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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of student temperament and gender to disruptive classroom behavior in urban primary grade schools. Teacher reports and classroom observations were [...]

In a recent article, Scott Ortman and co-author Linda McNeil (2018:158) contend that "the absence of cognate terms for 'turtle' in Kiowa, Towa, and Tewa means that PKT [Proto Kiowa-Tanoan] speakers lived outside the range of Chrysemys picta [painted turtle], and that Proto-Tiwa speakers became aware of this species at some point between the Tiwa-Tewa split and the diversification of Proto-Tiwa into Northern Tiwa and Southern Tiwa." As a result of the subsequent Tewa migration to the Northern Rio Grande, the authors believe that the attested (current) Tewa word, "turtle," was borrowed from their resident Tiwa relatives because PKT peoples had no previous knowledge of turtles. This scenario is offered in further support of Ortman's earlier thesis that posits an original PKT homeland in the eastern Basketmaker and adjacent Fremont regions of eastern and northeastern Utah, regions where turtles are not native, but which presumably were the jumping-off places for points north by the Kiowas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a review of research literature on women who use violence with intimate partners. The central purpose is to inform service providers in the military and civilian communities who work with domestically violent women. The major points of this review are as follows: (a) women's violence usually occurs in the context of violence against them by their male partners; (b) in general, women and men perpetrate equivalent levels of physical and psychological aggression, but evidence suggests that men perpetrate sexual abuse, coercive control, and stalking more frequently than women and that women also are much more frequently injured during domestic violence incidents; (c) women and men are equally likely to initiate physical violence in relationships involving less serious 'situational couple violence,' and in relationships in which serious and very violent 'intimate terrorism' occurs, men are much more likely to be perpetrators and women victims; (d) women's physical violence is more likely than men's violence to be motivated by self-defense and fear, whereas men's physical violence is more likely than women's to be driven by control motives; (e) studies of couples in mutually violent relationships find more negative effects for women than for men; and (f) because of the many differences in behaviors and motivations between women's and men's violence, interventions based on male models of partner violence are likely not effective for many women. Keywords: women's violence; women's aggression; partner abuse; domestic violence

A theory that uses gender as a central organizing variable for understanding human behavior and social organization is needed to understand women's violence. An interpretative framework for women's violence is provided by proposing a contextual model of women's violence in intimate relationships with a major emphasis on the need for contextualism in the development of such a theory.

This article examines the relationship of coping and problem drinking to men's abusive behavior towards female partners. While previous research has demonstrated a consistent association between problem drinking and male abuse of intimate partners, virtually no studies have assessed the role of coping in relation to men's violence. Furthermore, multivariate studies have not examined how these factors operate together to increase risk for abusive behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 147 men in a court-mandated program for domestic violence offenders completed questionnaires at the first session. Path modeling was conducted to test the extent to which coping and problem drinking predicted both physical and psychological abuse. In addition, the relationships of problem drinking and physical abuse to injury of the men's female partners were examined. Results indicated that both the use of avoidance and problem-solving coping to deal with relationship problems were related indirectly to abusive behavior through problem drinking. Greater use of avoidance coping strategies was more likely among problem drinkers. By contrast, men who used higher levels of problem-solving coping were less likely to be problem drinkers. Avoidance, but not problem-solving coping also was directly and positively related to physical and psychological abuse. Men identified as problem drinkers were more likely to use both physical and psychological abuse. Finally, greater use of physical violence was strongly related to higher levels of injury among female partners, and served to mediate the relationship between problem drinking and injury. Results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the identification of risk and protective factors for men's violent behavior toward intimate female partners and implications for developing intervention strategies. Keywords: coping; problem drinking; men's abuse; injury

Path modeling assessed (a) the influence of child abuse traumatization on women's use of violence and their experiences of being victimized, (b) the association of these three variables to depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and (c) the indirect pathways from women using violence and their being victimized to psychological symptoms through avoidance coping. Among 108 primarily African American women recruited from the community who used violence with a male partner, women's use of violence, but not their experiences of being victimized, was predicted by child abuse traumatization. Women's use of violence did not directly or indirectly predict symptomatology. In contrast, child abuse traumatization and women's experiences of being victimized were predictive of both depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and being victimized also was related indirectly to depressive symptoms through avoidance coping.

The present study examines the role of anger and victimization in women's use of aggression in heterosexual intimate relationships. The sample was composed of 108 women, primarily African American, urban, and poor, who had used violence against a partner in the previous 6 months. Path modeling was used to examine the interrelationships among anger, women's aggressive behavior, victimization, childhood abuse experiences, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. Results revealed that almost all of the women experienced violence from their partners. Greater frequency of victimization from partners and experiences of childhood abuse increased the likelihood that women would use aggression against their partners. Victimization from partners and childhood abuse also increased the likelihood that women would experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. Women with more symptoms of posttraumatic stress were also more likely to express anger outwardly towards others. Expressing anger outwardly toward others, in turn, predicted an increased likelihood of using aggression against partners. Keywords: family violence; female offenders; anger; depression; posttraumatic stress

Most women using violence against male partners have been subject to injury, violence and coercive control. Women have been seen to be frequent victims, rarely aggressive, and half the time involved in mixed-male coercive or mixed-female coercive relationships.