, in annual cicadas infected with Massospora platypediae or Massospora levispora, which likely represent a single fungal species. The absence of some fungal enzymes necessary for cathinone and psilocybin biosynthesis along with the inability to detect intermediate metabolites or gene orthologs are consistent with possibly novel biosynthesis pathways in Massospora. The neurogenic activities of these compounds suggest the extended phenotype of Massospora that modifies cicada behavior to maximize dissemination is chemically-induced.

The temperature response of photosynthesis is one of the key factors determining predicted responses to warming in global vegetation models (GVMs). The response may vary geographically, owing to genetic adaptation to climate, and temporally, as a result of acclimation to changes in ambient temperature. Our goal was to develop a robust quantitative global model representing acclimation and adaptation of photosynthetic temperature responses. We quantified and modelled key mechanisms responsible for photosynthetic temperature acclimation and adaptation using a global dataset of photosynthetic CO2 response curves, including data from 141 C3 species from tropical rainforest to Arctic tundra. We separated temperature acclimation and adaptation processes by considering seasonal and common-garden datasets, respectively. The observed global variation in the temperature optimum of photosynthesis was primarily explained by biochemical limitations to photosynthesis, rather than stomatal conductance or respiration. We found acclimation to growth temperature to be a stronger driver of this variation than adaptation to temperature at climate of origin. We developed a summary model to represent photosynthetic temperature responses and showed that it predicted the observed global variation in optimal temperatures with high accuracy. This novel algorithm should enable improved prediction of the function of global ecosystems in a warming climate.

Abstract Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a frequent and challenging complication in neurosurgery, especially in the posterior fossa, with a prevalence of 8%. It is associated with substantial morbidity and increased healthcare costs. A novel dural sealant patch (LIQOSEAL) was developed for watertight dural closure. The objective of this study is to clinically assess the safety and effectiveness of LIQOSEAL as a means of reducing intra- as well as postoperative CSF leakage in patients undergoing elective posterior fossa intradural surgery with a dural closure procedure compared to the best currently available dural sealants. Methods We will conduct a two-arm, randomized controlled, multicenter study with a 90-day follow-up. A total of 228 patients will be enrolled in 19 sites, of which 114 will receive LIQOSEAL and 114 an FDA-approved PEG sealant. The composite primary endpoint is defined as intraoperative CSF leakage at PEEP 20 cm H2O, percutaneous CSF leakage within 90 days of, wound infection within 90 days of or pseudomeningocele of more than 20cc on MRI or requiring intervention. We hypothesize that the primary endpoint will not be reached by more than 10 patients (9%) in the investigational arm, which will demonstrate non-inferiority of LIQOSEAL compared to control. Discussion This trial will evaluate whether LIQOSEAL is non-inferior to control as a means of reducing CSF leakage and safety Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04086550 . Registered on 11 September 2019

Abstract Objectives This study aims to retrospectively assess to what extent peri‐implant bone level changes occur from exposing the implant to the oral environment at the second stage of surgery (SSS) to the baseline assessment and, additionally, after 1–1.5 years of functional loading. Further, this study aims to examine the role of the emergence angle in marginal bone changes. Material and Methods This retrospective study included 46 patients treated between 2012 and 2019. These patients received 64 bone‐level dental implants. After implant placement, SSS, and baseline assessment, relevant clinical peri‐implant conditions and radiographical data were collected. A radiographic examination of the marginal bone level was performed after SSS, the baseline assessment, and 1–1.5 years of follow‐up. Results The peri‐implant periodontal probing depth increased significantly from 3.08 ± 0.7 mm at the baseline to 3.27 ± 0.81 mm at the 1–1.5‐year follow‐up. The mean marginal bone level at the implant level was 0.12 ± 0.23, 0.35 ± 0.43, and 0.47 ± 0.47 mm at the SSS, baseline, and the 1–1.5‐year follow‐up, respectively. Most changes occurred at the implant's distal site. A significant relationship was found between the emergence angle and the extent of change in the marginal bone level between the SSS and baseline (r = .430, p ≤ .001). Conclusions Most changes in the marginal bone level occurred between SSS and baseline assessments. For diagnostic purposes, it is advised to obtain a standardized radiograph after SSS to monitor peri‐implant bone‐level alterations.

IntroductionMISTRG mice have been genetically modified to allow development of a human myeloid compartment from engrafted human CD34+ haemopoietic stem cells, making them particularly suited to study the human innate immune system in vivo. Here, we characterized the human neutrophil population in these mice to establish a model that can be used to study the biology and contribution in immune processes of these cells in vivo.Methods and resultsWe could isolate human bone marrow neutrophils from humanized MISTRG mice and confirmed that all neutrophil maturation stages from promyelocytes (CD11b–CD16–) to end-stage segmented cells (CD11b+CD16+) were present. We documented that these cells possessed normal functional properties, including degranulation, reactive oxygen species production, adhesion, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity towards antibody-opsonized tumor cells ex vivo. The acquisition of functional capacities positively correlated with the maturation state of the cell. We found that human neutrophils were retained in the bone marrow of humanized MISTRG mice during steady state. However, the mature segmented CD11b+CD16+ human neutrophils were released from the bone marrow in response to two well-established neutrophil-mobilizing agents (i.e., G-CSF and/or CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor). Moreover, the neutrophil population in the humanized MISTRG mice actively reacted to thioglycolate-induced peritonitis and could infiltrate implanted human tumors, as shown by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy.DiscussionThese results show that functional human neutrophils are generated and can be studied in vivo using the humanized MISTRG mice, providing a model to study the various functions of neutrophils in inflammation and in tumors.

Child care quality in general, and caregiver-child interactions in particular, are salient predictors of children's outcomes. While the importance of process quality is well known, the complex relations between structural quality and process quality are far less researched in family child care, compared to centre based child care. Flanders shows unique features to do so, considering its high enrolment rates of the youngest children and its large share of licenced family child care. We studied the emotional and educational process quality in 200 family child care providers in Flanders, Belgium, using CLASS Infant and CLASS Toddler. The results suggest that educational dimensions are significantly poorer than emotional aspects of caregiver-child interactions. Educational quality appeared the lowest in eating and snack time situations and for toddlers also in free play. While structural features partly explained variations in process quality, it is hardly possible to attribute this to single variables. However, some structural features seem to matter more than others. Pre-service training and supervision mattered, while years of experience did not.

The present study examined how in the context of the hybrid, privatized and marketized Dutch early education and care system (ECEC), childcare organizations respond to the public task of supporting inclusion and equity in an increasingly diverse society. Applying cluster analysis on the organizational characteristics of a nationally representative sample of 117 centers providing education and care for 0- to 4-year-old children, three types of organizations were identified that differed strongly on cultural inclusion and observed quality in the classroom. "Socially engaged (for-profit and not-for-profit) professional organizations" served proportionally more children from low-SES and immigrant families, provided higher quality to these children, and were culturally more inclusive than both market-orientated and traditional professional-bureaucratic organizations. The findings are discussed with regard to the question how hybrid ECEC systems can be governed to optimally serve the public goals of inclusion and equity.