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Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. Figures 2 (C‒E), 3 and 4 Material examined. Holotype: Hawaii, Oahu, EMAP, Sta. HI02-0008, Paukauila Stream, 21°34'21.35" N, 158°5'47.7" W, 2002 (USNM 1494157). Paratypes: Same locality and station as holotype (2 complete specimens, USNM 1494158; 4 specimens, two complete and two af; two of them with eyespots, BPBM-R 3871). Additional material examined: Hawaii, Oahu, 2.3 km offshore of Ewa Beach, in the vicinity of threadfin Polydactylis sexfilis mariculture cages, Cage Project, April/2002, Sta. U-2 (1 af), Sta. U3 (1 af), Sta. W1 (5 complete specimens, three with eyespots), Sta. W2 (3 af, two with eyespots); Sta. FW-3 (1 af with eyespots), Sta. FW-2 (1 complete specimen with eyespots), 31‒ 39 m. Diagnosis. Prostomium slightly longer than wide, with distinct prostomial horns. Notopodia of chaetigers 1‒8 with elongate foliaceous postchaetal lamellae with smooth upper edges. Superior processes present from chaetigers 1‒8, more elongate towards posterior thorax. Chaetiger nine with only bilimbate simple capillaries. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate. Posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 39, paired. Description. Holotype: complete specimen, both palps attached; prostomium 0.38 mm long, 0.30 mm wide; thorax 2.59 mm long (including prostomium), 0.34 mm wide; abdomen 0.41 mm wide; total length 17.93 mm for 68 chaetigers. Paratypes: Two complete specimens (palps attached) measured; prostomium 0.40‒0.42 mm long, 0.29‒0.30 mm wide; thorax 1.95‒2.69 mm long (including prostomium), 0.22‒0.25 mm wide; abdomen 0.33‒0.34 mm wide; total length 10.29‒11.54 mm for 59‒60 chaetigers. Prostomium slightly longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.26‒1.43), round; anterior margin smooth, anterior with conspicuous prostomial horns; horns distinctly separated from antero-lateral margins of prostomium (Figs 2C; 3A, B; 4A‒I). Two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal ridges; outer pair, reaching further basally and approaching achaetous segment with indistinct transverse ridges; inner pair diverging anteriorly into horn corners and posteriorly towards prostomial base, with slight medial gap both anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 3A, B); prostomium with lateral convoluted markings. Black eyespots present on posterior region of prostomium of several individuals, in between inner pair of prostomial ridge (Figs 2C; 3B; 4A‒I); shape and number of eyespots variable, some specimens with a pair and other with two or three eyespots in a row (Fig. 4A‒I). Burrowing organ partially everted in four specimens, saclike, ridges not observed. Palps arising ventro-laterally from base of prostomium and extending to chaetigers 15‒20 (Fig. 3A); palps measuring 6 mm long in holotype and ranging from 3.26‒4 mm long in paratypes; non‒papillated region approximately 1/7 of total length of palp (Fig. 3A). Papillae short proximally but long for majority of length, digitiform; proximally and medially with four rows and distally with two rows of papillae. Achaetous segment approximately twice the size of chaetiger one (Fig. 3B). Thoracic segments slightly longer than wide; chaetigers 1‒8 similar; parapodia biramous; notopodia with subchaetal prechaetal lamellae confluent with foliaceous postchaetal lamellae of similar size throughout thorax (Fig. 3E‒H), those of chaetiger eight slightly shorter; notopodial lamellae with smooth upper edges; prechaetal lamellae joins far down postchaetal lamellae length. Prechaetal superior processes present (DML), digitiform on anterior thoracic chaetigers and becoming elongate on posterior thoracic segments. Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lamellae as low ridges; ventral lobes (VNL) lobes elongate to conical (Fig. 3E‒H). Chaetiger nine shorter but not distinctly constricted with triangular postchaetal lamellae and digitiform prechaetal lobes; superior processes (DML) absent (Fig. 3H). Chaetae of thoracic chaetigers 1‒9 bilimbate simple capillaries; number of capillaries similar throughout thorax, approximately 8‒10 per rami, chaetiger nine with 18‒20 per rami with the latter having slightly broader distal blades (Fig. 3C). Abdominal segments of posterior third of body longer than wide. Abdominal parapodia with foliaceous lateral lamellae, lacking basal constriction and with postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows; DML and VML present, digitiform. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks of similar size throughout but outer hook of a group usually shorter; two same-sized teeth above main fang (Fig. 3D); a pair of internal arcuate chaetae present sensu Fiege et al. (2000) in abdominal chaetigers, possessing broad tips (Fig. 3I). Hooks in two groups, main fangs vis–à–vis; outer groups with usually one more hook than inner group (Fig. 3I). Anterior abdominal segments with 5‒6 hooks per ramus, posterior abdominal segments with 3‒4 hooks per ramus. Anterior abdominal lateral pouches (Σ configuration) absent and posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 39 on holotype, paired. Pygidium rounded with a pair of digitiform, short, lateral anal cirri (Fig. 3J). All preserved specimens lacking pigmentation, pale yellow. A pair of brown spots present on posterior prostomial region of several specimens, presumably eyespots. Methyl Green Staining. Prostomium with sparse green speckles (Fig. 2D). Posterior prostomial region, achaetous segment and dorsal region of thorax stained with dark green speckles; decreasing in intensity from chaetigers five through nine. Ventral region of chaetiger four intensely stained with green speckles (Fig. 2E). Abdomen staining round pigmented regions in between two subsequent parapodia (Fig. 2D), interparapodial. Remarks. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. is unique among its congeners in that several of the examined adults still retained a pair or more of eyespots. A total of nine out of 17 examined specimens had eyespots (Fig. 4A‒I); these specimens ranged from 50‒59 chaetigers and all of them had adult characteristics (i.e. shape of prostomium, chaetiger 9, types of chaetae, and presence of lateral pouches). Eyespots were recorded in larval stages of M. alleni, M. filiformis and M. mirabilis (Wilson 1982) and up until now they were considered to be absent in adult animals (Mortimer in press). Because only about half of the examined specimens presented eyespots and the chosen holotype was the largest specimen lacking eyesposts, it is possible that benthic individuals of M. cinthyae have a delayed loss of eyespots. The eyespots in the magelonid larvae observed by Wilson (1982) were cup-shaped with brownish pigments and forming a primitive lens, similar to those in M. cinthyae (Fig. 4C‒F). Wilson (1982) showed that an additional pair of eyespots was added to a 6-day-old larva and late stage larvae collected in the plankton also presented eyespots. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. belongs to a group of species (M. annulata, M. berkeleyi, M. crenulifrons, M. lenticulata, M. longicornis, M. methae Nateewathana & Hylleberg, 1991, M. pacifica, and M. pulchella Mohammad, 1970) sharing the following characters: 1) prostomium with distinct frontal horns; 2) foliaceous notopodial thoracic lamellae and superior processes; 3) shape of chaetiger 9. Magelona annulata has oval rather than digitate ventral processes on thoracic parapodia and bidentate rather than tridentate abdominal hooks.. It differs from M. berkeleyi on the shape of the prostomium, the latter having prostomium broader than long with inconspicuous horns, not clearly separated from the prostomium. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. differs from M. methae and M. crenulifrons in having a smooth anterior prostomial margin rather than crenulate. Magelona lenticulata has a slightly crenulate anterior prostomial margin and prostomium distinctly broader than long. Magelona longicornis and M. pacifica have bidentate hooks and while the hooks in the former are organized in one unidirectional group, this has not been confirmed in M. pacifica due to the condition of the syntypes examined by Mortimer et al. (2012). Magelona pulchella has similar prostomial characteristics to M. cinthyae but differs in having bidentate hooks and on the shape of parapodial lamellae of chaetiger 9. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Cinthya S.G. Santos, a polychaete researcher that has collaborated with the authors on describing Hawaiian polychaetes and has also been an example for her dedication to the study of polychaetes and great work ethics. Distribution. This species is known from the north and south shores of Oahu, Hawaii, 31‒ 39 m.

Magelona paulolanai sp. nov. Figures 2 (F‒H) and 5 Material examined. Holotype: Hawaii, Oahu, Mamala Bay, Sand Island outfall, Sta. B6R5, 21°17'04.7" N, 157°53'25.3" W, Aug/1992, 39 m (USNM 1494159). Paratypes: Same locality, Sta. B6R5, 21°17'04.7" N, 157°53'25.3" W, Aug/1992, 39 m (1 af, USNM 1494160); Sta. ZR2, 21°16'53.4" N, 157°54'21" W, Aug/1992, 40 m (1 af, BPBM-R 3872); B4R2, 21°17'01.4" N, 157°54'23.8" W, Aug/1991, 30 m (1 af, USNM 1494161); Sta. B1R3, 21°17'30.2" N, 157°55'44" W, Aug/1990, 33 m (1 af, BPBM-R 3873). Additional material examined: Mariana Islands, Guam, Northern District outfall, 13°29'14" N, 144°44'54" E, Jan/2007, 40‒ 52 m, Sta. N1R1 (1 af); Sta. N2R2 (2 af); Agana outfall, 13°33'08" N, 144°48'25" E, Jan/2007, 65‒ 100 m Sta. A1R2 (1 af), Sta. A1R3 (1af); A3R2 (1 af). Diagnosis. Prostomium longer than wide, with rudimentary prostomial horns. Notopodia of chaetigers 1‒8 with elongate foliaceous postchaetal lamellae with smooth upper edges. Superior processes present from chaetigers 1‒8, more elongate in the posterior thorax. Chaetiger 9 with only simple bilimbate capillaries. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate. Posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 36 of holotype, paired and absent on last 7 chaetigers. Description. Holotype: complete specimen, both palps attached; prostomium 0.40 mm long, 0.37 mm wide; thorax 2.31 mm long (including prostomium), 0.31 mm wide; abdomen 0.27 mm wide; total length 15.66 mm for 67 chaetigers. Paratypes: all incomplete, (three with palps attached) measured; prostomium 0.34‒0.66 mm long, 0.33‒0.59 mm wide; thorax 2.57‒4.04 mm long (including prostomium), 0.35‒0.38 mm wide; abdomen 0.35‒0.46 mm wide; total length 5.91‒11.6 mm for 23‒54 chaetigers. Prostomium slightly longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.03‒1.12), rounded triangular; anterior margin smooth rounded, with rudimentary prostomial horns (Figs 2F; 5A, F). Two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal ridges, thin; outer pair, reaching further basally and approaching achaetous segment; inner pair diverging half way toward prostomial tip and posteriorly towards prostomial base, with slight medial gap (Fig. 5A, F); prostomium with lateral round markings on either sides of ridges. Burrowing organ partially everted in two paratypes, oval and with longitudinal ridges. Palps arising ventro-laterally from base of prostomium and extending to chaetiger 15 (Fig. 5A); palps measuring 6.79 mm long in holotype and ranging from 2.54‒4.97 mm long in paratypes; non‒papillated region very short, extending to chaetigers one or two (Fig. 5A). Papillae short proximally (Fig. 5B) but long for majority of length, elongate (Fig. 5C, D); proximally and distally with two rows of papillae and medially with four rows (Fig. 5B‒D). Achaetous segment twice as long as chaetiger one (Fig. 5A). Thoracic segments slightly longer than wide; chaetigers 1‒8 similar; parapodia biramous; notopodia with low prechaetal lamellae confluent with foliaceous postchaetal lamellae of similar size throughout thorax and becoming slightly broader on chaetiger 8 (Fig. 5H‒K); notopodial lamellae distally smooth. Prechaetal superior processes present (DML), digitiform on chaetiger one (Fig. 5G) and elongate on subsequent thoracic chaetigers (Fig. 5I, J). Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lamellae as low ridges; ventral lobes (VNL) lobes elongate, as long as notopodial lamellae from chaetigers 1‒7 (Fig. 5H‒J). Chaetiger nine shorter and slightly constricted (Fig. 5K): notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, rounded, postchaetal lamellae triangular and slightly shorter than preceding thoracic chaetigers; superior processes (DML) absent. Neuropodia of chaetiger nine with digitiform prechaetal lobes and triangular postchaetal lamellae. Chaetae of thoracic chaetigers 1‒9 simple bilimbate capillaries (Fig. 5E); number of capillaries similar throughout thorax, 8‒10 per rami. Abdominal segments longer than thoracic ones; DML and VML present, digitiform. Abdominal parapodia with foliaceous lateral lamellae, basally constricted, well-separated; low postchaetal extension of lateral lamellae behind chaetal rows in anterior abdomen (Fig. 5L). Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks of similar size throughout; two same-sized teeth above main fang (Fig. 5G); a pair of internal arcuate chaetae present sensu Fiege et al. (2000) in abdominal chaetigers. Hooks in two groups, outer group with usually an additional hook than inner group, hooks of similar size, main fangs vis–à–vis (Fig. 5L). Anterior abdominal segments with 4‒5 hooks per ramus. Anterior abdominal lateral pouches (Σ configuration) absent and posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 36 of holotype, paired and absent on last 7 chaetigers; all specimens with paired interparapodial glandular regions on anterior abdominal segments. Pygidium with a pair of short ventral cirri (Fig. 5M). All preserved specimens lacking pigmentation, pale yellow. Methyl Green Staining. Anterior end not distinctly stained. Dark green speckles present as transverse bands on anterior end of every segment in thorax and abdomen (Fig. 2G). Ventral region of chaetiger four with dense green speckles (Fig. 2H). Abdominal region staining intensely as interparapodial patches (Fig. 2G, H). Remarks. Magelona paulolanai sp. nov. is most similar to M. pitelkai Hartman, 1944, M. berkeleyi Jones, 1971 and M. dakini Jones, 1978 by the shape of the prostomium having weakly-developed (rudimentary) prostomial horns, shape of parapodial lamellae from chaetigers 1‒8 and presence of tridentate abdominal hooks. It differs from M. pitelkai by the absence of modified chaetae on chaetiger nine. Magelona berkeleyi differs from M. paulolanai sp. nov. in the shape of the prostomium, prostomial longitudinal ridges and methyl green staining pattern. The prostomium of M. berkeleyi is wider than long with short but distinct frontal horns whereas M. paulolanai sp. nov. has a prostomium that is longer than wide and the prostomial horns that are not distinctly separated from prostomium; the inner pair of prostomial dorsal ridges in M. berkeleyi is completely separated and short while in M. paulolanai sp. nov. only a slim gap is present. The methyl green staining pattern of M. berkeleyi was described in Blake (1996) as having intense staining on the first 4‒5 chaetigers. Magelona paulolanai sp. nov. is stained in same region, but only chaetiger four had the darkest stain. Magelona dakini was described as having finely unilimbate capillaries on chaetiger nine and Jones (1978) suggested that it had a narrowly pennoned aspect. Other species with rudimentary prostomial horns include Magelona sp. F sensu Uebelacker & Jones (1984), M. longicornis Johnson, 1901 and M. phyllisae Jones, 1963 but all three possess bidentate abdominal hooks. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Paulo da Cunha Lana, a polychaete researcher whose publications on polychaetes have had great impact on the scientific growth of the first author (WFM). Dr. Lana also kindly introduced this author to the study of polychaetes back in 2007 during a short but fruitful meeting. Distribution. This species is known from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii and Guam in the Mariana Islands, 30‒100 m.

Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. Figures 2 (C���E), 3 and 4 Material examined. Holotype: Hawaii, Oahu, EMAP, Sta. HI02-0008, Paukauila Stream, 21��34'21.35" N, 158��5'47.7" W, 2002 (USNM 1494157). Paratypes: Same locality and station as holotype (2 complete specimens, USNM 1494158; 4 specimens, two complete and two af; two of them with eyespots, BPBM-R 3871). Additional material examined: Hawaii, Oahu, 2.3 km offshore of Ewa Beach, in the vicinity of threadfin Polydactylis sexfilis mariculture cages, Cage Project, April/2002, Sta. U-2 (1 af), Sta. U3 (1 af), Sta. W1 (5 complete specimens, three with eyespots), Sta. W2 (3 af, two with eyespots); Sta. FW-3 (1 af with eyespots), Sta. FW-2 (1 complete specimen with eyespots), 31��� 39 m. Diagnosis. Prostomium slightly longer than wide, with distinct prostomial horns. Notopodia of chaetigers 1���8 with elongate foliaceous postchaetal lamellae with smooth upper edges. Superior processes present from chaetigers 1���8, more elongate towards posterior thorax. Chaetiger nine with only bilimbate simple capillaries. Abdominal hooded hooks tridentate. Posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 39, paired. Description. Holotype: complete specimen, both palps attached; prostomium 0.38 mm long, 0.30 mm wide; thorax 2.59 mm long (including prostomium), 0.34 mm wide; abdomen 0.41 mm wide; total length 17.93 mm for 68 chaetigers. Paratypes: Two complete specimens (palps attached) measured; prostomium 0.40���0.42 mm long, 0.29���0.30 mm wide; thorax 1.95���2.69 mm long (including prostomium), 0.22���0.25 mm wide; abdomen 0.33���0.34 mm wide; total length 10.29���11.54 mm for 59���60 chaetigers. Prostomium slightly longer than wide (L:W ratio 1.26���1.43), round; anterior margin smooth, anterior with conspicuous prostomial horns; horns distinctly separated from antero-lateral margins of prostomium (Figs 2C; 3A, B; 4A���I). Two pairs of prominent longitudinal dorsal ridges; outer pair, reaching further basally and approaching achaetous segment with indistinct transverse ridges; inner pair diverging anteriorly into horn corners and posteriorly towards prostomial base, with slight medial gap both anteriorly and posteriorly (Fig. 3A, B); prostomium with lateral convoluted markings. Black eyespots present on posterior region of prostomium of several individuals, in between inner pair of prostomial ridge (Figs 2C; 3B; 4A���I); shape and number of eyespots variable, some specimens with a pair and other with two or three eyespots in a row (Fig. 4A���I). Burrowing organ partially everted in four specimens, saclike, ridges not observed. Palps arising ventro-laterally from base of prostomium and extending to chaetigers 15���20 (Fig. 3A); palps measuring 6 mm long in holotype and ranging from 3.26���4 mm long in paratypes; non���papillated region approximately 1/7 of total length of palp (Fig. 3A). Papillae short proximally but long for majority of length, digitiform; proximally and medially with four rows and distally with two rows of papillae. Achaetous segment approximately twice the size of chaetiger one (Fig. 3B). Thoracic segments slightly longer than wide; chaetigers 1���8 similar; parapodia biramous; notopodia with subchaetal prechaetal lamellae confluent with foliaceous postchaetal lamellae of similar size throughout thorax (Fig. 3E���H), those of chaetiger eight slightly shorter; notopodial lamellae with smooth upper edges; prechaetal lamellae joins far down postchaetal lamellae length. Prechaetal superior processes present (DML), digitiform on anterior thoracic chaetigers and becoming elongate on posterior thoracic segments. Neuropodial pre- and postchaetal lamellae as low ridges; ventral lobes (VNL) lobes elongate to conical (Fig. 3E���H). Chaetiger nine shorter but not distinctly constricted with triangular postchaetal lamellae and digitiform prechaetal lobes; superior processes (DML) absent (Fig. 3H). Chaetae of thoracic chaetigers 1���9 bilimbate simple capillaries; number of capillaries similar throughout thorax, approximately 8���10 per rami, chaetiger nine with 18���20 per rami with the latter having slightly broader distal blades (Fig. 3C). Abdominal segments of posterior third of body longer than wide. Abdominal parapodia with foliaceous lateral lamellae, lacking basal constriction and with postchaetal expansion behind chaetal rows; DML and VML present, digitiform. Abdominal chaetae tridentate hooded hooks of similar size throughout but outer hook of a group usually shorter; two same-sized teeth above main fang (Fig. 3D); a pair of internal arcuate chaetae present sensu Fiege et al. (2000) in abdominal chaetigers, possessing broad tips (Fig. 3I). Hooks in two groups, main fangs vis��������vis; outer groups with usually one more hook than inner group (Fig. 3I). Anterior abdominal segments with 5���6 hooks per ramus, posterior abdominal segments with 3���4 hooks per ramus. Anterior abdominal lateral pouches (�� configuration) absent and posterior abdominal lateral pouches (C configuration) present from chaetiger 39 on holotype, paired. Pygidium rounded with a pair of digitiform, short, lateral anal cirri (Fig. 3J). All preserved specimens lacking pigmentation, pale yellow. A pair of brown spots present on posterior prostomial region of several specimens, presumably eyespots. Methyl Green Staining. Prostomium with sparse green speckles (Fig. 2D). Posterior prostomial region, achaetous segment and dorsal region of thorax stained with dark green speckles; decreasing in intensity from chaetigers five through nine. Ventral region of chaetiger four intensely stained with green speckles (Fig. 2E). Abdomen staining round pigmented regions in between two subsequent parapodia (Fig. 2D), interparapodial. Remarks. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. is unique among its congeners in that several of the examined adults still retained a pair or more of eyespots. A total of nine out of 17 examined specimens had eyespots (Fig. 4A���I); these specimens ranged from 50���59 chaetigers and all of them had adult characteristics (i.e. shape of prostomium, chaetiger 9, types of chaetae, and presence of lateral pouches). Eyespots were recorded in larval stages of M. alleni, M. filiformis and M. mirabilis (Wilson 1982) and up until now they were considered to be absent in adult animals (Mortimer in press). Because only about half of the examined specimens presented eyespots and the chosen holotype was the largest specimen lacking eyesposts, it is possible that benthic individuals of M. cinthyae have a delayed loss of eyespots. The eyespots in the magelonid larvae observed by Wilson (1982) were cup-shaped with brownish pigments and forming a primitive lens, similar to those in M. cinthyae (Fig. 4C���F). Wilson (1982) showed that an additional pair of eyespots was added to a 6-day-old larva and late stage larvae collected in the plankton also presented eyespots. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. belongs to a group of species (M. annulata, M. berkeleyi, M. crenulifrons, M. lenticulata, M. longicornis, M. methae Nateewathana & Hylleberg, 1991, M. pacifica, and M. pulchella Mohammad, 1970) sharing the following characters: 1) prostomium with distinct frontal horns; 2) foliaceous notopodial thoracic lamellae and superior processes; 3) shape of chaetiger 9. Magelona annulata has oval rather than digitate ventral processes on thoracic parapodia and bidentate rather than tridentate abdominal hooks.. It differs from M. berkeleyi on the shape of the prostomium, the latter having prostomium broader than long with inconspicuous horns, not clearly separated from the prostomium. Magelona cinthyae sp. nov. differs from M. methae and M. crenulifrons in having a smooth anterior prostomial margin rather than crenulate. Magelona lenticulata has a slightly crenulate anterior prostomial margin and prostomium distinctly broader than long. Magelona longicornis and M. pacifica have bidentate hooks and while the hooks in the former are organized in one unidirectional group, this has not been confirmed in M. pacifica due to the condition of the syntypes examined by Mortimer et al. (2012). Magelona pulchella has similar prostomial characteristics to M. cinthyae but differs in having bidentate hooks and on the shape of parapodial lamellae of chaetiger 9. Etymology. This species is named after Dr. Cinthya S.G. Santos, a polychaete researcher that has collaborated with the authors on describing Hawaiian polychaetes and has also been an example for her dedication to the study of polychaetes and great work ethics. Distribution. This species is known from the north and south shores of Oahu, Hawaii, 31��� 39 m., Published as part of Magalh��es, Wagner F., Bailey-Brock, Julie & Watling, Les, 2018, Four new species of Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae) from Easter Island, Guam and Hawaii, pp. 379-396 in Zootaxa 4457 (3) on pages 384-387, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4457.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1457879, {"references":["Fiege, D., Licher, F. & Mackie, A. S. Y. (2000) A partial review of the European Magelonidae (Annelida: Polychaeta): Magelona mirabilis redefined and M. johnstoni sp. nov. distinguished. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 215 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315499001800","Wilson, D. P. (1982) The larval development of three species of Magelona (Polychaeta) from localities near Plymouth. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62 (2), 385 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400057350","Nateewathana, A. & Hylleberg, J. (1991) Magelonid polychaetes from Thailand, the Andaman Sea, with descriptions of eight new species. Ophelia, Supplement 5 (Systematics, Biology and Morphology of World Polychaeta), 169 - 184.","Mortimer, K., Cassa S., Martin, D. & Gil, J. (2012) New records and new species of Magelonidae (Polychaeta) from the Arabian Peninsula, with a re-description of Magelona pacifica and a discussion on the magelonid buccal region. Zootaxa, 3331, 1 - 43."]}

Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey-Brock, Julie, Watling, Les (2018): Four new species of Magelona (Annelida: Magelonidae) from Easter Island, Guam and Hawaii. Zootaxa 4457 (3): 379-396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4457.3.2

Five new species and one new genus of the obscure spioniform family Uncispionidae are described together with three new species of the rare and unusual spionid genus Pygospiopsis Blake, 1983. All species are from offshore habitats with most from deep-sea continental slope depths. Among the Uncispionidae are the second and third species of the genus Uncopherusa Fauchald & Hancock, 1981, collected from off Brunei in the South China Sea and off Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico; two new species of Uncispio Green, 1982, the third and fourth to be described, from deep water off the U.S. Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico; and a new species of a new genus, Rhamphispio n. gen., from off the U.S. Atlantic coast. All species of Uncispionidae are compared and a key to the known species is presented. The genus Pygospiopsis Blake, 1983, is currently known for only two species: P. dubia (Monro, 1930) from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters and P. occipitalis Blake, 1996, from shelf depths off southern California. In the present study, new collections of the type-species P. dubia from the Antarctic Peninsula include post-larvae and juveniles as well as adults, thus permitting documentation of the development of some key adult morphology. Three new species of Pygospiopsis are described from deep water off the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts and from the Antarctic Peninsula. A review of all species of Pygospiopsis suggests that, based on branchial distribution patterns, the closely related Pseudatherospio fauchaldi Lovell, 1994, should be referred to Pygospiopsis , bringing the total known species to six. All of these are compared and contrasted and the generic definition of Pygospiopsis updated. The status of Pygospiopsis within the Spionidae relative to the closely related genus Atherospio Mackie & Duff, 1986, is discussed.

Two new species, Laonice costaricensis sp. nov. and L. rasmusseni sp. nov., belonging to the subgenus Norgensia Sikorski et al., 2017 were found in material from the Pacific collected from Coco Island off the coast of Costa Rica and from the Atlantic collected from Sapelo Island off the coast of Georgia (USA), respectively. Laonice cosaricensis is very close morphologically to L. lemniscata but without transdorsal membranes and having as usual capillaries in several anterior parapodia arranged in three vertical rows. Laonice rasmunsseni has genital pouches starting much anteriorly than in all known species from this subgenus. An identification key for the species belonging to this subgenus is given.

Dispio elegans sp. nov. Figure 2A–Z Dispio uncinata: Viéitez, 1981; Laborda & Viéitez, 1984; Junoy et al., 2005. Type material. Atlantic coast: Meira beach, Ría de Vigo, 41°17′N, 08°43′W, intertidal holotype (MNCNM 16.01/ 17913) and 11 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17915) (Col. J.M. Viéitez); Louro beach, A Coruña, 1 paratype, 42°44′N, 9°03′W, intertidal (MNCNM 16.01/17914) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy). NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. Off Zarautz, Bay of Biscay, 43°17′N, 2°10′W, 7–15 m depth, 67 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17921–17934) (Col. F. Aguirrezabalaga); Covas beach, Lugo, 43°40′N, 7°36′W, intertidal, 6 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17916– 17920) (Col. A. Laborda). Non-type material. NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. San Román beach, Lugo, 43°44ʹN, 7° 39′W, intertidal, 1 specimen, (MNCNM 16.01/17935) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy); Esteiro beach, Lugo, 43°32ʹN, 7°33ʹW, intertidal, 1 specimen (MNCNM 16.01/17936) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy). Description. Holotype incomplete, 16 mm long with 47 chaetigers, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Colour in alcohol opaque off-white. Paratypes incomplete, 26–53 mm long, 45–85 chaetigers, 2.6–3.7 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Colour in alcohol light beige. No other pigmentation present. Prostomium oblanceolate, pointed anteriorly (Fig. 2A), posteriorly tapered with a long, narrow caruncle observed as a longitudinally long nuchal ridge, extending to the anterior margin of chaetiger 2 (Fig. 2A). One pair of rounded, black subdermal eyes (Fig. 2A). Palps lost in all specimens. Peristomium short (Fig. 2A, B), partially enveloping prostomium and extending around the scar of the base of the palps forming low lateral wings (Fig. 2A, B) separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae partially fused to branchiae with free and pointed tips (Fig. 2A–H, J), notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 1–2 shifted dorsally and slightly serrated (Fig. 2A). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 bearing 2–4/0–4 (holotype: 2/2 right, left side) digitiform papillae along the distal margin; basal margin entire (Fig. 2A). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 2 with 0–2/0–1 (holotype: 1/2 right, left side) digitiform papillae along the distal margin (Fig. 2D), lamellae on chaetigers 3–7 (holotype: 3–11) slender, with ruffled distal and middle margins; basal margin wider, rounded (Fig. 2B, F–G); lamellae on subsequent chaetigers with entire margins (Fig. 2H) and lamellae on chaetigers 15–28 (holotype 27) and succeeding chaetigers with pointed ventral edges (Fig. 2H), gradually decreasing in size on posterior chaetigers. Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae touching on chaetigers 41–45 (not touching in holotype and some paratypes) (Fig. 2H). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 rounded, low; lamellae on chaetigers 2–4 large, rounded with enlarged dorsal edges (Fig. 2A, B), thereafter increasing in size, rounded, becoming wider on chaetigers 5–35, and subtriangular from chaetigers 36–41 (Fig. 2H), small and reduced in size posteriorly. Each segment with a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia (arranged obliquely) with a transverse band of cilia between them, present from the middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2I), not observed in holotype. Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present from chaetiger 12 in some paratypes (not observed in holotype). The distribution of these organs is irregular. All neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded and smooth on chaetigers 1–6 (Fig. 2B–E), shifted to dorsal side on chaetigers 1–2 (Fig. 2B), rectangular, wider on chaetiger 7 (Fig. 2F), becoming rectangular with a welldeveloped dorsal edge on chaetigers 26–33 (Fig. 2G), developing into a pointed upper edge from around chaetigers 28–40 (28 holotype) (Fig. 2H), subsequent parapodia decreasing in size with triangular upper and lower edges up to the end of the fragments. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, wide (Fig. 2B, J); smaller on middle chaetigers, and decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers; lamellae not fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae at the base. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 2A–C) continuing to end of fragments; all branchiae smooth, long, tapering, almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae (Fig. 2A); branchial tips free, distally lanceolate on all chaetigers (Fig. 2B–H), longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 2B–H). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along its inner edge (Fig. 2C–H). Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 18–23 (21 in holotype) on posterior side of notopodial base (Fig. 2G, H); initially as simple long digitate lobes, number of lobes gradually increasing to 8 on middle chaetigers and arranged in two rows. Notochaetae on chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle: dorsal tuft with long, smooth, alimbate, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: both rows with long, smooth, alimbate, slender capillaries, anterior row shorter than posterior row. Notochaetae on chaetiger 2 also arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle: dorsal tuft with long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries; ventral fascicle with an anterior row of basally striated, reticulate, granulated, unilimbate capillaries and short tips (Fig. 2K), and a posterior row of smooth, alimbate capillaries with long pointed tips, striated basally (Fig. 2L). Notochaetae on subsequent chaetigers arranged as a dorsal tuft with long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries, and a ventral fascicle composed of two rows: both rows similar to anterior chaetigers, except that chaetae on the anterior row have wider limbation (Fig. 2M) than those on chaetiger 2, and those on the posterior row form granulated, long, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 2N). Chaetae on the middle and posterior notopodia arranged in a similar way to those on the anterior chaetigers, but with a dorsal tuft of striated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2O), chaetae on the anterior row slightly striated, granulated, reticulated, unilimbate (Fig. 2P); those on the posterior row, slightly granulated, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 2Q). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae on chaetiger 1 arranged in 2 rows, anterior row composed of short reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2R), and posterior row of smooth, alimbate capillaries with pointed tips: chaetae longer than on anterior row; ventral tuft of five short, slender, smooth, alimbate capillary chaetae located in position of sabre chaetae; neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 the same as on chaetiger 1, except that capillaries on the posterior row slightly granulated, unilimbate, and with long pointed tips (Fig. 2S). Neurochaetae on chaetiger 3 and subsequent chaetigers the same as on chaetigers 1–2, but the chaetae on the ventral tuft are more granulated. Middle chaetigers with a row of unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 2T) from chaetigers 23 – 27 (24 in holotype), 5 – 8 hooks present per neuropodium with open hoods and subdistally slightly recurved shafts (Fig. 2T), each one accompanied by 2–3 very slender, short, smooth, alimbate capillary chaetae (Fig. 2U); posterior row with granulated, reticulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2V); plus a ventral tuft of granulated, reticulated, alimbate chaetae (Fig. 2W). In posterior chaetigers, chaetae on posterior row smooth and unilimbate (Fig. 2X); plus a ventral tuft of reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2Y) located in the position of the sabre chaetae. Pygidium with two pairs of long dorsal cirri, and a ventral cushion (Fig. 2Z, Z’). Remarks. Dispio elegans sp. nov. is similar to D. maroroi Gibbs, 1971 and D. longibranchiata Delgado-Blas & Díaz-Díaz, 2016 in that the first two notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae; the anterior neuropodial lamellae are smooth; all branchiae are almost completely fused to the notopodial lamellae, but with free tips; and the notochaetae on the posterior row of chaetiger 1 are smooth, alimbate capillaries. However D. elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. maroroi and D. longibranchiata in that it has an oblanceolate prostomium, rather than a peanut shaped or rectangular prostomium. The branchiae in D. elegans sp. nov. are shorter and do not overlap or touch each other on anterior chaetigers, and the free tips are distally lanceolate on all chaetigers, while in D. maroroi and D. longibranchiata the branchiae are longer, and overlap or touch each other on the anterior and middle chaetigers (D. longibranchiata) or middle chaetigers (D. maroroi), and the tips are distally pointed in D. longibranchiata or distally pointed in a spear-shape in D. maroroi. The notochaetae on the anterior row of chaetiger 1 are smooth, alimbate capillaries (similar to D. longibranchiata), rather than heavily reticulated, unilimbated, pointed capillaries as in D. maroroi; the ventral chaetae located in the position of the sabre chaetae on chaetiger 2 are smooth, alimbate capillaries, rather than slightly to heavily reticular, granulated, unilimbated. In addition, Dispio elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. longibranchiata in that the second pair of notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae, rather than entire and slightly ruffled on the distal and middle edges, and the anterior neuropodial lamellae are rounded, rather than subtriangular. Furthermore, D. elegans sp. nov. is similar to D. anauncinata Delgado-Blas & Díaz-Díaz, 2016 in that the first two notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae; the branchial structure and notochaetal structure of chaetiger 1 are similar; and the pygidium has two pairs of long anal cirri and a ventral cushion. However, D. elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. anauncinata in that it has a oblanceolate, rather than a peanut shaped prostomium; the anterior neuropodial lamellae are smooth on chaetigers 1–2, rather than serrated with papillae; the branchiae are shorter and do not overlap or touch each other on anterior chaetigers; and the ventral chaetae located in the position of the sabre chaetae on chaetiger 2 are smooth, alimbate capillaries, rather than heavily reticulated, granulated and unilimbated. Further differences between this new species and the other species compared are provided in the Table 1. The identity of the specimens recorded as D. uncinata from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula by Ibáñez & Viéitez (1973), Rodríguez et al. (1980), San Martín et al. (1982), Gómez & San Martín (1985), should be verified. Methyl green staining pattern: no pattern. ……continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continueđ) Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin elegans meaning elegant. Type locality. Atlantic coast: Meira beach, Ría de Vigo, 41°17′N, 08°43′W, intertidal. Habitat. Intertidal and sublittoral up to 15 m in depth. It is found in substrates of medium or fine sands with low mud (max. 1.43 %) and low organic matter (1–3.1 %) contents. Geographical distribution. NE Atlantic, Cantabrian coast: Zarautz, Bay of Biscay; Covas beach, Esteiro beach, Lugo. Atlantic coast: Louro beach, A Coruña; Meira beach, Ría de Vigo.

Dispio elegans sp. nov. Figure 2A���Z Dispio uncinata: Vi��itez, 1981; Laborda & Vi��itez, 1984; Junoy et al., 2005. Type material. Atlantic coast: Meira beach, R��a de Vigo, 41��17���N, 08��43���W, intertidal holotype (MNCNM 16.01/ 17913) and 11 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17915) (Col. J.M. Vi��itez); Louro beach, A Coru��a, 1 paratype, 42��44���N, 9��03���W, intertidal (MNCNM 16.01/17914) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy). NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. Off Zarautz, Bay of Biscay, 43��17���N, 2��10���W, 7���15 m depth, 67 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17921���17934) (Col. F. Aguirrezabalaga); Covas beach, Lugo, 43��40���N, 7��36���W, intertidal, 6 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01/17916��� 17920) (Col. A. Laborda). Non-type material. NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. San Rom��n beach, Lugo, 43��44��N, 7�� 39���W, intertidal, 1 specimen, (MNCNM 16.01/17935) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy); Esteiro beach, Lugo, 43��32��N, 7��33��W, intertidal, 1 specimen (MNCNM 16.01/17936) (Col. C. Castellanos & J. Junoy). Description. Holotype incomplete, 16 mm long with 47 chaetigers, 1.5 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Colour in alcohol opaque off-white. Paratypes incomplete, 26���53 mm long, 45���85 chaetigers, 2.6���3.7 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Colour in alcohol light beige. No other pigmentation present. Prostomium oblanceolate, pointed anteriorly (Fig. 2A), posteriorly tapered with a long, narrow caruncle observed as a longitudinally long nuchal ridge, extending to the anterior margin of chaetiger 2 (Fig. 2A). One pair of rounded, black subdermal eyes (Fig. 2A). Palps lost in all specimens. Peristomium short (Fig. 2A, B), partially enveloping prostomium and extending around the scar of the base of the palps forming low lateral wings (Fig. 2A, B) separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae partially fused to branchiae with free and pointed tips (Fig. 2A���H, J), notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 1���2 shifted dorsally and slightly serrated (Fig. 2A). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 bearing 2���4/0���4 (holotype: 2/2 right, left side) digitiform papillae along the distal margin; basal margin entire (Fig. 2A). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 2 with 0���2/0���1 (holotype: 1/2 right, left side) digitiform papillae along the distal margin (Fig. 2D), lamellae on chaetigers 3���7 (holotype: 3���11) slender, with ruffled distal and middle margins; basal margin wider, rounded (Fig. 2B, F���G); lamellae on subsequent chaetigers with entire margins (Fig. 2H) and lamellae on chaetigers 15���28 (holotype 27) and succeeding chaetigers with pointed ventral edges (Fig. 2H), gradually decreasing in size on posterior chaetigers. Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae touching on chaetigers 41���45 (not touching in holotype and some paratypes) (Fig. 2H). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 rounded, low; lamellae on chaetigers 2���4 large, rounded with enlarged dorsal edges (Fig. 2A, B), thereafter increasing in size, rounded, becoming wider on chaetigers 5���35, and subtriangular from chaetigers 36���41 (Fig. 2H), small and reduced in size posteriorly. Each segment with a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia (arranged obliquely) with a transverse band of cilia between them, present from the middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 2I), not observed in holotype. Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present from chaetiger 12 in some paratypes (not observed in holotype). The distribution of these organs is irregular. All neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded and smooth on chaetigers 1���6 (Fig. 2B���E), shifted to dorsal side on chaetigers 1���2 (Fig. 2B), rectangular, wider on chaetiger 7 (Fig. 2F), becoming rectangular with a welldeveloped dorsal edge on chaetigers 26���33 (Fig. 2G), developing into a pointed upper edge from around chaetigers 28���40 (28 holotype) (Fig. 2H), subsequent parapodia decreasing in size with triangular upper and lower edges up to the end of the fragments. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, wide (Fig. 2B, J); smaller on middle chaetigers, and decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers; lamellae not fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae at the base. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 2A���C) continuing to end of fragments; all branchiae smooth, long, tapering, almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae (Fig. 2A); branchial tips free, distally lanceolate on all chaetigers (Fig. 2B���H), longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 2B���H). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along its inner edge (Fig. 2C���H). Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 18���23 (21 in holotype) on posterior side of notopodial base (Fig. 2G, H); initially as simple long digitate lobes, number of lobes gradually increasing to 8 on middle chaetigers and arranged in two rows. Notochaetae on chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle: dorsal tuft with long, smooth, alimbate, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: both rows with long, smooth, alimbate, slender capillaries, anterior row shorter than posterior row. Notochaetae on chaetiger 2 also arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle: dorsal tuft with long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries; ventral fascicle with an anterior row of basally striated, reticulate, granulated, unilimbate capillaries and short tips (Fig. 2K), and a posterior row of smooth, alimbate capillaries with long pointed tips, striated basally (Fig. 2L). Notochaetae on subsequent chaetigers arranged as a dorsal tuft with long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries, and a ventral fascicle composed of two rows: both rows similar to anterior chaetigers, except that chaetae on the anterior row have wider limbation (Fig. 2M) than those on chaetiger 2, and those on the posterior row form granulated, long, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 2N). Chaetae on the middle and posterior notopodia arranged in a similar way to those on the anterior chaetigers, but with a dorsal tuft of striated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2O), chaetae on the anterior row slightly striated, granulated, reticulated, unilimbate (Fig. 2P); those on the posterior row, slightly granulated, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 2Q). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae on chaetiger 1 arranged in 2 rows, anterior row composed of short reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2R), and posterior row of smooth, alimbate capillaries with pointed tips: chaetae longer than on anterior row; ventral tuft of five short, slender, smooth, alimbate capillary chaetae located in position of sabre chaetae; neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 the same as on chaetiger 1, except that capillaries on the posterior row slightly granulated, unilimbate, and with long pointed tips (Fig. 2S). Neurochaetae on chaetiger 3 and subsequent chaetigers the same as on chaetigers 1���2, but the chaetae on the ventral tuft are more granulated. Middle chaetigers with a row of unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 2T) from chaetigers 23 ��� 27 (24 in holotype), 5 ��� 8 hooks present per neuropodium with open hoods and subdistally slightly recurved shafts (Fig. 2T), each one accompanied by 2���3 very slender, short, smooth, alimbate capillary chaetae (Fig. 2U); posterior row with granulated, reticulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2V); plus a ventral tuft of granulated, reticulated, alimbate chaetae (Fig. 2W). In posterior chaetigers, chaetae on posterior row smooth and unilimbate (Fig. 2X); plus a ventral tuft of reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 2Y) located in the position of the sabre chaetae. Pygidium with two pairs of long dorsal cirri, and a ventral cushion (Fig. 2Z, Z���). Remarks. Dispio elegans sp. nov. is similar to D. maroroi Gibbs, 1971 and D. longibranchiata Delgado-Blas & D��az-D��az, 2016 in that the first two notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae; the anterior neuropodial lamellae are smooth; all branchiae are almost completely fused to the notopodial lamellae, but with free tips; and the notochaetae on the posterior row of chaetiger 1 are smooth, alimbate capillaries. However D. elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. maroroi and D. longibranchiata in that it has an oblanceolate prostomium, rather than a peanut shaped or rectangular prostomium. The branchiae in D. elegans sp. nov. are shorter and do not overlap or touch each other on anterior chaetigers, and the free tips are distally lanceolate on all chaetigers, while in D. maroroi and D. longibranchiata the branchiae are longer, and overlap or touch each other on the anterior and middle chaetigers (D. longibranchiata) or middle chaetigers (D. maroroi), and the tips are distally pointed in D. longibranchiata or distally pointed in a spear-shape in D. maroroi. The notochaetae on the anterior row of chaetiger 1 are smooth, alimbate capillaries (similar to D. longibranchiata), rather than heavily reticulated, unilimbated, pointed capillaries as in D. maroroi; the ventral chaetae located in the position of the sabre chaetae on chaetiger 2 are smooth, alimbate capillaries, rather than slightly to heavily reticular, granulated, unilimbated. In addition, Dispio elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. longibranchiata in that the second pair of notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae, rather than entire and slightly ruffled on the distal and middle edges, and the anterior neuropodial lamellae are rounded, rather than subtriangular. Furthermore, D. elegans sp. nov. is similar to D. anauncinata Delgado-Blas & D��az-D��az, 2016 in that the first two notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae; the branchial structure and notochaetal structure of chaetiger 1 are similar; and the pygidium has two pairs of long anal cirri and a ventral cushion. However, D. elegans sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. anauncinata in that it has a oblanceolate, rather than a peanut shaped prostomium; the anterior neuropodial lamellae are smooth on chaetigers 1���2, rather than serrated with papillae; the branchiae are shorter and do not overlap or touch each other on anterior chaetigers; and the ventral chaetae located in the position of the sabre chaetae on chaetiger 2 are smooth, alimbate capillaries, rather than heavily reticulated, granulated and unilimbated. Further differences between this new species and the other species compared are provided in the Table 1. The identity of the specimens recorded as D. uncinata from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula by Ib����ez & Vi��itez (1973), Rodr��guez et al. (1980), San Mart��n et al. (1982), G��mez & San Mart��n (1985), should be verified. Methyl green staining pattern: no pattern. ������continued on the next page TABLE 1. (Continueđ) Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin elegans meaning elegant. Type locality. Atlantic coast: Meira beach, R��a de Vigo, 41��17���N, 08��43���W, intertidal. Habitat. Intertidal and sublittoral up to 15 m in depth. It is found in substrates of medium or fine sands with low mud (max. 1.43 %) and low organic matter (1���3.1 %) contents. Geographical distribution. NE Atlantic, Cantabrian coast: Zarautz, Bay of Biscay; Covas beach, Esteiro beach, Lugo. Atlantic coast: Louro beach, A Coru��a; Meira beach, R��a de Vigo., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo, D��az-D��az, ��scar & Vi��itez, Jos�� M., 2018, New species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 and Streblospio Webster, 1879 (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 525-538 in Zootaxa 4410 (3) on pages 529-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1221840, {"references":["Laborda, A. J. & Vieitez, J. M. (1984) Anelidos poliquetos intermareales endemicos de Galicia (con la descripcion de una nueva especie del genero Nephtys). Cuadernos Marisqueros Publicaciones Tecnicas, 7, 207 - 221.","Junoy, J., Castellanos, C., Vieitez, J. M., de la Huz, M. R. & Lastra, M. (2005) The macroinfauna of the galician sandy beaches (NW Spain) affected by the Prestige oil- spill. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50, 526 - 536. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. marpolbul. 2004.11.044","Gibbs, P. E. (1971) The polychaete fauna of the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 21, 101 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10154","Delgado-Blas, V. H. & Diaz-Diaz, O. (2016) Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus. Zootaxa, 4178 (2), 151 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4178.2.1","Ibanez, M. & Vieitez, J. M. (1973) Presencia en la costa Cantabrica espanola de Dispio uncinata; contribucion a su estudio sistematico y ecologico. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, Biologia, 71, 5 - 8.","Gomez, J. J. & San Martin, G. (1985) Estudio faunistico-ecologico de las taxocenosis de Poliquetos y Moluscos de la playa de Ribeira (Asturias). Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 2, 111 - 118."]}

Streblospio Webster, 1879 Type species: Streblospio benedicti Webster, 1879. Diagnosis. Prostomium oval, fusiform or conical; anteriorly rounded and posteriorly tapered extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1; 2���4 pairs of eyes or eyes absent; small tentacle or papilla on the dorsum of chaetiger 1 between branchiae; peristomium fused with the first chaetiger, forming short lateral wings enclosing the prostomium; one pair of palps densely ciliated on frontal surface, palp sheaths absent; one pair of branchiae present on chaetiger 1; chaetiger 1 with notopodial postchaetal lamellae absent and capillary notochaetae scarce or absent; entire or bilobed dorsal membranous collar across the dorsum of chaetiger 2; notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae small, oval, rounded, or flap-like on anterior chaetigers, and digitiform or highly reduced or absent on posterior chaetigers; all notopodial chaetae capillary; neuropodial chaetae include capillaries, multidentate hooded hooks first appearing on chaetigers 6���9, and sabre chaetae beginning on chaetigers 3���7; notopodial hooks absent; pygidium simple or lobed, with or without ventral lappets, cirri absent. Remarks. Imajima (1990) described Streblospio benedicti japonica as a new subspecies from Japan after comparing his specimens with the description of S. benedicti Webster, 1879. Imajima (1990) distinguished S. benedicti japonica from S. benedicti based on the fact that the former has neuropodial hooks with five pairs of accessory teeth, and sabre chaetae beginning on chaetiger 3, whereas the latter has hooks with 3���4 pairs of accessory teeth, and sabre chaetae beginning on chaetiger 7. In addition, S. benedicti japonica has fewer segments (48 vs. 70) than S. benedicti, and a pygidium with two lappets, whereas in S. benedicti the pygidium is simple or lobed. We propose that these character differences are sufficient to consider the subspecies as a distinct species, and we thus suggest raising the status of S. benedicti japonica Imajima, 1990 to full species level as S. japonica Imajima, 1990. One aspect to consider is the term nuchal papilla. We believe that this term is unsuitable, as when present, this papilla is not in a nuchal position: it is not located in the posterior and inferior region of the prostomium, but rather dorsally on the first chaetiger between the two branchiae., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo, D��az-D��az, ��scar & Vi��itez, Jos�� M., 2018, New species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 and Streblospio Webster, 1879 (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 525-538 in Zootaxa 4410 (3) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1221840, {"references":["Imajima, M. (1990) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan, 5. The genera Streblospio and Dispio. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A, Zoology, 16, 155 - 163"]}

Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. Figure 3A–Q Streblospio benedicti: Viéitez, 1981; Junoy & Viéitez, 1990; López Serrano, 1999. Type material. Atlantic coast. Combarro beach, Ría de Pontevedra, 42°17′N, 8°43′W, intertidal, April 1975, holotype (MNCNM 16.01 /17907), 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17910) (Col. J.M. Viéitez); Meira beach, Ría de Vigo, 41°17′N – 08°43´W, intertidal, October 1976, 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17911) (Col. J.M. Viéitez); Piedras river mouth, Huelva, 37°12′N, 7°7′W, intertidal, March 1988, 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17908) November 1988, 2 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01 /17909) (Col. L. López Serrano). NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. Ría de Foz, Lugo, 43°33′N, 7°14′W, intertidal, April 1984, 1 complete paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17912) (Col. J. Junoy). Description. Holotype complete, 7.5 mm long with 49 chaetigers, 0.3 mm wide at chaetiger 6; paratype complete, 13.0 mm long, with 54 chaetigers, 0.6 mm wide at chaetiger 6; 3 paratypes incomplete, 1.0–8.0 mm long, with 11–34 chaetigers, 0.2–0.6 mm wide at chaetiger 6. Color in alcohol pale white. Prostomium fusiform, rounded anteriorly (Fig. 3A–D), with a long and slender subdistal pad surrounding the ventral region (Fig. 3A–D); posteriorly blunt, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3A–B). Two pairs of black subdermal eyes, arranged in a trapezoid; anterior pair small, crescent-shaped, posterior pair large, rounded (Fig. 3A–B). Palps located lateral to prostomium (some paratypes with palps lost). Palps long, extending up to chaetiger 5, densely ciliated on frontal surfaces (Fig. 3E). Peristomium large, expanded laterally, partially surrounding the prostomium, and extending around base of palps, forming short lateral wings, fused dorsally from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3A–B, E–F). Branchiae present on chaetiger 1, inserted just posterior to prostomium; surfaces wrinkled, thick (Fig. 3E), heavily ciliated; branchiae long, extending up to chaetiger 6, about the same length, but slightly thicker than palps. Conical papilla absent between branchiae (Fig. 3A–B). Parapodia on chaetiger 1 with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae only; notopodial lamellae lacking, but with 1– 4 long capillaries present on the notopodium (Fig. 3A–B); neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 large, oval (Fig. 3A–B, F), slightly inclined. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 2 dorsally rounded and triangular on ventral edges (Fig. 3G); united across dorsum, forming a high dorsal membranous collar (Fig. 3A–B, G); notopodium on chaetiger 3 oval large (Fig. 3H); notopodia largest on chaetigers 2–3, becoming low, wider and more rounded on chaetigers 4–8 (Fig. 3I). Notopodial lamellae disappearing from chaetigers 11–13 until the end (Fig. 3J). Anterior notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, middle and posterior chaetigers absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded throughout (Fig. 3H, F), except the neuropodium on chaetiger 2 which is slightly angled and trapezium-shaped, ventrally directed (Fig. 3G); larger than other neuropodial lamellae. Neuropodial lamellae disappearing from chaetigers 8–10 until the end (Fig. 3J, P). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 low, rudimentary on succeeding chaetigers. Interparapodial pouches lacking. All notopodial and neuropodial capillaries arranged in one row. Notopodial and neuropodial capillaries on anterior chaetigers slightly granulated, alimbate (Fig. 3K, L); notopodial capillaries on middle and posterior chaetigers slender, smooth and alimbate. Sabre chaetae on neuropodia from chaetiger 3 (stouter on chaetiger 7), up to two per fascicle; each chaeta stout, curved, slightly granulated, alimbate (Fig. 3M). Neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 3N) from chaetigers 7–9 (holotype 9), up to nine per fascicle, accompanied by short, slender, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 3O); all hooks with 4–5 pairs of small teeth above main tooth, without secondary hoods; main hood very large (Fig. 3 N’). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Pygidium with lappets (Fig. 3P). Some of the specimens examined were females with oval-shaped oocytes in brood structures in the coelomic cavities (Fig. 3Q) between segments 21–31, measuring 38/50–66/90 µm in diameter. Females carried eggs in spring. Methyl green staining pattern: from posterior margin of chaetiger 3 up to chaetiger 8 tissues stained profusely with methyl green (Fig. 3C). Etymology. The specific name refers to the pad-like structure located in the antero-ventral region of the prostomium. Type locality. Atlantic coasts. Combarro beach, Ría de Pontevedra. Habitat. Intertidal muddy soft bottoms. Geographical distribution. Cantabrian coast: Ría de Foz, Lugo. Atlantic coast: Combarro beach, Ría de Pontevedra; Meira beach, Ría de Vigo; Piedras river mouth, Huelva. Remarks. Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. is similar to S. shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890) in not having a dorsal papilla between the branchiae. However, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the original description of S. shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890) and the redescription of S. shrubsolii given by Rice & Levin (1998) in that in the former the dorsal membranous crest is entire (one piece), rather than bilobed on chaetiger 2; sabre chaetae are present, as opposed to being (apparently) absent; the hooks have 4–5 pairs of small teeth, rather than 3–4; the pygidium has ventral lappets, rather than being simple, and the brooding structure is formed by coelomic cavities on each segment rather than transverse, mid-segmental ridges. In addition, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. is similar to S. benedicti Webster, 1879 in the brooding structure occurs in the coelomic cavities. However, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. benedicti Webster, 1879, S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 and S. japonica Imajima, 1990 in that it does not have a dorsal papilla between the branchiae. Furthermore, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. benedicti Webster, 1879 and S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 in that it has sabre chaetae from chaetiger 3, rather than chaetiger 7; the hooks have 4–5 pairs of small teeth, rather than 3–4; and the pygidium has ventral lappets, rather than being simple or lobed. Also, S. padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 in that the brooding structure is composed of coelomic cavities on each segment rather than being branchiate. The identity of the specimens recorded as S. shrubsolii from Iberian coasts by Quintino et al. (1987) and S. benedicti by Ibáñez et al. (1984), still needs to be verified.

Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. Figure 3A���Q Streblospio benedicti: Vi��itez, 1981; Junoy & Vi��itez, 1990; L��pez Serrano, 1999. Type material. Atlantic coast. Combarro beach, R��a de Pontevedra, 42��17���N, 8��43���W, intertidal, April 1975, holotype (MNCNM 16.01 /17907), 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17910) (Col. J.M. Vi��itez); Meira beach, R��a de Vigo, 41��17���N ��� 08��43��W, intertidal, October 1976, 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17911) (Col. J.M. Vi��itez); Piedras river mouth, Huelva, 37��12���N, 7��7���W, intertidal, March 1988, 1 paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17908) November 1988, 2 paratypes (MNCNM 16.01 /17909) (Col. L. L��pez Serrano). NE Atlantic: Cantabrian coast. R��a de Foz, Lugo, 43��33���N, 7��14���W, intertidal, April 1984, 1 complete paratype (MNCNM 16.01 /17912) (Col. J. Junoy). Description. Holotype complete, 7.5 mm long with 49 chaetigers, 0.3 mm wide at chaetiger 6; paratype complete, 13.0 mm long, with 54 chaetigers, 0.6 mm wide at chaetiger 6; 3 paratypes incomplete, 1.0���8.0 mm long, with 11���34 chaetigers, 0.2���0.6 mm wide at chaetiger 6. Color in alcohol pale white. Prostomium fusiform, rounded anteriorly (Fig. 3A���D), with a long and slender subdistal pad surrounding the ventral region (Fig. 3A���D); posteriorly blunt, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3A���B). Two pairs of black subdermal eyes, arranged in a trapezoid; anterior pair small, crescent-shaped, posterior pair large, rounded (Fig. 3A���B). Palps located lateral to prostomium (some paratypes with palps lost). Palps long, extending up to chaetiger 5, densely ciliated on frontal surfaces (Fig. 3E). Peristomium large, expanded laterally, partially surrounding the prostomium, and extending around base of palps, forming short lateral wings, fused dorsally from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3A���B, E���F). Branchiae present on chaetiger 1, inserted just posterior to prostomium; surfaces wrinkled, thick (Fig. 3E), heavily ciliated; branchiae long, extending up to chaetiger 6, about the same length, but slightly thicker than palps. Conical papilla absent between branchiae (Fig. 3A���B). Parapodia on chaetiger 1 with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae only; notopodial lamellae lacking, but with 1��� 4 long capillaries present on the notopodium (Fig. 3A���B); neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 large, oval (Fig. 3A���B, F), slightly inclined. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 2 dorsally rounded and triangular on ventral edges (Fig. 3G); united across dorsum, forming a high dorsal membranous collar (Fig. 3A���B, G); notopodium on chaetiger 3 oval large (Fig. 3H); notopodia largest on chaetigers 2���3, becoming low, wider and more rounded on chaetigers 4���8 (Fig. 3I). Notopodial lamellae disappearing from chaetigers 11���13 until the end (Fig. 3J). Anterior notopodial prechaetal lamellae low, middle and posterior chaetigers absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded throughout (Fig. 3H, F), except the neuropodium on chaetiger 2 which is slightly angled and trapezium-shaped, ventrally directed (Fig. 3G); larger than other neuropodial lamellae. Neuropodial lamellae disappearing from chaetigers 8���10 until the end (Fig. 3J, P). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 low, rudimentary on succeeding chaetigers. Interparapodial pouches lacking. All notopodial and neuropodial capillaries arranged in one row. Notopodial and neuropodial capillaries on anterior chaetigers slightly granulated, alimbate (Fig. 3K, L); notopodial capillaries on middle and posterior chaetigers slender, smooth and alimbate. Sabre chaetae on neuropodia from chaetiger 3 (stouter on chaetiger 7), up to two per fascicle; each chaeta stout, curved, slightly granulated, alimbate (Fig. 3M). Neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 3N) from chaetigers 7���9 (holotype 9), up to nine per fascicle, accompanied by short, slender, alimbate capillaries (Fig. 3O); all hooks with 4���5 pairs of small teeth above main tooth, without secondary hoods; main hood very large (Fig. 3 N���). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Pygidium with lappets (Fig. 3P). Some of the specimens examined were females with oval-shaped oocytes in brood structures in the coelomic cavities (Fig. 3Q) between segments 21���31, measuring 38/50���66/90 ��m in diameter. Females carried eggs in spring. Methyl green staining pattern: from posterior margin of chaetiger 3 up to chaetiger 8 tissues stained profusely with methyl green (Fig. 3C). Etymology. The specific name refers to the pad-like structure located in the antero-ventral region of the prostomium. Type locality. Atlantic coasts. Combarro beach, R��a de Pontevedra. Habitat. Intertidal muddy soft bottoms. Geographical distribution. Cantabrian coast: R��a de Foz, Lugo. Atlantic coast: Combarro beach, R��a de Pontevedra; Meira beach, R��a de Vigo; Piedras river mouth, Huelva. Remarks. Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. is similar to S. shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890) in not having a dorsal papilla between the branchiae. However, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the original description of S. shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890) and the redescription of S. shrubsolii given by Rice & Levin (1998) in that in the former the dorsal membranous crest is entire (one piece), rather than bilobed on chaetiger 2; sabre chaetae are present, as opposed to being (apparently) absent; the hooks have 4���5 pairs of small teeth, rather than 3���4; the pygidium has ventral lappets, rather than being simple, and the brooding structure is formed by coelomic cavities on each segment rather than transverse, mid-segmental ridges. In addition, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. is similar to S. benedicti Webster, 1879 in the brooding structure occurs in the coelomic cavities. However, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. benedicti Webster, 1879, S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 and S. japonica Imajima, 1990 in that it does not have a dorsal papilla between the branchiae. Furthermore, Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. benedicti Webster, 1879 and S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 in that it has sabre chaetae from chaetiger 3, rather than chaetiger 7; the hooks have 4���5 pairs of small teeth, rather than 3���4; and the pygidium has ventral lappets, rather than being simple or lobed. Also, S. padventralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from S. gynobranchiata Rice & Levin, 1998 in that the brooding structure is composed of coelomic cavities on each segment rather than being branchiate. The identity of the specimens recorded as S. shrubsolii from Iberian coasts by Quintino et al. (1987) and S. benedicti by Ib����ez et al. (1984), still needs to be verified., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo, D��az-D��az, ��scar & Vi��itez, Jos�� M., 2018, New species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 and Streblospio Webster, 1879 (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 525-538 in Zootaxa 4410 (3) on pages 534-535, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1221840, {"references":["Junoy, J. & Vieitez, J. M. (1990). Macrozoobenthic community structure in the Ria de Foz, an intertidal estuary (Galicia, Northwest Spain). Marine Biology, 107, 329 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01319833","Lopez Serrano, L. (1999) Estudio de la macrofauna bentonica de la desembocadura del Rio Piedras (Huelva). Tesis doctoral, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 438 pp.","Buchanan, F. (1890) Hekaterobranchus shrubsolii, a new genus and species of the family Spionidae. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, London, 31, 175 - 200.","Imajima, M. (1990) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan, 5. The genera Streblospio and Dispio. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A, Zoology, 16, 155 - 163","Ibanez, M., Romero, A., Feliu, J., Borja, A., Altuna, A. & Aguirrezabalaga, F. (1984) Consideraciones sobre la biogeografia de la costa vasca. Actas IV Simposio Iberico de Estudos do Bentos Marinho. Lisboa, 1, 47 - 56."]}

Dispio Hartman, 1951 Type species: Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951, by monotypy.��� Delgado-Blas & D��az-D��az, 2016: 153���154. Diagnosis. Prostomium spindle-shaped, fusiform, peanut-shaped, ovoid-shaped, rectangular-shaped, wedgeshaped, hourglass-shaped, anteriorly bluntly pointed, with narrow or blunt, short or long caruncle extending to middle (short) or posterior margin (long) of chaetiger 1; peristomium well-developed, expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming low lateral wings (some species with lateral wings more developed than others); lateral wings not attached to prostomium, e.g. D. glabrilamellata, D. latilamella, D. anauncinata, and are separated from chaetiger 1; two pairs of eyes, arranged in a nearly straight line or trapezoid, or eyes absent. Well-developed, lobulated, eversible proboscis. Occipital tentacle absent. Palps short, extending to chaetigers 5���12; palps with single band of transverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove; palp sheaths large, with smooth edges and without special adornment, fused to base of palps. Anterior postchaetal notopodial lamellae serrated (sometimes slender with longer, or shorter digitiform papillae along margin; papillae found on lamellae up to chaetiger 13; lamellae of subsequent chaetigers lack papillae, or chaetiger 1 much broader (spoon-shaped, with shorter digitiform papillae along margin), or notopodial lamellae entire. Anterior neuropodial lamellae serrated (with shorter digitiform extensions along margin and extensions found on lamellae of up to chaetiger 4; lamellae of subsequent chaetigers lack extension) or neuropodial lamellae entire, rounded or triangular. Prechaetal notopodial and neuropodial lamellae well-developed anteriorly and low posteriorly. Branchiae from chaetiger 1, smooth, fused completely or partially with notopodial lamellae, distal ends free, continuing nearly to end of body. Accessory branchiae on posterior surface of notopodia from chaetigers 8��� 30, initially with a single digitate lobe, increasing to 8 (as short nodules or fingerlike palmate lobes) digitate lobes on posterior chaetigers, or absent (D. brachychaeta, D. magnus, D. oculata). Each branchiae with a well-developed narrow band of cilia along inner edge, continuous with that of branchiae on other side of body and joined by a narrow transverse band of cilia across dorsum, which on posterior chaetigers runs along dorsal edge of a thin, elevated dorsal crest; ciliary band sometimes interrupted at base of branchiae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped or J-shaped (arranged obliquely) double bands of cilia (= metameric dorsal ciliated organs) with a transverse band of cilia between them. Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present or absent. With capillary notochaetae only; notochaetae of chaetiger 1 and succeeding chaetigers in three groups, including a group of capillary chaetae dorsal to an anterior row of stout capillaries, and a posterior row of thinner capillary chaetae. Neurochaetae in three groups, two rows similar in morphology to notochaetae, plus a ventral fascicle of inferior chaetae replacing sabre chaetae; unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks in larvae and juveniles (rare in adults, with bidentate and unidentate hooded hooks integrated in same fascicle). Bidentate hooks in adults replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 15���44. Some capillaries and sabre chaetae with a heavily reticulated and granular shaft, others only with granulation (D. magnus, D. brachychaeta). Some capillaries on anterior rows with distinct transverse barring pattern, composed of partitions and chambers in shafts, giving chaetae a cracked appearance; reticulations sometimes interspersed with dense groups of granules. Pygidium with midventral flap or flange and either one (Dispio lenislamellata) or two pairs of long cirri (D. anauncinata) or absent (D. magnus), or pygidium reduced with small papillae on ventral surface (D. latilamella)., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo, D��az-D��az, ��scar & Vi��itez, Jos�� M., 2018, New species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 and Streblospio Webster, 1879 (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the coast of the Iberian Peninsula, pp. 525-538 in Zootaxa 4410 (3) on page 528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4410.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1221840, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1951) The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 2, 7 - 124.","Delgado-Blas, V. H. & Diaz-Diaz, O. (2016) Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus. Zootaxa, 4178 (2), 151 - 181. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4178.2.1"]}

Re-assessment of spionid specimens from Iberian Peninsula initially assigned to Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951 and Streblospio benedicti Webster, 1879 led to the recognition of two new species from the spionid genera Dispio and Streblospio from coasts around the Iberian Peninsula. Dispio elegans sp. nov. is characterised by having an oblanceolate-shaped prostomium. In addition, the first two notopodial postchaetal lamellae are serrated with digitiform papillae, the anterior neuropodial lamellae are smooth; all branchiae are almost completely fused to the notopodial lamellae, but with the tips free; the notochaetae on chaetiger 1 are smooth, alimbate capillaries; the ventral chaetae located in the position of the sabre chaetae on chaetigers 1–2 are smooth, alimbate capillaries, but becoming granulated on chaetiger 3; and the middle and posterior chaetigers are granulated and reticulated. Streblospio padventralis sp. nov. is characterized by lacking dorsal papillae between the branchiae of chaetiger 1; the hooks have 4–5 pairs of small teeth; sabre chaetae are present from chaetiger 3; the pygidium has two ventral lappets; and brooding structures are present in the coelomic cavities. We suggest raising the status of Streblospio benedicti japonica Imajima, 1990 to full species level as S. japonica Imajima, 1990. A key for Streblospio species is provided.

Five species ofPrionospioMalmgren, 1867, each with four pairs of branchiae, are studied from coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Two of these species,Prionospiocristaventralissp. n.andP.paraparisp. n., are new to science, whereasP.caspersiLaubier, 1962,P.fallaxSöderström, 1920, andP.ehlersiFauvel, 1928 have been previously recorded.Prionospiocristaventralissp. n.is characterized by having ventral crests present on chaetigers XI–XIX, dorsal crests and low crests on chaetigers X–XXXIV, triangular neuropodial postchaetal lamellae with pointed ventral edges on chaetiger II, oval neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger III, digitiform pinnules on the posterior face of the first and fourth pairs, and branchial pairs II and III are triangular.Prionospioparaparisp. n.is characterized by having rounded neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger I, digitiform pinnules on the posterior face of the first and fourth pairs, branchial pairs II and III are cirriform, low dorsal crests on chaetigers VIII–IX, and oval neuropodial lamellae with enlarged dorsal edges on chaetiger III. A key is given to allPrionospiospecies with four pairs of branchiae known from the Iberian Peninsula coastline.

Polydora hoplura Clapar��de, 1868 (Figs 2���4) Polydora hoplura Clapar��de, 1868: 318 ���319, pl. XXII, fig. 2; 1869: 58���59, pl. XXII, fig. 2; 1870: 58���59, pl. XXII, fig. 2. Marion & Bobretzky 1875: 84. Carazzi 1893: 20 ���21, pl. 2, figs 6, 7, 13, 16, 18. Lo Bianco 1893: 30; 1909: 584. Saint- Joseph 1894: 65. Soulier 1903: 83 ���86, fig. 12. Douvill�� 1907: 364 ���365, fig. 7. McIntosh 1909: 173 ���174; 1915a: 212���213; 1915b: pl. 101: fig. 10, pl. 106: fig. 6; 1923: 486���487. Fauvel 1927: 50, fig. 17a���g. Wilson 1928: 578 ���585, textfig. 2, pls V���VII (larval morphology). Read 1975: 411 ���412, fig. 6. Blake & Kudenov 1978: 264, fig. 47. Hutchings & Turvey 1984: 15. Colognola et al. 1984: 748. Lleonart 2001: figs 4���6, 9, 26���32. David et al. 2014: figs 4���6 (larval morphology). Radashevsky & Migotto 2016: 2 ���7, figs 2���5 (adult and larval morphology). Sato-Okoshi et al. 2016: 3 ���6, figs 6, 7. Polydora (Polydora) hoplura: Rioja 1931 (Part.): 70, pl. 19, figs 8���13. Hartmann-Schr��der 1971: 305; 1996: 318. Polydora hoplura hoplura: Day 1967: 468, fig. 18.2k���m. Leucodora sanguinea Giard, 1881: 71 ���73. Fide Dollfus 1921: 17; 1932: 275. Polydora uncinata Sato-Okoshi, 1998: pp. 278���280, fig. 1; 1999: p. 835. Radashevsky & Olivares 2005: 491 ���494, figs 2���4. Sato-Okoshi et al. 2008: 493 ���495, figs 2���3; 2012: 87, figs 4A���B, D. Sato-Okoshi & Abe 2012: 43 ���44, fig. 3. Fide Radashevsky & Migotto 2016: 2; Sato-Okoshi et al. 2016: 4. Material. Italy, Tyrrhenian Sea, Campania, Gulf of Naples, Port of Ischia, Ischia Is., 40.74439��N, 13.93948��E, intertidal, Radashevsky, V.I. & M.C. Gambi, 0 7 Jul 2014: from shell of live whelk Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1767), SMF 24359 (neotype), two individuals from shells of live whelk S. haemastoma and two individuals from shell of live European flat oyster Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758, MIMB 28148 (4). Tyrrhenian Sea, Lazio, Fiumicino, 41.7739��N, 12.2189��E, from a shell in fouling of artificial platform, st. 5, 5 m, spring 1979, Gambi, M.C., MIMB 33 0 27 (34), 33028 (7). Ionian Sea, Apulia, Taranto, 40.4323��N, 17.2409��E, 1 m, from shells of the oyster O. edulis, Radashevsky, V.I., 15 Jul 2014, MIMB 33029 (23). France, Brittany, La Manche, NE to Roscoff, 48.7487��N, 3.9062��W, 40 m, from empty scallop shell, Radashevsky, V.I. & C. Houbin, 27 May 2014, MIMB 3 3030 (1). Aquitaine, Bay of Biscay, Arcachon Bay: Jacquets, 44.7212��N, 1.1887��W, from shells of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793), Radashevsky, V.I. & S. Gasmi, 12 Jun 2014, MIMB 33031 (22); la Chapelle, 44.6645��N, 1.1802��W, 9 m, from shells of Pacific oyster C. gigas, Radashevsky, V.I. & B. Gouillieux, 13 Jun 2014, MIMB 33032 (25). Legallais, Arcachon, 44.663914��N, 1.175977��W, rocky intertidal, from shell of gastropod Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) occupied by hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus (Latreille, 1818), Lavesque, N., 16 Nov 2016, MIMB 33064 (3). Languedoc-Roussillon, Gulf of Lion, Leucate, 42.8778��N, 3.0229��E, 2 m, from shells of the Pacific oyster C. gigas, Radashevsky, V.I. & C. Labrune, 26 Jun 2014, MIMB 33033 (19). South Korea, East China Sea, Jeollanam-do Province, Wando County, from shells of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino, 1953 cultivated in cages: Sinji Is., 34.345��N, 126.886��E, 30 Mar 2005, MIMB 33034 (7); Bogil Is., 34.1825��N, 126.5314��E, 7 May 2013, MIMB 33035 (8); Keumil Is., 34.4611��N, 127.0275��E, 27 May 2013, MIMB 33036 (30); Nohwa Is., 34.226117��N, 126.42 5833��E, 0 7 May 2013, MIMB 3 3037 (17); Seohwa Is., 34.317��N, 126.5075��E, 20 Nov 2013, MIMB 33038 (17); 34.191��N, 126.635��E, 27 Nov 2013, MIMB 33039 (13); Soan Is., 34.191��N, 126.635��E, 14 Jun 2016, MIMB 33 0 57 (8). Yeocheon County, Yeosu, 34.6344��N, 127.6408��E, from shells of abalone cultivated in land-based tanks, 12 Nov 2013, MIMB 33 0 40 (2). Gyeongsangnam-do Province, Geoje Is., from shells of cultivated Pacific oyster C. gigas: 34.82��N, 128.5��E, 22 Oct 2013, MIMB 33041 (4); 34.97��N, 128.62��E, 31 May 2016, MIMB 33 0 56 (7). Jeju Province, Jeju Is., from shells of abalone H. discus hannai cultivated in land-based tanks: 33.472252��N, 126.912332��E, 23 May 2013, KIOST BSMA 2 (15), MIMB 28076 (120+). Cheongjeonghae Fisheries, 33.35 6012��N, 126.182154��E, 28 Aug 2013, MIMB 33 0 42 (13). Dongjin Fisheries, 33.435425��N, 126.266602��E, 28 Nov 2013, KIOST BSMA 12 (7), MIMB 3 3043 (12); 28 Mar 2014, MIMB 33048 (20+); 30 Apr 2 0 14, MIMB 33049 (10+); 30 May 2014, MIMB 33050 (20+). Halla Abalone, 33.470857��N, 126.917034��E, 28 Nov 2013, KIOST BSMA 13 (16), MIMB 33044 (15); 27 Mar 2014, MIMB 33047 (6+). Jaeil Fisheries, 33.469882��N, 126.918601��E, 28 Nov 2013, KIOST BSMA 14 (16), MIMB 33045 (100+); 3 Jun 2014, KIOST BSMA 6952 (50+), MIMB 33 0 46 (100+). Adult morphology (Material from the type locality, Gulf of Naples, Italy). Neotype (SMF 24359) largest complete individual 30 mm long, 1.5 mm wide with 175 chaetigers; other individuals (MIMB 28148) 8 to 11 mm long, with 60 to 100 chaetigers. Pigmentation absent on body. No pigment on palps in a 60-chaetiger individual, and in an individual 11 mm long with 100 chaetigers; 75-chaetiger individual and neotype with five and seven paired black bands on each palp, respectively. Prostomium anteriorly incised, extending posteriorly to end of chaetiger 3 as a low caruncle. Occipital antenna absent in 60- and 75-chaetiger individuals; larger individuals, including neotype, with short occipital antenna on prostomium. Eyes absent in neotype; up to four eyes present or eyes absent in other individuals. Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries only in neuropodia. Chaetiger 5 with up to four dorsal superior winged capillaries, six heavy falcate spines alternating with bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae, and six ventral winged capillaries; falcate spines with lateral flange. Hooded hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, up to ten in a series, not accompanied by capillaries; hooks bidentate, with constriction on shaft. Posterior notopodia (from chaetiger 155 onwards in a 175-chaetiger neotype) each with 1���2 heavy recurved spines and a tuft of slender capillaries; spines with curved tips directed medially. Branchiae from chaetiger 7 continuing posteriorly along most of body (on chaetigers 7���154 in neotype). Pygidium white, cup-shaped with dorsal gap. Of five individuals, two were females (175-chaetiger neotype with oocytes in chaetigers 40���113), two had no gametes, and one was male (10 mm long with 75 chaetigers, with branchiae on chaetigers 7���39, and nototrochs composed of single rows of cilia) with spermatocytes, tetrads of spermatids and individual spermatozoa (introsperm with elongated head and midpiece, similar to those in other Polydora species) floating in coelom in chaetigers 29���44. Other material from Italy and France. Large worms of a size range similar to specimens from type locality (see above). Black pigment diffused on anterior part of prostomium (in front of eyes) in some individuals, varying from weak only on lateral sides to intense on lateral and dorsal sides of prostomium. Similar pigment of variable intensity diffused on dorso-lateral sides of peristomium in some individuals. Up to ten black paired bands present on each palp and black pigment diffused on pygidium in some individuals. Notopodia of 5���16 posterior chaetigers with heavy recurved spines in addition to capillaries. Pygidium flaring disc with wide dorsal gap. Material from South Korea (Polydora hoplura in Korean galgori-kin-eolgool-gat-ji-rung-i, meaning a long face worm with hook). Up to 55 mm long and 2 mm wide for 180 chaetigers. Body pale to light tan in life; with numerous glandular cells on dorsal side from chaetigers 10���15 giving dorsum whitish appearance (Fig. 2 A). Remains of larval melanophores present on dorso-lateral sides of 15���16 anterior chaetigers in individuals up to 50��� 60-chaetiger stage; larger worms usually lacking black pigment on body. Black narrow longitudinal stripes on lateral sides of anterior part of prostomium and a pair of small black patches on dorsal side of peristomium present in three individuals (of more than one thousand examined). Up to 25 black paired bands present on each palp in individuals with more than 50 chaetigers (Fig. 2 A���D); bands usually regularly arranged and of equal intensity along palp (Fig. 3 A); in some individuals bands more intense and distinct on distal half of palp. Number of bands weakly correlated with total number of chaetigers in an individual (Fig. 3 B). Prostomium with shallow anterior incision often seen only in ventral view, posteriorly extending to end of chaetiger 3 (usually to middle of chaetiger 3) as a low caruncle, shorter in small individuals (Fig. 3 C). Short occipital antenna present on caruncle in individuals with more than 90 chaetigers; smaller individuals usually without antenna. Two pairs of black eyes usually present. Palps as long as 15���30 chaetigers, with longitudinal frontal groove lined with fine cilia, latero-frontal motile compound cilia, and papillae with short non-motile cilia densely arranged in 4���5 rows along both sides of frontal groove (Fig. 2 C), and also sparsely scattered on lateral and abfrontal palp surfaces all along palp length (Fig. 2 D). Chaetiger 1 with short capillaries in neuropodia and small postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notochaetae absent. Notopodia of posterior chaetigers with two kinds of heavy spines in addition to 2���6 slender capillaries (Fig. 2 H). One spine slender and slightly curved, awl-like (Fig. 2 H, sl), second spine heavily recurved, sickle-shaped (Fig. 2 H, he); spines with curved tips directed medially. Slender awl-like spines first appearing in chaetiger 18 in juveniles with 18���19 chaetigers, while heavy sickle-shaped spines first appearing in notopodia in juveniles with 25���30 chaetigers (Table 1: 25-chaetiger individual). Both kinds of spines beginning from more posterior chaetigers in larger individuals (Fig. 3 D) what can only be explained by their falling out from anterior notopodia with growth of worms. Slender awl-like spines and heavy sickle-shaped spines developing and falling out at different rates and, therefore, arranged in notopodia differently (Table 1). In notopodia of new segments developing in growth zone in front of pygidium in worms with more than 25 chaetigers, capillaries and heavy sickle-shaped spines developing first while slender awl-like spines developing later. Consequently, notopodia of a few posteriormost chaetigers bearing only capillaries and heavy sickle-shaped spines. With growth, heavy sickle-shaped spines of anteriormost spine-bearing notopodia falling out first while slender awl-like spines falling out gradually afterwards. Consequently, notopodia of a few anteriormost chaetigers bearing only capillaries and slender awl-like spines. Middle spine-bearing notopodia having both kinds of spines in addition to capillaries. Anterior position of spines correlated with arrangement of branchiae (Table 1). In small individuals, spines first present from 4���17 chaetigers after last branchiate chaetiger. In mid-size individuals, slender awl-like spines usually from last branchiate chaetiger and heavy sickle-shaped spines usually beginning 1���3 chaetigers after last branchiate chaetiger. In large individuals, slender awl-like spines usually from 1���3 chaetigers before last branchiate chaetiger, while heavy sickle-shaped spines usually beginning in last branchiate chaetiger or in next chaetiger after it. Chaetiger 5 twice as large as chaetigers 4 and 6, with up to six dorsal superior winged capillaries, seven heavy falcate spines arranged in a slightly curved diagonal row and alternating with bilimbate-tipped companion chaetae, and seven ventral winged capillaries. Dorsal superior and ventral capillaries shorter and fewer than those on adjacent chaetigers. Falcate spines with large subdistal flange on lateral side; upper and inner parts of flange thinner than lower and outer parts, thus in newly developed spines (situated in posterior part of spine row) whole structure appearing as a large tooth joined to main fang by thin sheath; in older spines (situated in anterior part of spine row) lateral flange greatly worn and indistinct. Hooks in neuropodia from chaetiger 7, up to 12 in a series, not accompanied by capillaries. Hooks bidentate; shaft slightly curved, with weak constriction in upper part (Fig. 2 G). Branchiae from chaetiger 7, full-sized from chaetigers 10���12, gradually diminishing in size along posterior half of body, absent on 5���20 posteriormost chaetigers (Fig. 3 D). Branchiae flattened, with surfaces oriented parallel to body axis, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae, with longitudinal row of cilia along inner surface. Nototrochs from chaetigers 7���8 onwards, each composed of one row of short cilia, on branchiate chaetigers extending onto branchiae. Pygidium disk-like to cup-shaped, usually with distinct dorsal gap, white due to numerous striated glandular cells (Fig. 2 F). Glandular pouches in neuropodia from chaetiger 6 in individuals with up to about 30 chaetigers, from chaetiger 7 in larger individuals; pouches large in chaetigers 7���9 and considerably smaller in successive chaetigers. Digestive tract without ventral buccal bulb and gizzard-like structure. Nephridia from chaetiger 7 onwards, greenish in life; pairs of nephridia on each chaetiger opening to exterior middorsally via two closely situated nephridiopores. Habitat. Adults of P. hoplura make U-shaped burrows in shells of barnacles, various gastropods and bivalves, including abalone and oysters. Worm burrows appear as detrital tubes inside shells: the walls of the burrows are lined with detritus, and median space of each burrow is also filled with detritus forming a medial wall. Each burrow opens to the outside via two joined apertures forming a characteristic 8-shaped hollow in a shell, and extended by two smooth silty tubes each up to 5 mm long. In Italy and France, adults of P. hoplura were found in shells of live whelk Stramonita haemastoma, European flat oyster Ostrea edulis, Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, empty shells of pilgrim scallop Pecten maximus (Linnaeus, 1758), and empty shell of gastropod Ocenebra erinaceus occupied by hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus. The worms were rare and did not cause serious damage to the mollusks. 25-chaetiger individual 50-chaetiger individual chaetiger branchia awl-like sickle-like chaetiger branchia awl-like sickle-like spine spine spine spine 17 42 + In South Korea, P. uncinata (= P. hoplura) was first recorded in 2004 from the oysters cultivated in Geoje and Goseong (south-eastern part of South Korea), but not found in abalone cultivated in sea cages (Sato-Okoshi et al. 2012). In the present study, we found up to three worms per shell in abalone cultivated in cages in the sea in Wando county, and a maximum of 80 large worms in one shell of abalone cultivated in land-based tanks on Jeju Island (Fig. 4 D). In many cases worms caused formation of dark brown muddy or nacreous, parchment-like blisters on the inner shell surface (Fig. 4 A���C). Heavy infestation by P. hoplura occasionally caused secondary bacterial infestation, clogging of respiratory pores and death of mollusk. In contrast to abalone, shells of the Pacific oyster C. gigas widely cultivated around Geoje Island were rarely infested by P. hoplura which seems to not effect oyster condition., Published as part of Radashevsky, Vasily I., Choi, Jin-Woo & Gambi, Maria Cristina, 2017, Morphology and biology of Polydora hoplura Clapar��de, 1868 (Annelida: Spionidae), pp. 543-555 in Zootaxa 4282 (3) on pages 545-550, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/827990, {"references":["Claparede, E. (1868) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Geneve, Ramboz et Schuchardt, 500 pp., 32 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 105355","Marion, A. F. & Bobretzky, N. (1875) Etude des Annelides du golfe de Marseille. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 2, 1 - 106.","Carazzi, D. (1893) Revisione del genere Polydora Bosc e cenni su due specie che vivono sulle ostriche. Mittheilungen aus der zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 11, 4 - 45.","Lo Bianco, S. (1893) Gli anellidi tubicoli trovati nel Golfo di Napoli. Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, Societa Reale di Napoli, Serie 2, 5 (11), 1 - 97.","Saint-Joseph, A. de (1894) Les Annelides Polychetes des cotes de Dinard. Pt. 3. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, VII Serie, Zoologie, 17, 1 - 395.","Soulier, A. (1903) Revision des Annelides de la region de Cette. pt. 2. Memoires de la Academie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier, Section des Sciences, 2 e Serie, 3 (3), 193 - 278.","Douville, H. (1907) Perforations d'Annelides. Bulletin de la Societe de Geologie, France, Serie 4, 7, 361 - 370.","McIntosh, W. C. (1909) Notes from the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. No. 31. 1. On a young stage of Gadus luscus with bold transverse bars of pigment. 2. On the British Spionidae. 3. On the Spionidae dredged by H. M. S. ' Porcupine' in 1869 and 1870. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 3 (14), 153 - 180.","Fauvel, P. (1927) Polychetes sedentaires. Addenda aux Errantes, Archiannelides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France, 16, 1 - 494.","Wilson, D. P. (1928 b) The larvae of Polydora ciliata Johnston and Polydora hoplura Claparede. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 15 (2), 567 - 603.","Read, G. B. (1975) Systematics and biology of polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Wellington Harbour. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 5 (4), 395 - 419.","Blake, J. A. & Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Fictoria, 39, 171 - 280.","Hutchings, P. A. & Turvey, S. P. (1984) The Spionidae of South Australia (Annelida: Polychaeta). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 108 (1), 1 - 20.","Lleonart, M. (2001) Development of an integrated management program for the control of spionid mudworms in cultured abalone. Report to the Fisheries Research & Development Corporation (FRDC), abalone subprogram, Project No. 98 / 301. Available from: http: // www. frdc. com. au / research / programs / aas / download / mudworm. a. farm. manual. pdf (accessed 22 May 2017)","David, A. A., Matthee, C. A. & Simon, C. A. (2014) Poecilogony in Polydora hoplura (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from commercially important molluscs in South Africa. Marine Biology (Berlin), 161 (4), 887 - 898. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 013 - 2388 - 0","Radashevsky, V. I. & Migotto, A. E. (2016) First report of the polychaete Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae) from North and South America and Asian Pacific. Marine Biodiversity, 1 - 10. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12526 - 016 - 0515 - 0","Sato-Okoshi, W., Abe, H., Nishitani, G. & Simon, C. A. (2016) And then there was one: Polydora uncinata and Polydora hoplura (Annelida: Spionidae), the problematic polydorid pest species represent a single species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1 - 10. [published online]","Rioja, E. (1931) Estudio de los poliquetos de la Peninsula Iberica. Memorias de la Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid, 2, 1 - 471.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1971) Annelida, Borstenwurmer, Polychaeta. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meeresteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise, 58, 1 - 594.","Day, J. H. (1967) A monograph on the Polychaeta of Southern Africa. Part 2. Sedentaria. London, The British Museum (Natural History), xvii + 420 pp. [pp. i - xvii, 459 - 878]","Giard, A. (1881) Fragmentes biologiques. II. Deux ennemis de l'ostreiculture. Bulletin Scientifique de Department du Nord, 13, 70 - 73.","Dollfus, R. - P. (1921) Resume de nos principales connaissances pratiques sur les maladies et les enemies de l'huitre. Office Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, Paris, Notes et Memoires, 7, 1 - 46.","Sato-Okoshi, W. (1998) Three new species of polydorids (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from Japan. Species Diversity, 3, 277 - 288.","Radashevsky, V. I. & Olivares, C. (2005) Polydora uncinata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in Chile: an accidental transportation across the Pacific. Biological Invasions, 7 (3), 489 - 496.","Sato-Okoshi, W., Okoshi, K. & Shaw, J. (2008) Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in south-western Australian waters with special reference to Polydora uncinata and Boccardia knoxi. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88 (3), 491 - 501.","Sato-Okoshi, W. & Abe, H. (2012) Morphological and molecular sequence analysis of the harmful shell boring species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Japan and Australia. Aquaculture, 368 - 369 (1), 40 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2012.08.046"]}

Key for the South and West African species of the Laonice -genus 1. Prostomium obviously fused anteriorly with peristomium (in dorsal view)......................................... 2 - No obvious anterior fusion (in dorsal view) of prostomium and peristomium....................................... 3 2. Anterolateral corners of prostomium fused with peristomuim by a thin fold, clearly visible in dorsal view (Figure 3 B, arrow); nuchal organ until chaetiger 20........................................................... L. cricketae sp. nov. - Prostomium and peristomium forming anteriorly an entire head lobe; nuchal organ present on over 30 anterior segments..................................................................................... L. antipoda Sikorski, 2011 3. Capillaries arranged in more than two vertical rows in anterior chaetigers; genital pouches appear from chaetiger 5���6 and the number of segments bearing pouches could be from 4 to 10.................................... L. galatheae sp.nov. - Capillaries arranged in two vertical rows in anterior chaetigers; GP= 32............................... L. olgae sp.nov., Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2016, Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 4097 (3) on page 367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/265009, {"references":["Sikorski, A. V. (2011) Review of Laonice (Spionidae, Annelida) with remarks on several species and a description of a new species from South Africa. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (S 1), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2011.617218"]}

Laonice olgae sp. nov. (Figures 4 A���B, 5) Laonice cirrata ��� Day 1961: 484 (partim). Holotype: University of Cape Town���s Ecological Survey, R/V ���Africana I���, AFR 728 IIj, 31 �� 14.1 ��S, 16 �� 36.5 ��E, 272 m, dredge, ���Polyzoa and rock���, 70 % ethanol, 15 Aug. 1947, det J.H. Day as Laonice cirrata (Sars, 1851) ���(SAM A 20531). Anterior fragment of 1.1 mm width containing 51 chaetigers. Prostomium not obviously fused to the peristomium by the anterior margin (membrane connecting the prostomium and peristomium present but is hidden in the groove between the two). Prostomium is bell-shaped (Fig. 4 A) with two large nearly discoloured eye-spots in the posterior, with large cylindrical occipital papilla on the level of chaetiger 1. Caruncle well developed, extending together with nuchal organ to chaetiger 9. Branchiae present until chaetiger 29. Branchiae much shorter than notopodial postchaetal lobes on chaetiger 2, becoming longer on chaetiger 3 (but still shorter than notopodial postchaetal lobes). Branchiae longer than notopodial postchaetal lobes from chaetiger 5. Notopodial postchaetal lobes are significantly enlarged on chaetigers 3 and 4 and are erect (otherwise they could overlap mid-dorsally). Notopodial postchaetal lobes are of maximum size on chaetiger 4. Notopodial postchaetal lobes with acute upper tips up to and including the fourth segment. No acute tips from chaetiger 5, but notopodial postchaetal lobes extend upwards having acute tips visible on the lateral margins of lobes on the branchial segments. The lobes become (on 7 of the following segments) rounded (not extended upwards) with acute peak on the middle of lateral margin. The upper margin of notopodial postchaetal lobes fused to the body wall, shifting toward the dorsal surface of the body at the end of fragment. Transverse dorsal membranes absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes rounded, with obvious peaks in the middle of outer margin from chaetiger 13 which become acute from chaetiger 18 or 19. Tips on neuropodial postchaetal lobes disappear from chaetiger 34 and the lobes become posteriorly smaller and rounded. First genital pouches are visible on chaetiger 33 on the left and on chaetiger 32 on the right side. Neuropodial hooded hooks appear on chaetiger 36, up to 11 per neuropodium; hooks are bidentate in side view (Fig. 4 B), but main fang is surmounted by pair of apical teeth. Notopodial hooks not detected. Sabre chaetae appear from chaetiger 19, up to 2 per neuropodium. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green staining pattern. No special pattern detected, but upper halves of anterior surfaces of notopodial postchaetal lobes on chaetigers from 4 to 6 keep a bit more staining comparing to other body parts. Distribution. South Africa, north of Cape Town, 272 m (Fig. 5). Etymology. The name of the species is derived from the name (Olga) of the daughter of the author���A. Sikorski. Remarks. This specimen is morphologically very close to the species L. sarsi known from the Northeastern Atlantic. We can also suppose that notopodial hooded hooks may be present in L. olgae as in L. sarsi. The main difference is that this specimen has such remarkably enlarged notopodial postchaetal lobes on chaetigers 3 and 4. Besides that this specimen and L. sarsi are distinguishable by differences between the number of chaetiger with last visible branchiae and with first visible genital pouches (- 3 in L. olgae and - 1 to 12 in L. sarsi) and by difference between the number of chaetiger with first visible sabre setae and with first visible genital pouches (- 13 in L. olgae and - 11 to 10 in L. sarsi). These differences appear sufficient for description of a new species., Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2016, Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 4097 (3) on pages 359-361, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/265009, {"references":["Day, J. H. (1961) The Polychaete fauna of South Africa. Part 6. Sedentary species dredged off Cape coasts with a few new records from the shore. Journal of the Linnaean Society of London (Zoology), 44, 463 - 560. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1961. tb 01623. x","Sars, M. (1851) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 6, 121 - 211. [Oslo]"]}

Prionospio kaplani sp. nov. Altamira, Glover, & Paterson (Figure 1, 2.5, 7, 8b, Table 2) Material examined: 12 specimens examined. Holotype: CVAP: RSS Discovery October 1993, 12600 # 45 October 1993, 21�� 3.4 ���N 31 �� 9.8 ��� W, 4524 m, 1 individual (NHMUK 2015: 1190) Paratypes: Equatorial Pacific: 2 ��N 140 ��W, 4300 m, 4 individuals (EP 410, EP 425, EP 427, EP 444); 5 ��N 140 ��W 4300 m, 3 individuals (EP 431, 432, 473); 9 ��N 140 ��W, 4900 m, 1 individual (EP 414). MAP: RSS Discovery August 1990,12174#53, 31 5.2 ��� N 21 1.2 ��� W, 4942 m, 1 individual. Other material examined: CVAP: RSS Discovery October 1993,12600#28, 21�� 4.8 ��� N 31 �� 11.1 ��� W, 4613 m, 1 individual. Equatorial Pacific: EqPac 0��N 140 ��W, 4300 m, 1 individual (EP 488). Diagnostic features. Two pairs of branchiae on chaetigers 2 and 3, sabre chaetae lacking, dorsal crests from chaetiger 7, neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetiger 11. Description. Body cylindrical, narrow throughout; holotype 1.86 mm long for 20 chaetigers, (0.62 mm up to chaetiger 10); 0.08 mm wide at chaetiger 1. Prostomium rectangular with flat, entire anterior margin; one pair prostomial peaks present; caruncle short with rounded apex, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 2. Eyes absent. Peristomium incomplete dorsally, not forming lateral wings, separate from chaetiger 1 (Fig 7 a). Branchiae from chaetiger 2, two pairs, very small. Branchiae on chaetiger 2 digitiform, blunt-tipped, inserted lateral and slightly posterior to dorsal lamellae; branchiae approximately one-half chaetiger long, subequal to notopodial lamellae; branchiae on chaetiger 3 conical, inserted posterior to dorsal lamellae and obscured by them, one quarter the length of lamellae (Fig. 2.5). Notopodial lamellae start on chaetiger 2, sub-quadranular, slightly angled toward dorsal midline (Fig 2.5 a); largest on chaetiger 3, sub-quadrangular with slightly produced tips overlapping dorsal midline, three times as long as lamellae of chaetiger 2 (Fig 2.5 b); thereafter, notopodial lamellae decrease in size, becoming low and subtriangular by chaetiger 7. Dorsal crests present from chaetigers 7 to chaetiger 17 (Fig. 2.5 f chaetiger 14). Neuropodial lamellae start on chaetiger 1, papilliform, length equal to one-fifth chaetiger length; neuropodial lamellae on chaetigers 2���5 leaf-like, narrow with short tips; neuropodial lamellae largest on chaetiger 3, length equal to chaetiger length and nearly twice that of chaetiger 2, neuropodial lamellae thereafter decreasing in length and increasing in width, becoming broadly ovoid by chaetiger 9. Interparapodial pouches absent. Notochaetae limbate capillaries, long, inserted in two densely packed rows from chaetigers 2���8 with up to 12 chaetae per row; thereafter, notochaetae reduced in number and density; all notochaetae angle forward on chaetigers 1���8 and anterior row always with shorter. Neurochaetae smooth and limbate capillaries, inserted in two distinct rows to chaetiger 8, up to eight chaetae per row, anterior row always shorter; thereafter, number of chaetae decrease, rows become indistinct. Neuropodial sabre chaetae not observed through 20 chaetigers (all specimens incomplete). Neuropodial hooded hooks present from chaetiger 11; shaft narrow with slender main fang, surmounted by two to three fine small teeth in one row, up to six chaetae per fascicle, inner hood absent; notopodial hooded hooks not observed. Pygidium not observed. Methyl green pattern. Not observed. Remarks. The key feature of this species is the presence of only two pairs of branchiae, the apparent absence of sabre chaetae, dorsal crests occurring from chaetigers 7 to 17, and the hooded hooks starting on chaetiger 11. Two other species of Prionospio have only two pairs of branchiae: P. sexoculata Augener, 1923 and P. h er m es i a sp. nov. Prionospio kaplani sp. nov. differs from P. sexoculata because in the latter species all the branchiae are pinnate while in P. kaplani sp. nov. all are apinnate. P. h e r m e s i a sp. nov. is similar to P. kaplani sp. nov., but differs in the shape of the prostomium in particular, having a flat anterior margin as opposed to a rounded one as in P. hermesia sp. nov. (Fig. 7); the caruncle extends to anterior boundary of chaetiger 1 in P. h er m es i a, while in P.kaplani sp nov it extends to anterior boundary of chaetiger 2; the neuropodial lamellae in P. kaplani sp. nov. are rounded with extended tips while in P. h e r m e s i a sp. nov. they are merely rounded. Prionospio kaplani sp. nov. also resembles P. branchilucida sp. nov. in having similarly shaped branchiae, a similarly shaped prostomium, and the peristomium being separated from chaetiger 1. They differ in the number of pairs of branchiae, two in P. kaplani sp. nov. but three in P. branchilucida sp. nov.; the dorsal crests start on chaetiger 7 rather than 10; and the neuropodial hooded hooks start on chaetiger 11 rather than chaetigers 14���17 as in P. branchilucida sp. nov. Etymology. This species in named in honour of the Kaplan Foundation in grateful acknowledgement of their support. Distribution. Prionospio kaplani sp. nov. has been recorded from the central Pacific and NE Atlantic Oceans from depths of 4300���4942 m (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Aurospio tribranchiata sp. nov. Paterson & Soto (Figure 1, 8 d, 10, 11, 12, Table 3) Minuspio sp 4 Soto 2008: 89. Material examined: 33 specimens examined in total. Holotype: Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 229, July 1997, 13200 #20, 48�� 49.8 ��� N, 16 �� 29.62 ��� W, 4844 m, 1���3 cm, 0.3 mm (NHMUK 2015: 1199). Paratypes: Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Challenger 79, May 1991, 52701#9, 48�� 51.6 ��� N, 16 �� 27.4 ��� W, 4842 m, 2 individual; 52701 #25, 48�� 50.4 ��� N, 16 �� 29.6 ��� W, 4844 m, 3 individuals; 52701 #47, 48�� 50.6 ��� N, 16 �� 29.9 ��� W 4841 m, 1 individual. Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 222, August 1996, 12930#14, 48�� 50.92 ���N, 16 �� 30.24 ���W, 4837 m, 1 individual; 12930 # 44, 4849.95 ���N, 1630.2 ���W, 4839 m, 1 individual; 12930 # 59, 4850.45 ���N, 1630.58 ���W, 4837 m, 1 individual; 12930 #68, 48�� 49.92 ���N, 16 �� 29.76 ���W, 4840 m, 2 individual; 12930 #73, 48�� 50.08 ���N, 16 �� 29.69 ���W 4839 m, 2 individuals. 1) Aurospio tribranchiata sp. nov. a) Chaetiger 2; b) Chaetiger 3; c) Chaetiger 4; d) Chaetiger 5; scale bar = 100 ��m. 2) Aurospio abranchiata sp. nov. from PAP a) Chaetiger 2; b) Chaetiger 3; c) Chaetiger 4; d) Chaetiger 5; e) Chaetiger 8; scale bar = 100 ��m. 3) Aurospio abranchiata sp. nov. from canyons a) Chaetiger 2; b) Chaetiger 3; c) Chaetiger 4; Chaetiger 5; scale bar = ��m. Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 226, March 1998, 13077#19, 4850���N, 1630.05 ���W, 4846 m, 4 individual; 13077 # 23, 4849.28 ���N, 1630.56 ���W, 4844 m, 1 individual; 13077 #59, 48 49.98 N, 16 29.96 W, 4845 m, 1 individual; 13078 #13, 48��50.00���N, 16 ��30.0���W, 4843 m, 1 individual. Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 229, July 1997, 13200 # 17, 4849.67 ���N, 1628.72 ���W, 4843 m, 2 individuals; 13200 #20, 48�� 49.8 ��� N, 16 �� 29.62 ��� W, 4844 m, 3 individuals; 13200 # 47, 4839.29 ���N, 1630.27 ���W, 4844 m, 1 individual; 13200 #52, 48�� 49.84 ���N, 16 �� 29.84 ���W, 4844 m, 2 individuals. Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 231, March 1998, 48 50.51 ���N 16 29.43 ���W, 4842 m, 1 individual; 13368 #25, 48�� 50.51 ���N, 16 �� 29.43 ���W, 3 individuals. Porcupine Abyssal Plain, RRS Discovery D 237 September 1998, 13627# 17, 4849.9 ���N, 16 49.9 ���W, 4837 m 2 individuals. Diagnostic features: three pairs of branchiae, first pair starting on chaetiger 3 and the last pair being much longer than the other two. Description. Small slender species with thorax widening posteriorly then staying the same width; holotype fragment with 20 chaetigers, 3.00 mm long; 0.18 mm wide at chaetiger 1 (not including the chaetae). Colour cream to pale yellow. Prostomium rounded to rectangular; caruncle long extending to anterior edge of chaetiger 2, well developed, then appearing to extend weakly beyond segment boundary. No eyes. Peristomium separated ventrally and laterally from chaetiger 1, fused dorsally forming a distinct rounded collar. Palps simple up to 5 chaetigers in length, no basal sheath. Branchiae present on chaetigers 3 to 5; all apinnate, cylindrical, tapering gradually to a rounded point; branchiae on chaetigers 3 and 4 short, about the same length as the accompanying dorsal lamellae; branchiae on chaetiger 5 long, up to five chaetigers in length and two to three times the length of the accompanying dorsal lamellae (Fig. 11.1 d; 12 a,c, 13 a,c. Chaetiger 1 with small rounded notopodial lamellae. Notopodial lamellae increase in size with the largest on chaetigers 4 and 5; lamellae triangular on chaetigers 2 and 3, becoming wider and more rounded on chaetigers 5 and 6. Notopodial lamellae in mid-body low and rounded. Dorsal crests low difficult to see but occur on chaetigers 9 to 12. Neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 small rounded, increasing over chaetigers 2 to 9; lamellae largest on chaetiger 3 (Fig 12 b). Capillaries arranged on two rows on notopodia and neuropodia, capillaries bilimbate with those in the lower row slightly granulated. Sabre chaetae robust, curved, limbate, slightly or non-granulated, starting on chaetiger 10 or 11; one per fascicle. Neuropodia hooded hooks start on chaetiger 12, up to six per fascicle; two to three pairs of small teeth above the main fang (specimens small difficult to see the exact arrangement), no inner hood; Notopodial hooded hooks not observed. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green pattern. Band of stain across middle of prostomium or across whole prostomium, diffuse over body. Remarks. A. tribranchiata sp. nov. is assigned to Aurospio because the branchiae start on chaetiger 3. All specimens of A. tribranchiata, were carefully examined stained with Shirlastain A (SDL international. A textile fibre identification stain - very useful in revealing features, such as scars) and were not able to detect the presence of scars on any of our specimens. As further supporting evidence there was no branchial pair on chaetiger 2 or evidence of their scars even on otherwise complete specimens which had very long branchiae of chaetiger 4 (which could be easily lost) and palps (almost always lost in spionids) still attached. Based on current evidence we have assigned this species to Aurospio until proven otherwise. Other characters such as the shape of the prostomium, lack of an internal secondary hood in the hooded hooks also are common to species in this genus (but see Remarks in the previous species for a discussion on the problems of defining this genus). A. tribranchiata sp. nov. is similar to A. pilkena Wilson, 1990 and A. banyulensis (Laubier, 1963), in particular the form of the prostomium, having three pairs of branchiae (see Table 4). A. banyulensis also has dorsal crests starting on chaetiger 8, hooded hooks starting on chaetiger 12 and sabre chaetae on chaetiger 10. A. tribranchiata sp. nov. differs in the arrangement of the third pair branchiae which are long whereas on A. pilkena and A. banyulensis they are all the same size. A. longibranchiata differs from A. pilkena in the starting positions of the sabre chaetae and hooded hooks and having dorsal crests (see Table 4). Etymology. tribranchiata refers to the three pairs of branchiae found on this species. Ecology. A. tribranchiata sp. nov. is one of the dominant species of spionids found on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, found in densities of between 4 and 24 individuals per m 2. This species was found within the sediment at depths between 0���5 cm. Distribution. This species has only been recorded from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain 48 ��N, 16 �� W (Northeast Atlantic Ocean) and from a depth of 4800 m., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 19-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Prionospio amarsupiata sp. nov. Neal & Altamira (Figures 1, 2.1, 3, 8e) Prionospio sp D Paterson et al. 2011: 2453. Material examined. 24 specimens examined. Holotype: Set��bal canyon RRS Charles Darwin 179. April���May 2006, St. 56842 #1, 38��06.45���N 9 �� 59.94 ���W, 4482 m (NHMUK 2015: 1042). Paratypes: Portuguese margin canyons: Nazar�� canyon RRS Discovery 297, August 2005, St. 15758 #2, 39�� 34.94 ��� N 10 ��19.00��� W, 4332 m, 2 individuals; St. 15765 #2, 39��35.00��� N, 10 �� 19.04 ��� W, 4336 m, 1 individual. RRS Charles Darwin 179, April���May 2006, St. 56861 # 1 39 �� 35.57 ��� N, 10 �� 20.02 ��� W, 4404 m, 1 individual. St. 56847 # 6 39 �� 35.57 ���N 10 �� 19.99 ���W 4403m, 1 individual. Set��bal canyon RRS Charles Darwin 179. April���May 2006, St. 56804 #5, 38��09.27���N 9 �� 36.93 ���W, 3275m, 1 individual; St. 56804 # 6 38 ��09.26���N 9 �� 36.94 ���W, 3275m, 3 individuals; St. 56806 #1, 38��09.29���N 9 �� 36.96 ���W, 3275m, 1 individual; St. 56838 # 2 38 ��06.50���N 9 �� 59.98 ���W, 4482m, 1 individual; St. 56842 #1, 38��06.45�����N 9 �� 59.94 ���W, 4482m, 3 individuals; Cascais canyon RRS Charles Darwin 179. April���May 2006, St. 56837 #8, 38�� 22.49 ���N 9 �� 53.52 ��W, 4244 m, 1 individual; St. 56821 #1, 38�� 17.96 ���N 9 �� 46.87 �����W, 3219m, 1 individual; St. 56823 #2, 38�� 18.01 ���N 9 �� 47.02 �����W, 3218m, 1 individual; St. 56828 #1, 38�� 18.02 ���N 9 �� 46.98 ���W, 3199m, 1 individual. Other material studied: Crozet Island RRS Discovery D 300, December 2005 ��� January 2006, site M6,15773#31, 49��01.92���S 51 �� 13.88 ���E, 4192 m, 1 individual. Site M5, 15773#18, 45�� 52.96 ��� S, 56 �� 23.78 ��� E, 4186 m, 1 individual. Kaplan CCFZ Central Site (IFREMER Nodinaut campaign): RV L���Atalante, May���June 2004 KAP 3, CRS 868 / MTB9, 14�� 3.093 ���N, 130 �� 4.7825 ���W, 5031m, individual KP397, 1 individual. EqPac: RV Thomas Thompson, November 1992, BC15, 5��N 140 W, 0-1cm, EP 436 1 individual Madeira Abyssal Plain: RRS Discovery, August 1990, 12174 3-5cm, 300 ��m: (MAST_Polychaete Intercalibration Project number���map 55), 1 individual. Cape Verde Abyssal Plain: RRS Discovery, October 1993, 12600 # 10 213.2 ���N 3111.0���W, 4543 m, MAST_cv7, 1 individual. Diagnostic features. Lack of interparapodial pouches, first branchial pair with only few pinnules at the base of branchiae. Description. Holotype incomplete with 42 segments, measuring 14.5 mm long for 42 chaetigers and 0.63 mm wide at chaetiger 1. Pale yellow colour in alcohol. Prostomium angular, bottle-shaped with broadly rounded anterior margin, prostomial peaks normally absent (but two small peaks observed in one of the CROZET specimens); slender caruncle extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 2 (Fig. 3 a); eyes not observed. Peristomium well developed, encircling prostomium closely like a collar, partially fused to chaetiger 1, forming low lateral wings (Fig 3.a). Four pairs of branchiae present on chaetigers 2���5. First pair longest, reaching to chaetiger 10, very slender and cylindrical, although slightly flattened near base and with slender, slightly curled tips; surface mostly smooth to slightly wrinkled (Fig. 2.1 a); very few (1���3) pinnules near base; fourth pair of branchiae similar to first pair but about half the length, apinnate, no rudimentary pinnules observed. Branchial pairs 2 and 3 short, fleshy, foliaceous, wider at base, tapering into somewhat swollen tip, laterally ciliated, both pairs slightly shorter than accompanying notopodial lamellae, in dorsal view both pairs covered by enlarged notopodial lamellae. All branchial pairs situated lateral and slightly posterior to notopodial lamellae. Anterior notopodial lamellae from chaetiger 2���20 (holotype) generally enlarged, subtriangular, largest on branchial segments, particularly on chaetigers 3 and 4; more narrow on chaetiger 5; from chaetiger 6 increasing in width, becoming nearly square by chaetiger 10; after chaetiger 20 greatly reduced in size, becoming flattened assuming broadly ovoid shape with sharp pointed dorsal end and broad round posterior ventral end (Fig. 2.1 e chaetiger 22). Dorsal crests on chaetigers 5���20. Neuropodial lamellae small on chaetiger 1, largest on branchial chaetigers, then gradually becoming reduced in size; lamellae on chaetiger 2 fan-shaped with rounded corners (Fig 2.1 a); lamellae on chaetiger 3 also fan-like possesing well developed ventral tip (Fig. 2.1 b); lamellae on chaetiger 4 rounded; lamellae on cheatiger 5 low, rectangular (Fig. 2.1 c); from chaetiger 6 more rounded ventrally, starting to assume broadly ovoid in shape with somewhat pointed ventral tip (Fig. 2 e���f); similarly shaped through chaetiger 42, with lamellae becoming more flattened and pointed both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 2.1 f). Interparapodial pouches absent (Fig. 3 b). Notopodia in anterior region with four rows of dense, yellow-hued capillaries, anterior neuropodial capillaries arranged in two rows. Sabre chaetae and neuropodial hooks start on chaetiger 19 in holotype and other specimens of similar size, but on chaetiger 18 in smaller specimens. Sabre chaetae long, slender, gently curved, often broken; anterior half is lightly granulated; 1 to 2 per fascicle. Neuropodial hooks up to 10 per fascicle. Neuropodial hooks long, slender, with round, inflated primary hood and striated secondary hood; shaft very constricted just below multidentate head, with six pairs of small teeth above the main fang (Fig. 3 c,d). Notopodial hooks not present in 42 chaetigers. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green pattern. Prostomium, peristomium and the edge of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 1���4 stained strongly, thereafter only edges of notopodial lamellae and dorsal crest with faint stain. Remarks. This species closely resembles Prionospio ehlersi Fauvel, 1928 in the shape of the prostomium and peristomium and the chaetiger where the sabre chaetae and neuropodial hooks appear; neuropodial hooded hooks and sabre chaetae begin on chaetigers 18���19 in P. amarsupiata sp. nov., which is within the range of their occurrence on chaetigers 18���22 in P. ehlersi. The major difference is in the small number of pinnules on first branchial pair and lack of pouches in Prionospio amarsupiata sp. nov. This feature has been encountered in specimens collected from Crozet as well as in Portuguese canyons, EqPac and PAP specimens. It seems likely, therefore, that reduction in number of pinnules is a real feature of this species rather than a loss of pinnules, damaged during the handling of the specimens Interestingly, a species identified as Prionospio cf. ehlersi but lacking pouches was reported by Blake (1983) from the deep sea in the Antarctic and Chile. In a later publication Blake (1996) concluded that: ������these widely scattered deep-sea records of a P. ehlersi -like species that lack interparapodial pouches represent at least one, yet undescribed species.��� It is likely that at least some of Blake���s specimens are P. amarsupiata sp. nov. In additional deep-sea material examined, Blake encountered a specimen that lacked pouches but had a full branchial set (first pair short and pinnate, pairs 2, 3, and 4 short, all the same length, thick, and apinnate). This particular specimen is clearly different from P. amarsupiata sp. nov. based on its branchial form. Some specimens collected from HERMES canyons were reproductive with eggs, the largest of which were approximately 70 microns in diameter. Etymology. amarsupiata, meaning ���lacking pouches���; from the Latin marsupium, a pouch; reference is to the lack of interparapodial pouches in this species. Distribution. This species is widespread in the deep sea; confirmed records indicate the species has been recorded from the Nazar��, Set��bal and Cascais canyons along the Portuguese margin (3199���4488 m), Crozet Island (3500 m), the Equatorial Pacific (EqPac), and the Northeast Atlantic (Cape Verde Abyssal Plain 4500 m, Madeira Abyssal Plain 4800 m)., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Prionospio vallensis sp. nov. Neal & Paterson (Figures 1, 2.2, 4, 8g) Prionospio sp G Curdia et al. 2004: Prionospio sp A Paterson et al. 2011: 2453 Material examined: 1035 specimens examined. Holotype: RRS Charles Darwin, cruise 179 April–May 2006, Setúbal canyon St. 56859 #1, 39° 35.58 ’N 10 °20.00’W 4418m, megacore (NHMUK 2015: 1040). Paratypes: Portuguese margin canyon: Nazaré canyon RRS Discovery 297 August 2005, St. 15755 # 1 39 º 30.62 ’N 09° 56.19 ’W 3461m, 175 individuals; St. 15760 # 1 39 º 30.02 ’N 09° 56.17 ’W 3465m, 54 individuals; St. 15762 # 1 39 º 30.02 ’N 09° 56.22 ’W 3464m, 103 individuals; St. 15758 # 2 39 º 34.94 ’N 10 °19.00’W 4332m, 26 individuals; St. 15758 # 6 39 º 34.99 ’N 10 °19.00’W 4335m, 65 individuals; St. 15765 # 2 39 º35.00’N 10 ° 19.04 ’W 4336m, 39 individuals. RRS Charles Darwin 179, April/ May 2006, St. 56847 # 6 39 ° 35.57 ’N 10 ° 19.99 ’W 4403m, 33 individuals; St. 56847 # 7 39 ° 35.55 ’N 10 ° 20.06 ’W 4404m 33 individuals; St. 56851 # 1 39 ° 29.99 ’N 09° 55.97 ’W 3517m, 36 individuals; St. 56851 # 2 39 ° 29.99 ’N 09° 56.01 ’W 3517m, 76 individuals; St. 56856 # 1 39 ° 29.95 ’N 09° 56.00’W 3519m, 40 individuals; St. 56856 # 2 39 °30.00’N 09° 55.98 ’W 3522m 49 individuals; St. 56859 # 1 39 ° 35.58 ’N 10 °20.00’W 4418m, 37 individuals; St. 56861 # 1 39 ° 35.57 ’N 10 ° 20.02 ’W 4404m, 44 individuals. Setúbal canyon: RRS Charles Darwin 179 April/ May 2006, St. 56804 # 5 38 °09.27’N 09° 36.93 ’W 3275m, 75 individuals; St. 56804 # 6 38 °09.26’N 09° 36.94 ’W 3275m, 48 individuals; St. 56806 # 1 38 °09.29’N 09° 36.96 ’W 3275m, 60 individuals; St. 56810 # 1 38 °09.22’N 09° 37.02 ’W 3224m, 23 individuals; St. 56816 # 1 38 °09.27’N 09° 36.94 ’W 3275m, 37 individuals. Cascais canyon: RRS Charles Darwin 179 April/ May 2006, St. 56821 # 1 38 ° 17.96 ’N 09° 46.87 ’W 3219m, 1 individual; St. 56823 # 2 38 ° 18.01 ’N 09° 47.02 ’W 3218m, 2 individuals; St. 56823 # 3 38 ° 17.99 ’N 09° 47.07 ’W 3219m, 2 individual; St. 56828 # 1 38 ° 18.02 ’N 09° 46.98 ’W 3199m, 3 individuals; St. 56837 # 7 38.3748 ° - 9.8920 °, 4243 m, 3 individuals. Other material studied: Prionospio laciniosa Maciolek, 1985; paratypes (USNM 67674 - 75). Diagnostic features. Wrinkled branchiae on chaetigers 2 and 5, rectangular prostomium, dorsal crests from chaetiger 6 extending to beyond chaetiger 20, distal ends of proximal dorsal lamellae bent toward the mid-line and produced into slender tips. Description. A small and slender species, holotype complete with 65 chaetigers, measuring 12.4 mm long and 0.25 mm wide at chaetiger 1. Colour in alcohol pale yellow. Prostomium rectangular for about 2 / 3 of length, then tapering into caruncle reaching to anterior margin of chaetiger 2; posterior portion surrounded by heavily ciliated nuchal organs (Fig. 4 a); anterior margin truncated (Fig. 4), prostomial peaks absent; eyes absent (1 pair of colourless eyes present in some specimens, positioned on prostomium just before caruncle, best observed on stained specimens). Peristomium well developed ventrally, forming distinct lateral wings; chaetiger 1 reduced, dorsally fused to peristomium. Branchiae present on chaetigers 2 –5, 4 pairs, all apinnate, but wrinkled (Fig. 4 b,c). First pair longest, reaching to the anterior margin of chaetiger 8, approximately six times longer than the corresponding notopodial lamellae, distinctly wrinkled with deep grooves, thickened at the base, then cylindrical, tapering into blunt tip (in some specimens the first pair rather slender, still wrinkled but without deep grooves, possibly regenerating), heavily ciliated; pair 4 similar to pair 1 but shorter, by a ratio of 1: 4, approximately four times longer than the corresponding notopodial lamellae; pairs 2 and 3 short and heavily ciliated, only slightly longer than notopodial lamellae, with wrinkled surface, fleshy and triangular, wider at base and tapering distally, both pairs are partially covered by enlarged notopodial lamellae; all branchiae free from notopodial lamellae, positioned laterally and slightly posteriorly in relation to inner edge of notopodial lamellae (branchial pairs 1 and 4 easily lost and missing in majority of specimens). Notopodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 well developed (Fig. 2.2 a), rounded with very produced tip pointed dorsally; lamellae largest on branchial segments, particularly on chaetigers 3 and 4, subtriangular and somewhat bent, with tips pointing to the midline of dorsum (Fig. 2.2 b,c), notopodial lamellae on chaetiger 6 becoming smaller; from chaetiger 7 lamellae small, triangular, pointed distally, often bent, in mid-body segments becoming low, globular (Fig. 2.2 d). Distinct dorsal crests present from chaetiger 6 and on subsequent chaetigers (Fig. 4 a) to beyond chaetiger 20. Interparapodial pouches absent. Neuropodial lamellae largest in branchial segments; small and rounded in chaetiger 1, neuropodia of chaetiger 2 square-shaped, similar in shape but with distinct tip pointing dorsally on chaetiger 3 (Fig. 2.2), in chaetigers 4 and 5 tip not protruded, lamellae square to slightly rounded in shape; from chaetiger 6 becoming small (low rising) and distinctly globular (Fig. 1.2 d). Anterior chaetae all capillaries, granulated, forming dense fascicles, arranged in two rows in both noto- and neuropodia, neuropodial capillaries become long in middle and posterior segments reaching over 4–5 chaetigers in length. Sabre chaetae first occur in neuropodia of chaetiger 10, up to two per fascicle, robust, curved, heavily granulated. Neuropodial hooks first occur on chaetiger 12 but occasionally start from chaetiger 13, up to eight per fascicle; primary hood inflated and somewhat rectangular in shape, secondary hood present and well developed; each hook with six pairs of smaller teeth sequentially reduced in size above the main fang. Notopodial hooks appear around segment 45 (holotype damaged in this section, all other specimens examined were incomplete and notopodial hooks not observed), two per fascicle, long and slender. Pygidium conical, without any appendages, but these might have been lost. Methyl green pattern. The borders of prostomium, including caruncle, peristomium, and dorsal crests on segments 12–20 stain strongly. Remarks. Prionospio vallensis sp. nov. is characterised by wrinkled branchiae on segments 2 and 5. Prionospio fauchaldi and P. laciniosa, both described by Maciolek, 1985, also possess wrinkled branchiae. Prionospio fauchaldi is recorded from the West Atlantic, SE coast of Africa in 530–4950 m and in the western Pacific in approximately 2500 to 3000 m (Blake et al. 2009), and P. laciniosa is recorded from the west coast of Africa at 527– 542m. Prionospio vallensis sp. nov. further resembles P. fauchaldi by having a similar shape of prostomium and peristomium, with sabre chaetae and neuropodial hooks starting in the same segments. The major differences are that in P. fauchaldi the first and fourth pair of branchiae are of the same length, while the first pair is longer than fourth in P. vallensis sp. nov.; sabre chaetae are slender in P. fauchaldi but robust in P. vallensis sp. nov.; and P. fauchaldi possesses extremely long capillaries on the third chaetiger, but these are lacking in P. vallensis sp. nov. Prionospio vallensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. laciniosa, which also has the first wrinkled pair of branchiae longer than the fourth, but differs from P. vallensis sp. nov. in having a triangular rather than rectangular prostomium and presence of distinct dorsal flaps, which were not seen in P. vallensis sp. nov. The dorsal crests in P. laciniosa are present only on chaetigers 5–13 while in P. vallensis sp. nov. they start on chaetiger 6 and continue beyond chaetiger 20. The shape of notopodial lamellae of the branchial region is also different, whilst subtriangular in both species, the distal ends are bent and directed to the middle and extend into slender tips in P. vallensis sp. nov., whereas in P. laciniosa this bend is less prominent and the tips are more robust. The sabre chaetae in P. vallensis sp. nov. are more robust and shorter than in P. laciniosa. The specimens of both species were of similar size, therefore these differences, particularly presence/absence of dorsal flaps are unlikely to be of result of different developmental stages. Etymology. vallensis from the Latin valles, meaning valley, the closest Latin expression for canyon. Ecology. P. vallensis sp. nov. was previously recorded from Setúbal canyon at 3400 m during the RRS Discovery cruise 186 in 1989; although not formally described, it was recorded as Spionidae H. It was the second most abundant species in that study. Examination of photographs of polychaete specimens collected in 1999 during OMEX II from Nazaré canyon and reported by Curdia et al. (2004) as Prionospio sp. G is likely to be Prionospio vallensis. It was reported as the most abundant macrofaunal species at 3514 m and 4141 m. Prionospio vallensis sp. nov. was the single most abundant polychaete in Portuguese canyons, achieving densities of 784 ind./m 2 in Setúbal canyon (3400 m) and up to 918 ind./m 2 in Nazaré canyon (3400 m) (Cunha et al. 2011; Paterson et al. 2011). The difference in the abundance between our study and previous ones may be a reflection of different sampling design used during RRS Discovery cruise 186, where macrofauna was sieved on 300 -micron mesh. However, it was not present in Portuguese canyon samples collected at 1000 m or on the Tagus Abyssal Plain, which is adjacent to Setúbal and Cascais canyons. It is possible that this is a deep canyon “specialist” able to utilize the organically enriched sediments found within the canyon (compared to similar noncanyon depths) and/or rapidly occupy sediments following frequent disturbances, which occur within canyons. Data from previous studies in these canyons (Gage et al. 1995; Curdia et al. 2004) suggest that P. vall ensis sp. nov. has been able to maintain high-density populations in Portuguese canyons on more than a decadal timescale (sampling in 1989, 1999, 2005, 2006). Distribution. Nazaré, Setúbal, and Cascais canyons along the Portuguese margin, 3199–4419 m.

Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Abildgaard, in O.F. M��ller, 1806) Figures 1���4 Lumbricus squamatus Abildgaard, in O.F. M��ller, 1806: 39, pl. CLV, figs. 1���5.��� Grube 1850: 317. Lumbricus cirratulus Delle Chiaje 1822: pl. 64, figs. 16, 20, 21.���1829: 177���178, 196.��� Quatrefages 1865: 449. Scolelepis squamosa.��� Blainville 1828: 492 ���493. Nerine cirratulus.��� Clapar��de 1869: 66 ���70, pl. XXIV, fig. 1.��� Mesnil 1896: 152 ���165, pl. IX, figs. 1���24 (synonymy).���Saint- Joseph 1898: 349 ���352, pl. XX, fig. 164 (synonymy).��� McIntosh 1915: 148 ���154, pl. XC, fig. 2, pl. XCI, fig. 4, pl. XCVII, figs. 2���2c, pl. XCVIII, fig. 1, pl. XCIV, figs. 4���6, 12, pl. CV, figs. 1���1d (synonymy).��� Fauvel 1927: 36, fig.11, g���n.��� Bellan & Lagard��re 1971: 577 ���578, fig. 3.��� Marinov 1977: 150, pl. XXI, fig. 1, a���e. Scolecolepis squamata.��� S��derstr��m 1920: 218. Scolecolepis squammata [sic].��� D��rjes 1971: 213, 215, fig. 4. Partim. Scolelepis squamata.��� Light 1977: 73 ���75, figs. 2a���f, 3a���b. Partim.��� Kisseleva 2004: 248 ���249, fig. 97. Nerine mesnili Bellan & Lagard��re 1971: 572 ���576, figs. 1���2. New Synonymy. Scolelepis mesnili.��� Capaccioni-Azzati 1991: 57 ���59, fig. 3. Scolelepis squamatus.��� Sikorski 2001: 316. Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata.��� Delgado-Blas 2006: 76 ���79, fig. 1A���Q., Published as part of Surugiu, Victor, 2016, On the taxonomic status of the European Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with description of a new species from southern Europe, pp. 151-176 in Zootaxa 4161 (2) on page 154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/263909, {"references":["Muller, O. F., Abildgaard, P. C., Vahl, M., Holten, J. S. & Rathke, J. (1806) Zoologiae Danica seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum. Descriptiones et historia. Volume IV. Volume Atlas. N. Christensen: Havniae [Copenhagen], 1 - 2, 46 pp., pls. 121 - 160.","Grube, A. E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 16 (1), 249 - 364.","Delle Chiaje, S. (1822) Memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del Regno di Napoli. Figure. Vol. 1, Napoli, 227 pp., 109 pls. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10021","Quatrefages, A. de (1865) Histoire naturelle de anneles marins et d'eau douce. Annelides et Gephyriens. Vol. I, Librairie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 588 pp.","Blainville, H. de (1828) Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, consideres soit en eux-memes, d'apres l'etat actuel de nos connaissances, soit relativement a l'utilite qu'en peuvent retirer la medicine, l'agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Volume 57, F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg & Paris, 628 pp.","Claparede, E. (1869) Les Annelides Chetopodes du Golfe de Naples. Seconde partie. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 20 (1), 1 - 225, pls. 17 - 31.","Mesnil, F. (1896) Etudes de morphologie externe chez les Annelides. I. Les Spionidiens des cotes de la Manche. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 29, 110 - 292, pls. 7 - 15.","Saint-Joseph, A. de (1898) Les Annelides Polychetes des cotes de France (Manche et Ocean). Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 8 (5), 209 - 464.","McIntosh, W. C. (1915) A monograph of the British Annelids. Volume III. Part I. Text. Polychaeta, Opheliidae to Ammocharidae. Ray Society, London, 368 pp., Pls. 88 - 106.","Fauvel, P. (1927) Polychetes sedentaires. Addenda aux Errantes, Archiannelides, Myzostomaires. Faune de France 16, Paul Lechevalier, Paris, 494 pp.","Bellan, G. & Lagardere, F. (1971) Nerine mesnili, n. sp. Spionidien meconnu des plages sableuses de la Province Lusitaniene. Bulletin de la societe Zoologique de France, 96 (4), 571 - 579.","Marinov, T. (1977) Fauna na Bulgaria. Mnogochetinesti chervey (Polychaeta). Vol. 6, Bulgarskata Akademia na Naukite, Sofia, 258 pp. [in Bulgarian]","Soderstrom, A. (1920) Studien uber die Polychaetenfamilie Spionidae. Inaugural-Dissertation. Almquist & Wicksells, Uppsala, 286 pp.","Dorjes, J. (1971) Der Golf von Gaeta (Tyrrhenisches Meer). IV. Das Makrobenthos und seine kustenparallele Zonierung. Senckenbergiana maritima, 3, 203 - 246.","Light, W. J. (1977) Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from San Francisco Bay, California: A revised list of nomenclatural changes, new records, and comments on related species from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90 (1), 66 - 88.","Kisseleva, M. I. (2004) Polychaetes (Polychaeta) of the Azov and Black Seas. Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Science Press, Apatity, 409 pp. [in Russian]","Capaccioni-Azzati, R. (1991) Lumbrineris cingulata (Polychaeta, Lumbrineridae) et Scolelepis mesnili (Polychaeta, Spionidae) en Mediterranee. Vie et Milieu, 41 (1), 55 - 60.","Sikorski, A. V. (2001) Spionidae Grube, 1850. In: Jirkov, I. A. (Ed.), Polychaeta of the Arctic Ocean. Yanus-K Press, Moscow, pp. 271 - 332.","Delgado-Blas, V. H. (2006) Partial revision of Scolelepis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Grand Caribbean region, with the description of two new species and a key to species recorded in the area. Contributions to Zoology, 75 (1 - 2), 75 - 97."]}

Scolelepis (Scolelepis) neglecta, new species Figures 5���8 Scolecolepis squammata [sic].��� D��rjes 1971: 213, 215, fig. 4. Partim. Not Abildgaard, in O.F. M��ller, 1806. Nerinides cantabra.��� Vi��itez 1976: 240. Not Rioja, 1918. Pseudomalacoceros cantabra.��� Vi��itez 1981: 247, 254, tab. 1. Not Rioja, 1918. Scolelepis squamata.��� Parapar 1991: 188 ���189, 990. Partim. Not Abildgaard, in O.F. M��ller, 1806. Material examined. Type material. Holotype: ATLANTIC OCEAN: SPAIN: Cant��bria, Asturias, sedimentary area between Cabo Vidio and Cabo de Pe��as, st. 6 D 27, 25 m depth, fine sand, 1998, leg. R. Acu��a Castroviejo, MNCN 16.01 /3852 (1 af). Paratypes: same data as holotype, st. 2 D 59, 25.6 m depth, MNCN 16.01 /3851 (1 af); st. D 84, MNCN 16.01 /3854 (1 af); st. 7 D 53, 32 m depth, MNCN 16.01 /3855 partim (1 af on SEM stub); st. 4 D 72, 8.4 m depth, MNCN 16.01/3856 (1 af); st. 9 D 16, 28 m depth, MNCN 16.01/3857 (1 af); st. 8 D 18, 32 m depth, MNCN 16.01/ 3858 (1 af, 1 mf); st. 7 D 53, 32 m depth, MNCN 16.01/3859 (2 rehydrated af); st. 8 D 19, MNCN 16.01/3860 (2 af); Galicia, Pontevedra, R��a de Vigo, beach of Meira, Oct 1975, leg. J.M. Vi��itez, MNCN 16.01 /17364 (2 af); Galicia, Coru��a, R��a de Ferrol, Laxe, intertidal, coarse sand, 22 Jan 1988, leg. J. Parapar, MNCN 16.01 /12568 partim (4 af). Non-type material. ATLANTIC OCEAN: SPAIN: Gulf of Biscaya, Cantabrian coast, Santander, Pe��a Vieja, Oct 1891, coll. Estaci��n Biol��gica, MNCN 16.01 /370 partim (2 af); Galicia, Pontevedra, R��a de Vigo, Playa de Meira, St. 13, 42��17'04"N, 8��43'08"W, Aug 1972, leg. J.M. Vi��itez, MNCN 16.01 /373 (1 dehydrated af). MEDITERRANEAN SEA: TYRRHENIAN SEA: ITALY: Campania, N. of Napoli, Gulf of Gaeta, Licola, 1966���1968, leg. J. D��rjes, SMF 12914 partim (~30 af, juveniles only). BLACK SEA: ROMANIA: Năvodari���Digul de Sud, 44��19'25.4"N, 28��38'21.4"E, 0.5���0.8 m, fine sand with shells, 29 Jun 2014, leg. V. Surugiu, MNINGA PLY 0 0 59 (1 af, in good condition). Diagnosis. Prostomium anteriorly with medial portion elongated into an acute point and with rounded anterolateral lobes; prostomium with transverse furrow at level of palp insertions; caruncle subtriangular, slightly inflated, attached to dorsum. Occipital antenna absent. Peristomium short, separated from prostomium by distinct groove, forming well-developed dorso-lateral wings. Palps short, with smooth basal sheaths and with two widely spaced longitudinal bands of elevated lobes bearing transverse rows of cilia. Low dorsal, segmentally arranged, transverse ciliated bands present throughout body. Chaetiger 1 with foliaceous notopodial postchaetal lamellae, with chaetae in both rami. Anterior chaetigers with obtuse, subtriangular prechaetal notopodial lamellae. Branchial tips always free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Bidentate neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetiger 19���49; shafts of hooks strongly curved and slightly constricted at bend. Type locality. SPAIN, Cantabria, Asturias, sedimentary area between Cabo Vidio and Cabo de Pe��as, 25 m. Description. All specimens incomplete; longest anterior fragment 51 mm for 93 chaetigers and widest 2.75 mm. Holotype 24 mm long, 1.42 mm wide (at chaetiger 15) for 61+ chaetigers, widest anteriorly (around chaetigers 7���21), then gradually tapering to posterior end; body suboval in cross section. Colour in alcohol yellowbrown, without pigmentation. Prostomium anteriorly trilobate, medially acuminate, antero-laterally rounded, posteriorly extended as a short, bluntly rounded, attached, slightly raised caruncle, extending to posterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Figs. 5 A, 6A), with transverse constriction in posterior third. Occipital antenna absent. Eyes usually absent, but four faded, subcuticular eyes in a trapezoidal arrangement observed in a few specimens. Nuchal organs a J-shaped inconspicuous structure, on posterior lateral margins of caruncle, just behind bases of palps (Fig. 5 A). Peristomium short, distinctly separated from prostomium by a shallow groove, forming well-developed dorsolateral wings, indistinctly separated from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 A���B). Eversible proboscis sac-like, inflated. Palps deciduous, present only in six examined specimens; when present, palps very short, tapering (Figs. 5 B, 6B), reaching at most to chaetiger 5; ciliation of palps consisting of two frontal longitudinal distinctly separated bands of transverse rows of short, non-motile cilia, both on elevated 12-��m-tall lobes of approximately equal width, those on medial side approximately 14���14.3 ��m wide, those on lateral side subdivided into two closely applied rows of approximately 7 ��m wide each (14 ��m in total with a distance less than 1 ��m between them) (Fig. 7 A���B). Ratio of long to short rows approximately 1.20���1.25 with a distance of 11���15 ��m separating them. Palp sheaths rounded, short, smooth, tightly adhering to lateral and abfrontal bases of palps (Fig. 7 C). Holotype with only left palp present (fell off during the study), reaching back chaetiger 4. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 to end of fragments, best developed by chaetigers 5���20; ciliation along inner edge of branchiae; tips of branchiae acuminate, glandular, devoid of cilia. In anterior chaetigers, branchiae fused to notopodial postchaetal lamellae for approximately half of their length (Figs. 5 A, B, D, E, 7E); on last chaetigers, branchiae fused only basally to postchaetal lamellae (Figs. 5 F���H, 7F). Chaetiger 1 well developed, capillary chaetae present in both rami, fewer than in following chaetigers; notopodial lamellae elongate, digitiform, tapered subdistally; neuropodial lamellae shorter, acute-ovate (Fig. 5 B��� C); notopodial capillaries with indistinct double rows and a dorsal superior tuft of thin and long capillaries numbering up to 10, longer than ventral ones and as long as, or slightly shorter than those of dorsal superior tuft on following chaetigers; neuropodial capillaries more numerous, arranged in two distinct rows, 7���9 per row, plus a ventral inferior tuft, all shorter than those of following chaetigers. Dorsal transverse ciliation as primary ciliary bands on mid-part of each chaetiger (nototrochs), continuous with ciliation of branchiae; additional short row of cilia on outer edge of branchiae between tips of notopodial lamellae and subdistal portion of branchiae. In anterior chaetigers (to about chaetiger 26���30) secondary dorsal transverse rows of cilia located on anterior part of chaetigers also present (Fig. 5 A). In middle and posterior chaetigers dorsal surface smooth with low transverse folds uniting branchiae (from about chaetiger 25). Ventral surface smooth with a shallow median groove (Fig. 7 D). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae well-developed from chaetiger 2 (Fig. 5 A���B, D), on anterior chaetigers elongated, narrow, attached to branchiae, with outer margin smooth, entire, with free tips acuminate (Fig. 5 D���E), in middle and posterior chaetigers becoming gradually shorter, wider and attached only at base of branchiae, with lower portion directed ventrally towards neuropodial postchaetal lamella (Figs. 5 F���H, 7F). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae subtriangular, with stubby (subobtuse) tip, best developed from chaetiger 2 to around chaetiger 29 (Fig. 5 B, 7D), then becoming lower and broader inconspicuous folds. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae in anteriormost 2���5 chaetigers acute, with a small median knob (mammilate), as long as wide, in following chaetigers becoming progressively more rounded, semicircular, entire, wider than long (Fig. 5 B, D); slight notch developing in inferior 1/3 of lamella on chaetigers 14���41, in adults (usually wider than 1.5 mm) on chaetigers 35���41 (Figs. 5 F, 8); notch becoming deeper in middle chaetigers, dividing lamella into two separate lobes, upper lobe being more than twice as large as lower subtriangular lobe, lower lobe located at level of ventral inferior bundle of capillaries (Fig. 5 F���H). In posteriormost chaetigers gap between lobes wider, setting lobes further apart, upper lobe becoming narrow, rounded, with upper portion elongated and directed towards ventral portion of notopodial postchaetal lamella, lower part reduced to triangular cirrus (Fig. 5 G���H). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae absent. Anterior chaetigers with capillaries only, arranged in three distinct groups in both noto- and neuropodia. Notopodial capillary chaetae elongate, narrow, arranged in double rows (7���11 per row) and a dorsal superior tuft of 2���10 longer (up to ~twice the branchiae length) and thinner capillaries; capillaries of anterior row unilimbate, with fibrose cores, of approximately same length and width as those of posterior row; capillaries of posterior row unilimbate, with uniformly granulated cores (Fig. 6 C). Number and length of notopodial capillaries gradually decreasing towards posterior end. Neuropodial capillaries similar in morphology to those of notopodia, although shorter and broader, with narrow limbation, with granulated cores (when viewed in direct light) or appearing fibrous (when viewed in reflected light), also arranged in double vertical rows (6���16 per row) plus a ventral inferior bundle of 1���4 long, unilimbate capillaries in position of sabre chaetae (Fig. 6 E); capillaries of anterior row (Fig. 6 D) slightly shorter and broader than those of posterior row. Neuropodial hooded hooks first present in posterior row of chaetigers 19���49, in adults in chaetigers 40���49 (Fig. 8), up to 13 per fascicle, accompanied in middle and posterior chaetigers by 0���4 alternating slender capillary chaetae and by 0���7 shorter slender limbate capillaries in ventral inferior tuft. Hooded hooks with bluntly rounded main fang surmounted by a smaller bluntly rounded apical tooth, angle between main tooth and shaft 85���95��; shaft long, with small constriction and bend just below hood insertion (Fig. 6 F���G). Hood elongate, more than 5 times length of main fang, with apical-rostral slit-like opening. Ventral sabre setae absent. Notopodial hooded hooks not observed. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green staining pattern. Most intense blue staining on peristomial wings, on margins of both notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae, on tips of notopodial prechaetal lamellae, on tips of branchiae and on superior margins of basal sheaths of palps (Fig. 6 A���B). Prostomium and peristomium with uniformly dispersed speckles forming indistinct longitudinal stripes. Ventral side uniformly speckled on each chaetiger, with unclear transversal stripes. Remarks. Scolelepis (S.) neglecta sp. nov. most closely resembles S. (S.) kudenovi Hartmann-Schr��der, 1981, described from Western Australia, and S. (S.) angulata Zhou, 2014, recently described from the South China Sea and the Yellow Sea. The three species are morphologically similar in the following characteristics: the shape of the prostomium (somewhat truncate, with a conical medial tip and subdistal lateral angles anteriorly and with a transversal constriction in the posterior third), the caruncle extending to the posterior margin of chaetiger 1, short palps (never exceeding chaetiger 5), the presence of anterior prechaetal notopodial lamellae, and bidentate hooded hooks. With regard to palp ciliation pattern, the new species is somewhat similar to S. (S.) hutchingsae Dauer, 1985 in having distinctly separated long and short rows, with the short rows on elevated lobes (Williams 2007). However, S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. presents a new pattern in having both rows on elevated lobes. Thus, for those eleven species of Scolelepis that have been so far examined with SEM for the palp ciliary pattern, six distinct morphological types have been recognized (Williams 2007; Zhou 2014; present study). It is likely that further investigation of palp morphology for other species will greatly increase the number of morphological types to which they belong. The new species is similar to the Australian specimens of S. (S.) kudenovi. However, S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. differs from S. (S.) kudenovi by the shape of subdistal anterolateral lobes on prostomium, which are broadly rounded in the former and bluntly tapered in the latter, the presence of well-developed peristomial wings in the former, and the shape of the neuropodial hooded hooks, which have smaller, bluntly rounded teeth instead of sharp teeth with an upright apical tooth. Also, specimens of S. (S.) kudenovi appear to be much more slender than those of S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. (Table 1). Specimens of S. (S.) kudenovi reported by Imajima (1992) from Japan seem to belong to a species distinct from the Australian material (Mei��ner & G��tting 2015). Scolelepis (S.) neglecta sp. nov. differs from S. (S.) angulata in the shape of the prostomium, the lack of pigmentation on the posterior caruncle, the shape of the peristomium, which has a smooth contour in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and a wavy contour in S. (S.) angulata, the shape of the neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of anteriormost chaetigers, which are ovate in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and rectangular in S. (S.) angulata, the extension of branchiae, which are present on at least 79 chaetigers (the longest anterior fragment), while in S. (S.) angulata the branchiae are limited to first 43���51 chaetigers, and by ciliation on palps (absent in S. (S.) angulata). There are also differences in the habitat preferences: S. (S.) angulata mainly inhabits tidal flats with saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), whilst S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. mainly inhabits fine sublittoral sands. Scolelepis (S.) neglecta sp. nov. has been confused in the past with S. (S.) squamata, S. (S.) mesnili, S. (Scolelepis) cantabra, and Dispio uncinata Harman, 1951. Thus, individuals from Cantabria were identified by G. San Mart��n either as Dispio uncinata and subsequently revised by O. D��az as Scolelepis mesnili (unpublished study by Centro de Investigaciones Submarinas, 1998, Guillermo San Mart��n, pers. comm., Dec 2015), or as Scolelepis squamata by G. San Mart��n and J.M. Vi��itez. The material from Galicia was identified as Scolelepis cantabra by J.M. Vi��itez (1976, 1981) or as Scolelepis squamata by Parapar (1991). Also, the material from Licola, the Mediterranean Sea, was identified as Scolelepis squamata by D��rjes (1971). The new species differs from S. (S.) squamata by the shape of the prostomium (with anterolateral lobes and with a transverse furrow in front of the caruncle in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and without anterolateral lobes and without a transverse furrow in front of the caruncle in S. (S.) squamata), by having a shorter peristomium, by having well-developed lateral peristomial wings which are separated from the prostomium by a distinct grove, by the shape of basal sheaths (smooth in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and slightly rugose in S. (S.) squamata), by the ciliation pattern of palps, by the chaetiger 1 having much longer notopodial postchaetal lamellae and capillaries, by the shape of anterior postchaetal lamellae (with entire, smooth margins in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and with folded, notched margins in S. (S.) squamata), and by the presence of a distinct prechaetal lamellae. Also, in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov., the branchiae on anterior chaetigers are less fused to the notopodial postchaetal lamellae (about 1/2 as against to 2/ 3 in S. (S.) squamata). Palps are usually deciduous in S. (S.) neglecta sp. nov. and non-deciduous in S. (S.) squamata. The eggs in S. (S.) squamata are characterized by 12 peripheral vesicles (Joyner 1962), whereas in Scolelepis (S.) neglecta sp. nov. the eggs have 27���31 peripheral vesicles. The new species can be easily distinguished from S. (S.) cantabra by the absence of occipital antenna (which is present in S. cantabra fide Maciolek (1987)), by the presence of notochaetae in chaetiger 1, and by the presence of a notch in the neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Scolelepis (S.) neglecta sp. nov. has been confused also with Dispio uncinata because of the large notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1, which resembles a lamella joined with branchia. At first glance it was difficult to discern whether on chaetiger 1 there is a large lamella or a small branchia completely fused to the notopodial lamella. However, the vascular core of the branchia, which can be detected on chaetiger 2, was not observed on chaetiger 1. Also, anterior notochaetae are very long, resembling those of Dispio uncinata. There are, however, major differences in most other characters between these two species. Etymology. The species name ��� neglecta ��� (derived from the Latin nominative singular feminine adjective neglecta meaning disregarded, neglected, or ignored) refers to the fact that the species has in the past been misidentified and overlooked, without being recognized as a distinct species. Habitat and ecology. The species inhabits fine sublittoral sands with an admixture of shells at depths ranging from 0.5 to 32 m. Short palps could indicate that this species is dependent on habitats rich in organic matter (Dauer 2000). It usually occurs together with Aponuphis bilineata (Baird, 1870), Goniada maculata ��rsted, 1843, Hilbigneris gracilis (Ehlers, 1868), Magelona papillicornis F. M��ller, 1858, Nephtys cirrosa Ehlers, 1868, Nephtys hombergii Savigny in Lamarck, 1818, Nothria conchylega (Sars, 1835), Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1833, Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje, 1844, Sigalion mathildae Audouin & Milne Edwards in Cuvier, 1830, and Sthenelais limicola (Ehlers, 1864) (D��rjes 1971; Vi��itez 1976, 1981; Centro de Investigaciones Submarinas, unpublished study). Reproduction. Oocytes were observed in the coelomic cavity from chaetiger 40 to the end of fragments. The eggs are ellipsoid, flattened disks, 200, Published as part of Surugiu, Victor, 2016, On the taxonomic status of the European Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with description of a new species from southern Europe, pp. 151-176 in Zootaxa 4161 (2) on pages 161-168, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/263909, {"references":["Dorjes, J. (1971) Der Golf von Gaeta (Tyrrhenisches Meer). IV. Das Makrobenthos und seine kustenparallele Zonierung. Senckenbergiana maritima, 3, 203 - 246.","Muller, O. F., Abildgaard, P. C., Vahl, M., Holten, J. S. & Rathke, J. (1806) Zoologiae Danica seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum. Descriptiones et historia. Volume IV. Volume Atlas. N. Christensen: Havniae [Copenhagen], 1 - 2, 46 pp., pls. 121 - 160.","Vieitez, J. M. (1976) Ecologia de Poliquetos y moluscos de la playa de Meira (Ria de Vigo). I. Estudio de las comunidades. Investigacion Pesquera, 40 (1), 223 - 248.","Rioja, E. (1918) Adiciones a la fauna de anelidos del Cantabrico. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid, 17, 54 - 79.","Vieitez, J. M. (1981) Estudio de las comunidades bentonicas de dos playas de las rias de Pontevedra y Vigo (Galicia, Espana). Boletin. Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, 6 (331), 242 - 258.","Parapar, J. (1991) Anelidos Poliquetos bentonicos de la ria de Ferrol (Galicia). PhD-thesis, University of Santiago de Compostela, 1104 pp.","Hartmann-Schroder, G. (1981) Zur Kenntnis des Eulitorals der australischen Kusten unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Polychaeten und Ostracoden. Teil 6: Die Polychaeten der tropisch-subtropischen Westkuste Australiens (zwischen Exmouth im Norden und Cervantes im Suden). Mitteilungen aus dem Hamburger Zoologischen Museum und Institut, 78, 19 - 96.","Zhou, J. (2014) A new species of Scolelepis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Chinese seas. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 62, 490 - 495.","Dauer, D. M. (1985) A new species of Scolelepis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from Lizard Island, Australia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 678 - 681.","Williams, J. D. (2007) New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on the palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis. Zootaxa, 1459, 1 - 35.","Imajima, M. (1992) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan, 8. The genus Scolelepis. Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo (Japan). Series A. Zoology, 18, 1 - 34.","Joyner, A. (1962) Reproduction and larval life of Nerine cirratulus (Delle Chiaje) Family Spionidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 138 (4), 655 - 666. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1962. tb 05338. x","Maciolek. N. J. (1987) New species and records of Scolelepis (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the east coast of North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 7, 16 - 40.","Dauer, D. M. (2000) Functional morphology and feeding behavior of Spio setosa (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 67 (1), 269 - 275."]}

Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. Figure 7 A–T Material examined. Northeastern Pacific, California, Southern California Bight, San Diego County, 32º32′00″N 11º07′45″W, 7.2 m, medium gray sand, 0.8 km bearing 270ºT (true north) from US-Mexico border monument, Van Veen g rab, R / V Velero IV Sta. 6422-59, coll. Allan Hancock Foundation, 3 Sept. 1959, id. Olga Hartman, holotype (LACM AHF POLY 6237); same data for 2 paratypes (LACM AHF POLY 6237 /1). Description. Holotype incomplete with 57 chaetigers, 15 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Paratypes incomplete with 33 – 40 chaetigers, 9.2 – 11.5 mm long, 1.0 – 1.1 mm wide. Color in alcohol off-white, opaque. Body without pigmentation. Prostomium rectangular-shaped, widest in eye region, slightly truncated anteriorly with short distal conical tip (Fig. 7 A), posteriorly tapered, with a short, blunt caruncle, and swollen along posterior margin, extending to middle of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 7 A–B). Two pairs of black subdermal eyes, one pair of small, lateral kidney-shaped eyes, one pair of rounded, medial eyes (Fig. 7 A–B); all eyes in nearly a straight line between base of palps. Palps long (Fig. 7 B), extending to chaetiger 10; palps with single band of tranverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove, sheath palpal large, smooth (Fig. 7 B); palps lost in holotype. Peristomium short, expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming short lateral wings (Fig. 7 A), separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae slender, long, almost completely fused with branchiae except for free pointed tips (Fig. 7 C) on anterior chaetigers, partially fused on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 7 D); notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 shifted dorsally. Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 1 – 3/2 – 5 (1 left, 2 right in holotype) digitiform lobes along distal margin, basal margin rounded (Fig. 7 A); notopodial lamellae of chaetigers 2 – 20 entire, narrow, long, slightly ruffled on distal and middle margins, basal margin rounded (Fig. 7 A, C, E); subsequent lamellae entire, not ruffled (Fig. 7 F), margin of lamellae becoming triangular, short, slender on chaetiger 21; middle lobe becoming wider with long, pointed ventral edge around chaetiger 30 (Fig. 7 D); subsequent parapodia decreasing gradually in size. Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae not overlapping or touching on any chaetigers examined. All notopodial prechaetal lamellae big, oval (Fig. 7 B–C), becoming elongated (Fig. 7 G), and decreasing gradually in size around chaetiger 45; not basally fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 7 D). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae visible but small on middle chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1 triangular, shifted to dorsal side (Fig. 7 H); neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 2–3 subtriangular, with dorsal edge most developed (Fig. 7 H); lamellae of chaetigers 4–12 rounded, wider (Fig. 7 E, I); becoming rectangular with well-developed dorsal edge on chaetigers 13–36 (Fig. 7 J), these forming a pointed upper border from around chaetigers 30–36 (Fig. 7 K); subsequent parapodia decreasing in size with triangular upper and lower borders up to end of fragments. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, wide; smaller in middle region (Fig. 7 J) and decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers, all lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of body; all branchiae tapered, smooth, long, overlapping each other on anterior and middle chaetigers (Fig. 7 A, C–D), almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae; branchial tips free, distally pointed on all chaetigers and longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 7 A, C–D). Each branchiae with a dense band of cilia along inner edge. Accessory branchiae present from chaetiger 12, initially as a simple long digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base; number of lobes increasing gradually to 2 or 5 on middle and posterior chaetigers, arranged in 1 or 2 rows (4 or 5 in anterior row, 2 or 3 in posterior row) palmate-shaped (Fig. 7 L). Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in dorsal tuft and ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with 20–30 long, smooth, alimbated, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae, between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows, both rows with slender, alimbated, smooth capillaries; capillaries on posterior row longer than those of anterior row; less numerous than those of dorsal fascicle. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged in three groups: capillaries of dorsal tuft long, pointed, slender, smooth, unilimbated, slightly striated (Fig. 7 M); anterior row with stout, heavily reticulated, granulated, bilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 N), posterior row with slender, long, pointed, smooth, bilimbated capillary chaetae, slightly striated basally (Fig. 7 O), longer than those in anterior row; anterior chaetae on middle chaetigers with same structure, except notochaetae of anterior row slightly reticular, granulated, alimbated, and dorsal tuft with smooth, slender, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 P). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows: an anterior row comprised of slender, slightly reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries, and a posterior row of pointed, smooth, unilimbated, slender capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 S), anterior capillaries shorter than posterior ones; in addition, a ventral tuft of 3–4 slender, shorter, smooth, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 Q) located in position of sabre chaetae; neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to those on chaetiger 1, except that anterior row bears stout, heavily reticulated capillaries (Fig. 7 R), ventral tuft with 2 – 3 longer, stouter heavily reticulated, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae (Fig. 7 K); sabre chaetae from chaetiger 11 longer and stouter; on middle chaetigers in two rows: anterior row comprised of hooded hooks, posterior row of long, smooth, unilimbated wide capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 K, T). Unidentate hooded hooks from chaetigers 22 – 24 (24 in holotype) (Fig. 7 K), 5 – 7 present per neuropodium, accompanied by very slender, small, smooth, unilimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 T). Hooded hooks open distally, shaft almost straight (Fig. 7 K). Pygidium lost. Remarks. For differences between Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. and D. anauncinata sp. nov., see remarks in D. anauncinata sp. nov. D. longibranchiata sp. nov. is similar to D. uncinata and D. maroroi in having the first notopodial postchaetal lamellae with digitiform papillae. D. longibranchiata sp. nov. is also similar to D. uncinata in that the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae do not overlap or touch each other; it is also similar to D. maroroi in having entire notopodial postchaetal lamellae with ruffled margins on chaetigers 3 – 11. However, D. longibranchiata sp. nov. can be distinguished from type material of D. uncinata and D. maroroi in that the former has a rectangular-shaped prostomium that is widest in the eye region, slightly truncated anteriorly with a short distal conical tip, a shorter, blunt caruncle, swollen along the posterior margin, shorter peristomium and lateral wings, triangular anterior neuropodial lamellae on chaetigers 1 – 3, accessory branchiae from chaetigers 12, notopodial lamellae and branchiae overlapping, chaetiger 1 notochaetae with alimbated, smooth capillaries in both rows, and notochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers with unilimbated capillaries in the posterior row; with, D. longibranchiata sp. nov. can also be distinguished from D. maroroi in that the former has neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetigers 22 – 24. Further differences between this new species and the other species examined are provided in the key and Table 1. Ecology. 7.2 m, medium-grained gray sand. Type locality. Northeastern Pacific, California, Southern California Bight, San Diego County. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin longi meaning long and refers to the very long branchiae that overlap each other.

Surugiu, Victor (2016): On the taxonomic status of the European Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with description of a new species from southern Europe. Zootaxa 4161 (2): 151-176, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.1

Prionospio branchilucida sp. nov. Altamira, Glover, & Paterson (Figure 1, 2.3, 5, 8a, Table 2) Material examined: 41 specimens examined in total. Holotype: Kaplan Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone East Site, RV New Horizon, February, March 2003, BC 830 14 ˚ 55.85 N 119 �� 2.97 W 4076 m. specimen KP 77 (NHMUK 2015: 1118). Paratypes. Kaplan Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone East Site: RV New Horizon, February���March 2003, BC 847 15 �� 1.98 N 119 �� 0.02 W 4078 m, 1 individual. Kaplan CCFZ Central Site (IFREMER Nodinaut campaign): RV L���Atalante, May���June 2004, BC 876 /KGS 17 14 �� 3.4024 ���N 130 �� 5.5851 ���W 5012 m, 2 individuals (KP 319, KP 333; BC 877 /KGS 19 14 �� 2.9823 ���N 130 �� 5.6489 ���W 5027 m, 3 individuals (KP 338, KP 348), KP; BC 879 /KGS 26 14 �� 3.3980 ���N 130 �� 5.5828 ���W 5012 m, 1 individual (KP 368); BC 880 /KGS 27 14 �� 2.7524 ���N 130 �� 5.4972 ���W 5041 m, 1 individuals (KP 379); BC 878 /KGS 20 14 �� 3.4687 ���N 130 �� 5.5994 ���W 5012 m, 1 individual (KP 443). ABYSSLINE 0 1 CCFZ: RV Melville October 2013: Stn A, 1352.900 N 11628.0 W 4171 m, 1 individual (CRS 1493, BC_03, in 2-5 cm fraction); Stn C, 1347.601 N 11642.185 W 4081 m, 1 individual (CRS 1504, BC_05, in 0- 2 cm fraction); Stn G, 1345.727 N 11627.824 W 4110 m, 2 individuals (CRS 1529, BC_09, in 5-10 cm fraction); Stn I, 1345.001 N 11630.799 W 4036 m, 2 individuals (CRS 1532, BC_ 10, in 0-2 cm fraction); Stn J, 1354.113 N 11635.442 W 4163 m, 2 individuals (CRS 1542, BC_ 13, in 0-2 cm and 2-5 cm fractions); Stn L, 1343.597 11640.200 4160 m, 1 individual (CRS 1545, BC_ 14, 0-2 cm sub-sample). Equatorial Pacific (EqPac): RV Thomas Thompson: EqPac November 1992 BC 15 5 ��N 140 ��W m. 4 individuals Cap Verde Abyssal Plain: RSS Discovery 12600 # 10 September 1993, 0���1 cm, 21 �� 3.2 ��� N 31 �� 11.0��� W 4543 m, 4 individuals; 12600 # 28, October 1993, 0���1 cm, 21 �� 4.8 ��� N 31 �� 11.1 ��� W 4613 m, 1 individual; 12600 # 32, October 1993, 0���1 cm, 21 �� 3.6 ��� N 31 �� 10.0��� W 4545 m, 1 individual. Madeira Abyssal Plain: RSS Discovery 12174 # 11 August 1990, 1��� 3 cm, 31 �� 4.4 ��� N 21 �� 10.3 ��� W 4936 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 11 August 1990, 3��� 5 cm, 31 �� 4.4 ��� N 21 �� 10.3 ��� W 4936 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 16 August 1990, 0���1 cm, 31 �� 4.9 ��� N 21 �� 9.4 W 4947 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 16 August 1990, 1��� 3 cm, 31 �� 4.9 ��� N 21 �� 9.4 W 4947 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 43 August 1990, 3��� 5 cm, 31 �� 5.3 ��� N 21 �� 10.9 ��� W 4947 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 53 August 1990, 3��� 5 cm 31 �� 5.2 ��� N 21 �� 1.2 ��� W 4942 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 60, August 1990, 0���1 cm 31 �� 6.0��� N 21 �� 10.0��� W 4947 m, 2 individuals; 12174 # 60, August 1990, 1��� 3 cm 31 �� 6.0��� N 21 �� 10.0��� W 4947 m, 1 individual; 12174 # 60, August 1990, 3��� 5 cm 31 �� 6.0��� N 21 �� 10.0��� W 4947 m, 2 individuals. Other material studied. Kaplan Clipperton-Clarion Fracture Zone East Site: RV New Horizon, February��� March 2003, BC 822 14 �� 57.34 N 119 �� 1.18 W 4038 m, 1 individual; BC 834 14 �� 59.95 N 118 �� 58.07 W 3982 m, 1 individual; Diagnostic features. Two pairs of branchiae on chaetigers 2 and 3, sabre chaetae lacking, dorsal crests from chaetiger 7, neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetiger 11. Description. Body cylindrical, narrow throughout; holotype 1.86 mm long for 20 chaetigers, (0.62 mm up to chaetiger 10); 0.08 mm wide at chaetiger 1. Prostomium rectangular with flat, entire anterior margin; one pair prostomial peaks present; caruncle short with rounded apex, extending to anterior margin of chaetiger 2. Eyes absent. Peristomium incomplete dorsally, not forming lateral wings, separate from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 a). Branchiae from chaetiger 2, two pairs, very small. Branchiae on chaetiger 2 digitiform, blunt-tipped, inserted lateral and slightly posterior to dorsal lamellae (Fig. 5 c,d); branchiae approximately one-half chaetiger long, subequal to notopodial lamellae; branchiae on chaetiger 3 conical, inserted posterior to dorsal lamellae and obscured by them, one quarter the length of lamellae (Fig. 2.3 b) Notopodial lamellae start on chaetiger 2, sub-quadranular, slightly angled toward dorsal midline; largest on chaetiger 3, sub-quadrangular with slightly produced tips overlapping dorsal midline, three times as long as lamellae of chaetiger 2; thereafter, notopodial lamellae decrease in size, becoming low and subtriangular by chaetiger 7 (Fig. 2.3 f). Dorsal crests present from chaetigers 7 to chaetiger 17. Neuropodial lamellae start on chaetiger 1, papilliform, length equal to one-fifth chaetiger length; neuropodial lamellae on chaetigers 2���5 leaf-like, narrow with short tips; neuropodial lamellae largest on chaetiger 3, length equal to chaetiger length and nearly twice that of chaetiger 2, neuropodial lamellae thereafter decreasing in length and increasing in width, becoming broadly ovoid by chaetiger 9. Interparapodial pouches absent. Notochaetae limbate capillaries, long, inserted in two densely packed rows from chaetigers 2���8 with up to 12 chaetae per row; thereafter, notochaetae reduced in number and density; all notochaetae angle forward on chaetigers 1���8 and anterior row always with shorter. Neurochaetae limbate capillaries, inserted in two distinct rows to chaetiger 8, up to eight chaetae per row, anterior row always shorter; thereafter, number of chaetae decrease, rows become indistinct. Neuropodial sabre chaetae not observed through 20 chaetigers (all specimens incomplete, the longest fragment comprises 30 chaetigers). Neuropodial hooded hooks present from chaetiger 11; shaft narrow with slender main fang, surmounted by two to three fine small teeth in one row, up to six chaetae per fascicle, inner hood absent; notopodial hooded hooks not observed. Pygidium not observed. Methyl green pattern. Banding on subdistal portion of prostomium and distal portion of peristomium; partial banding on anterior chaetigers, beginning at bases of notopodial lamellae, and encircling venter Remarks. This species is characterised by the small translucent digitiform branchiae on chaetiger 2, having only three pairs of branchiae and by the lack of sabre chaetae. Few species of Prionospio have only three pairs of branchiae, a character more commonly found in the genus Paraprionospio. Only P. aucklandica Augener, 1923 has been recorded with three pairs but in that species the branchiae are all pinnate, dorsal crests occur only on chaetiger 7, and sabre chaetae are present from chaetiger 10. P branchilucida sp. nov. resembles P. h e r m e s i a sp. nov. in apinnate branchiae and double rows of anterior chaetae; the two species differ in the number of branchiae, the form of the first pair of branchiae, extent of caruncle, and relative size of branchiae and notolamellae (see Table 2). Etymology. branchia ���a gill and lucida ���meaning clear, referring to the transparency of the first pair of branchiae. Distribution. This species has been recorded from the Central Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific (EqPac), and the Madeira and Cap Verde Abyssal Plains in the Northeast Atlantic. Bathymetric distribution ranges from 4800 m to 5041 m., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Spionidae Grube, 1850, Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2016, Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 4097 (3) on page 354, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/265009, {"references":["Grube, A. E. (1850) Die Familien der Anneliden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 16 (1), 249 - 364."]}

Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. Figure 7 A���T Material examined. Northeastern Pacific, California, Southern California Bight, San Diego County, 32��32���00���N 11��07���45���W, 7.2 m, medium gray sand, 0.8 km bearing 270��T (true north) from US-Mexico border monument, Van Veen g rab, R / V Velero IV Sta. 6422-59, coll. Allan Hancock Foundation, 3 Sept. 1959, id. Olga Hartman, holotype (LACM AHF POLY 6237); same data for 2 paratypes (LACM AHF POLY 6237 /1). Description. Holotype incomplete with 57 chaetigers, 15 mm long, 1.1 mm wide. Paratypes incomplete with 33 ��� 40 chaetigers, 9.2 ��� 11.5 mm long, 1.0 ��� 1.1 mm wide. Color in alcohol off-white, opaque. Body without pigmentation. Prostomium rectangular-shaped, widest in eye region, slightly truncated anteriorly with short distal conical tip (Fig. 7 A), posteriorly tapered, with a short, blunt caruncle, and swollen along posterior margin, extending to middle of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 7 A���B). Two pairs of black subdermal eyes, one pair of small, lateral kidney-shaped eyes, one pair of rounded, medial eyes (Fig. 7 A���B); all eyes in nearly a straight line between base of palps. Palps long (Fig. 7 B), extending to chaetiger 10; palps with single band of tranverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove, sheath palpal large, smooth (Fig. 7 B); palps lost in holotype. Peristomium short, expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming short lateral wings (Fig. 7 A), separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae slender, long, almost completely fused with branchiae except for free pointed tips (Fig. 7 C) on anterior chaetigers, partially fused on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 7 D); notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 1 shifted dorsally. Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 1 ��� 3/2 ��� 5 (1 left, 2 right in holotype) digitiform lobes along distal margin, basal margin rounded (Fig. 7 A); notopodial lamellae of chaetigers 2 ��� 20 entire, narrow, long, slightly ruffled on distal and middle margins, basal margin rounded (Fig. 7 A, C, E); subsequent lamellae entire, not ruffled (Fig. 7 F), margin of lamellae becoming triangular, short, slender on chaetiger 21; middle lobe becoming wider with long, pointed ventral edge around chaetiger 30 (Fig. 7 D); subsequent parapodia decreasing gradually in size. Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae not overlapping or touching on any chaetigers examined. All notopodial prechaetal lamellae big, oval (Fig. 7 B���C), becoming elongated (Fig. 7 G), and decreasing gradually in size around chaetiger 45; not basally fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 7 D). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae visible but small on middle chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1 triangular, shifted to dorsal side (Fig. 7 H); neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 2���3 subtriangular, with dorsal edge most developed (Fig. 7 H); lamellae of chaetigers 4���12 rounded, wider (Fig. 7 E, I); becoming rectangular with well-developed dorsal edge on chaetigers 13���36 (Fig. 7 J), these forming a pointed upper border from around chaetigers 30���36 (Fig. 7 K); subsequent parapodia decreasing in size with triangular upper and lower borders up to end of fragments. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, wide; smaller in middle region (Fig. 7 J) and decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers, all lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of body; all branchiae tapered, smooth, long, overlapping each other on anterior and middle chaetigers (Fig. 7 A, C���D), almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae; branchial tips free, distally pointed on all chaetigers and longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 7 A, C���D). Each branchiae with a dense band of cilia along inner edge. Accessory branchiae present from chaetiger 12, initially as a simple long digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base; number of lobes increasing gradually to 2 or 5 on middle and posterior chaetigers, arranged in 1 or 2 rows (4 or 5 in anterior row, 2 or 3 in posterior row) palmate-shaped (Fig. 7 L). Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in dorsal tuft and ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with 20���30 long, smooth, alimbated, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae, between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows, both rows with slender, alimbated, smooth capillaries; capillaries on posterior row longer than those of anterior row; less numerous than those of dorsal fascicle. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged in three groups: capillaries of dorsal tuft long, pointed, slender, smooth, unilimbated, slightly striated (Fig. 7 M); anterior row with stout, heavily reticulated, granulated, bilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 N), posterior row with slender, long, pointed, smooth, bilimbated capillary chaetae, slightly striated basally (Fig. 7 O), longer than those in anterior row; anterior chaetae on middle chaetigers with same structure, except notochaetae of anterior row slightly reticular, granulated, alimbated, and dorsal tuft with smooth, slender, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 P). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows: an anterior row comprised of slender, slightly reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries, and a posterior row of pointed, smooth, unilimbated, slender capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 S), anterior capillaries shorter than posterior ones; in addition, a ventral tuft of 3���4 slender, shorter, smooth, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 7 Q) located in position of sabre chaetae; neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to those on chaetiger 1, except that anterior row bears stout, heavily reticulated capillaries (Fig. 7 R), ventral tuft with 2 ��� 3 longer, stouter heavily reticulated, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae (Fig. 7 K); sabre chaetae from chaetiger 11 longer and stouter; on middle chaetigers in two rows: anterior row comprised of hooded hooks, posterior row of long, smooth, unilimbated wide capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 K, T). Unidentate hooded hooks from chaetigers 22 ��� 24 (24 in holotype) (Fig. 7 K), 5 ��� 7 present per neuropodium, accompanied by very slender, small, smooth, unilimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 7 T). Hooded hooks open distally, shaft almost straight (Fig. 7 K). Pygidium lost. Remarks. For differences between Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. and D. anauncinata sp. nov., see remarks in D. anauncinata sp. nov. D. longibranchiata sp. nov. is similar to D. uncinata and D. maroroi in having the first notopodial postchaetal lamellae with digitiform papillae. D. longibranchiata sp. nov. is also similar to D. uncinata in that the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae do not overlap or touch each other; it is also similar to D. maroroi in having entire notopodial postchaetal lamellae with ruffled margins on chaetigers 3 ��� 11. However, D. longibranchiata sp. nov. can be distinguished from type material of D. uncinata and D. maroroi in that the former has a rectangular-shaped prostomium that is widest in the eye region, slightly truncated anteriorly with a short distal conical tip, a shorter, blunt caruncle, swollen along the posterior margin, shorter peristomium and lateral wings, triangular anterior neuropodial lamellae on chaetigers 1 ��� 3, accessory branchiae from chaetigers 12, notopodial lamellae and branchiae overlapping, chaetiger 1 notochaetae with alimbated, smooth capillaries in both rows, and notochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers with unilimbated capillaries in the posterior row; with, D. longibranchiata sp. nov. can also be distinguished from D. maroroi in that the former has neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetigers 22 ��� 24. Further differences between this new species and the other species examined are provided in the key and Table 1. Ecology. 7.2 m, medium-grained gray sand. Type locality. Northeastern Pacific, California, Southern California Bight, San Diego County. Etymology. The specific name is from the Latin longi meaning long and refers to the very long branchiae that overlap each other., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 169-171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174

Sikorski, Andrey, Pavlova, Lyudmila (2016): Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa. Zootaxa 4097 (3): 353-368, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4

Prionospio Malmgren, 1867, Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on page 4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Prionospio hermesia sp. nov. Neal & Paterson (Figures 1, 2.4, 6, 8f, Table 2) Material examined: 9 specimens examined in total. Holotype: Set��bal canyon, RSS Charles Darwin 179, April���May 2006, St. 56804 #6, 38�� 09.26 N, 9 ��. 36.94 W, 3275 m (NHMUK 2015: 1041). Paratypes. Nazar�� canyon, RSS Discovery 297, August 2005, St. 15760 #1, 39�� 30.02 N, 09�� 56.17 W, 3465 m, 2 individuals; St. 15762 #1, 39�� 30.02 N, 09�� 56.22 W, 3464 m, 1 individual; St. 15758 #2, 39�� 34.94 N, 10 �� 19.00 W, 4332 m, 1 individual. Nazar�� canyon, RSS Charles Darwin 179, April/ May 2006, St. 56851 #1, 39�� 29.99 ��� N, 9 �� 55.97 ��� W, 3517m, 2 individuals. Set��bal canyon, RSS Charles Darwin 179, April/ May 2006, St. 56816 #1, 38��09.27��� N, 9.36.94���W, 3275m, 1 individual. Cascais canyon, RSS Charles Darwin 179, April/ May 2006, St. 56821 #2, 38�� 17.97 ��� N, 9 �� 46.89 ��� W, 3214m, 1 individual. Diagnostic features. Two pairs of branchiae; lack of sabre chaetae; hooded hooks bi- or tridentate. Description. Very small and slender species, holotype incomplete with 53 chaetigers, measuring 5.65 mm long and 0.08 mm wide at chaetiger 1. Colour in alcohol pale yellow. Body narrow and cylindrical, of uniform width throughout. Prostomium oval, anteriorly slightly rounded, prostomial margin entire, prostomial peaks absent, posteriorly elongated into short blunt caruncle, extending to anterior of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 6 a���b); eyes not observed. Peristomium well developed, ventrally and laterally distinct, dorsally partially fused to chaetiger 1, forming a collar around prostomium, without forming distinct lateral wings. Branchiae 2 pairs, on chaetigers 2 and 3, both pairs apinnate with surface smooth to slightly wrinkled (Fig. 6 a,b); first pair longest, very slender, cylindrical, at least twice the length of corresponding notopodial lamellae, inserted laterally to the base of notopodial lamellae, but not connected to it (Fig 6 a); second pair short, about half the length of corresponding notopodial lamellae and one-third the length of first branchial pair, attached near the base of notopodial lamellae (Fig. 2.4 b). Notopodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 not developed; lamellae small, subquadrangular on chaetiger 2; lamellae greatly enlarged on chaetiger 3, subtriangular, the distal tip bent and pointed to the midline of the dorsum (Fig. 2.4 b), in subsequent chaetigers notopodial lamellae reducing in size, becoming rounded. Dorsal chests from chaetiger 8 (Fig. 6 c) to approximately chaetiger 25. Neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 1 not developed, thereafter well developed if small and rounded on all segments, with the exception of chaetiger 3, on which they are shifted dorsally (Fig. 2.4), enlarged (at least twice the size of neuropodial lamellae on other segments), oar-shaped, sometimes extending from body horizontally. Capillary chaetae particularly dense in anterior region, arranged in two rows in both noto- and neuropodia, capillaries in anterior row very long capillaries in posterior row shorter, all lightly granulated, limbate. Sabre chaetae absent. Neuropodial hooded hooks present from chaetiger 13 in holotype, from chaetiger 14 in other specimens, often only single hooks present at first but up to seven hooks per fascicle in subsequent chaetigers; primary hood rounded, tightly follows the head of the hooks, secondary hood present and well developed; some hooks bidentate with large main fang and smaller secondary tooth, others appear to be multidentate (at least tridentate) with main fang and at least two smaller teeth above, arranged in a single row. Notopodial hooks present singly from chaetiger 48. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green pattern: The anterior half of prostomium and peristomium stain strongly, the margins of the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on chaetigers 4���14 stain less intensely. Remarks. The distinguishing feature of this species is that it has only two pairs of branchiae. This species has affinities with Prionospio branchilucida sp. nov. and P. kaplani sp. nov. from abyssal plains. Lack of sabre chaetae is unusual, but was encountered in all three species (P. hermesia sp. nov., P. branchilucida sp. nov., and P. kaplani sp. nov.). Further similarity with Prionospio kaplani sp. nov. is that it also possesses a combination of bidentate and multidentate hooks (1 + 3 combination), and these hooks also appear to be flattened in SEM images (unlike the chunky, more inflated style of hooks in other Prionospio species). In both species dorsal crests begin on segment 8, but only a single pair of very short branchiae on the second chaetiger was found in P kaplani sp. nov. compared with in P. hermesia sp. nov. Prionospio branchilucida sp. nov. has a prostomium similar to that of P. hermesia sp. nov. and has similar branchiae on the second chaetiger, but at least three pairs of branchiae were confirmed to be present in P. branchilucida sp. nov., hooks appear to be more like the usual shape found in Prionospio in SEM images, and the dorsal crests begin after chaetiger 8. Etymology. P. hermesia sp. nov. named after the research programme HERMES. Distribution. P. hermesia sp. nov. has been recorded from the Nazar��, Set��bal and Cascais canyons of the Portuguese margin at depths of 3214���4364 m., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Dispio panamensis sp. nov. Figure 8 A–Z Material examined. North Pacific, Panama, Naos Island, Punta Culebra, 08º54′47″N, 79º31′46″W, sandy beach, quartz sand (80% fine, 19% medium sand, 1% shell fragments), 0.1 m 2 quadrat, 5 cm deep, 500 µm sieve. Sta. NIB, coll. Deborah M. Dexter, 30 June 1969, id. Olga Hartman, holotype (LACM-AHF POLY 6233) and paratype (LACM-AHF POLY 6233 /1). Description. Holotype incomplete, 16.0 mm long, consisting with 43 chaetigers, 1.9 mm wide. Paratype incomplete 10.0 mm long, with 37 chaetigers, 1.0 mm wide. Color in alcohol light brown, no other pigmentation present. Prostomium wedge-shaped, widest subterminally, sharply pointed anteriorly, prostomial tip transparent (Fig. 8 A), posteriorly tapered, with a short caruncle extending to middle of chaetiger 1, slightly constricted to form a narrow, longitudinal nuchal ridge (Fig. 8 A, B). Two pairs of small, black, subdermal, kidney-shaped eyes, all eyes arranged in a trapezoid between bases of palps (Fig. 8 C); or eyes absent (holotype) (Fig. 8 A). Palps lost. Peristomium long (Fig. 8 A–C), expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming moderate lateral wings (Fig. 8 A–C), separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae almost completely fused to branchiae, but with free and pointed tips. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1–2 shifted dorsally and deeply serrated (Fig. 8 C). Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 5–8 digitiform lobes along margin (arranged in pairs) (Fig. 8 C); notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with 5–7 digitiform lobes along middle and distal margins (comb-shaped) (Fig. 8 C) basal margin wider and rounded; lamellae of chaetiger 3 with 2–3 digitiform papillae at distal end; lamellae with ruffled margin below papillae, basal margin rounded (Fig. 8 B, D); lamellae of subsequent chaetigers with ruffled distal margin, basal margin large, wider, rounded (Fig. 8 E) (holotype: chaetigers 5 (right), 7 (left) with 1–3 small digitiform papillae at distal end; lamellae with ruffled margin below papillae, basal margin rounded); around chaetigers 7–11 margin ruffled giving lamellae bilobed appearance (Fig. 8 F); and to end of fragment becoming notched (Fig. 8 G) between distal and middle margins; basal margin large, wider, rounded, distal lobe with pointed tip; around chaetigers 28– 30 ventral edge (lobe) of lamellae gradually becoming triangular (Fig. 8 H); ventral edge pointed on chaetigers 27– 42 (42 in holotype) (Fig. 8 H–J). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping from chaetigers 4–7 (4 in holotype) (Fig. 8 E–F) to end of fragments (Fig. 8 J). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae larger, oval on chaetigers 1–10 (Fig. 8 B, F–H), subsequently decreasing in size and becoming rounded on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 I–J); not basally fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 8 K). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1–2 serrated, shifted to dorsal side; neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 1 with 4/2 (4 in holotype) digitiform lobes along margin (Fig. 8 B); neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 2 with 5/2–0/2 (holotype- paratype, respectively) digitiform lobes (Fig. 8 B, E); chaetiger 3 with 0–1 (1 in holotype) digitiform lobes (Fig. 8 B, D–E); lamellae of chaetigers 4–6 smooth and rounded (Fig. 8 E); subsequent lamellae becoming wider, rectangular, with rounded edges from chaetigers 7–12 (Fig. 8 F), subsequently becoming much wider with dorsal lobe rounded (Fig. 8 G) forming blunt, elongated upper border (Fig. 8 H) from around chaetigers 27–31 (31 in holotype), a pointed upper border on chaetiger 38 (Fig. 8 I), and then blunt again up to end of fragments (Fig. 8 J). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae moderate, rounded on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 B), larger, oval on middle chaetigers (Fig. 8 F), progressively decreasing in size on subsequent chaetigers (Fig. 8 I–J); all lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of fragments; all branchiae long, smooth, tapered (Fig. 8 F–G), overlapping each other on anterior chaetigers; almost completely fused to notopodial postchaetal lamellae; branchial tips free, distally pointed on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 B, F–G); distal inner edge bulky giving appearance of a spearhead (Fig. 8 F, G, K) on middle and posterior fragments; branchiae longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 8 F, K). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along inner edge (Fig. 8 G, K). Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 9/ 14 in the holotype and 8/ 9 in the paratype, initially as a simple long digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base; number of lobes gradually increasing to 5 or 6 in posterior chaetigers, arranged in one row (palmate-shaped) (Fig. 8 I). Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with 40–50 long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae (Fig. 8 A–B) between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: an anterior row of short, wider unilimbated, slightly granulated, pointed capillaries (Fig. 8 L), and a posterior row of slender, smooth, unilimbated, capillaries, longer than those of first row; less numerous than those of dorsal fascicle. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 arranged in same manner as on chaetiger 1, except that dorsal tuft has only about 5, shorter, pointed, unilimbated dorsal capillaries, capillaries in anterior row Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 . uncinata Hartman, Spinđle-shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A (5 – 6) No 1. A (5) Arounđ 31 a. No 10. C 11. C ……continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 9. C 10. C 11. C oculata Imajima, Fusiform, sharply 1. C, slenđer Overlapping on 1. B, rounđeđ? – 40 enlargeđ (Fig. 3 g, a.? pointeđ anteriorly; long 2. C, with obtuse tips posterior chaetigers 2. B, rounđeđ Imajima, 1990) b. Completely, forming anđ blunt 3. C, strap-like 3. B, rounđeđ strap-like structure; free 4. C 4. B, rounđeđ from chaet. 36 – 38 5. C 5. B, rounđeđ c. Distal tips club- 6. C shapeđ, granulateđ on 7. C miđđle anđ posterior 8. C chaetigers 9. C 10. C 11. C ……continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 . latilamella Williams, Ovoiđ shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A, spoon-shapeđ (2 – 8) No 1. B, rounđeđ 30 – 33 (Fig. 5 H, a. No 2007 anteriorly; short anđ 2. A (?) 2. B, rounđeđ Williams, 2007) b. Partially blunt 3. A (?) 3. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. A (?) 4. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. A (?) 5. B, rounđeđ 6. A (?) 7. A (?) 8. A (?) 9. A (?) 10. A (?) 11. A (?) 12. A (?) 13. A (?) . anauncinata sp nov. Peanut-shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A (2 – 6/1 – 5) Overlapping on 1. A (2/1) 37 – 39 a. No anteriorly; short anđ 2. A (1 – 3/0 – 2) miđđle anđ 2. A (1) b. Partially blunt 3. B posterior chaetigers 3. B. rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. B 4. B. rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. B 5. B. rounđeđ 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B . bescanzae sp nov. Hourglass-shapeđ, 1. A (4 – 9) Overlapping on 1. A (3 – 5) 29 – 40 a. No bluntly pointeđ 2. A (8 – 11) posterior chaetigers 2. A (3 – 5) b. Partially anteriorly; long anđ 3. A (8 – 10) 3. A (3 – 5) c. Distally pointeđ on triangular 4. A (8 – 10) 4. A (4), B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. A (8-10) 5. B, rounđeđ 6. A (8 – 10) 7. A (1 – 8) 8. A (5), B 9. A (5), B 10. A (5), B 11. B 12. B ……continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 lenislamellata sp. Peanut-shapeđ, sharply 1. C No 1. B, triangular 30 – 34 a. Yes, after chaet. 3 . pointeđ anteriorly; short, 2. C 2. B, subtriangular b. Partially narrow, large 3. C 3. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. C 4. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers, 5. C 5. B, rounđeđ 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. C longibranchiata sp Rectangular-shapeđ, with 1. A (1 – 3/2 – 5) No 1. B, triangular 30 – 36 a. Yes, also on miđđle . a short, đistal conical tip; 2. B 2. B, subtriangular chaetigers short, blunt anđ swollen 3. B 3. B, subtriangular b. Partially 4. B 4. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 5. B 5. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B all narrow panamensis sp. nov. Weđge-shapeđ, sharply 1. A (5 – 8) Overlapping on 1. A (4/2) 27 – 38 a. Yes pointeđ anteriorly; short, 2. A (5 – 7) anterior anđ miđđle 2. A (5/2 – 0/2) b. Partially narrow, slightly 3. A (2 – 3) chaetigers 3. A (0 – 1) c. Distal inner eđge constricteđ 4. B 4. B bulky giving the 5. B, A (right: 1) 5. B appearance of 6. B 6. B spearheađ on miđđle 7. B, A (left: 3) anđ posterior fragments 8. E 9. E 10. E 11. E ……continued on the next page wider unilimbated, pointed, reticulated, and slightly striated in basal region of shaft (Fig. 8 M), capillaries in posterior row smooth, pointed, unilimbated; capillaries less numerous in tuft than in rows. Arrangement of chaetae on subsequent chaetigers is similar to that of chaetiger 2, with dorsal tuft chaetae decreasing gradually in size and number (2 or 3 at most) up to about chaetiger 13, chaetae of anterior row wider, unilimbated, limbation decreases halfway up shaft (Fig. 8 N), capillaries in posterior row long, smooth, unilimbate in middle and at distal end (Fig. 8 O); posterior notochaetae arranged similarly in anterior and middle chaetigers, except that chaetae in anterior row wider, reticulated, and less unilimbated (with reduced limbation) (Fig. 8 P), and in posterior row, slender, smooth, wider, longer, unilimbated (Fig. 8 Q); dorsal chaetae smooth, long, alimbate distally with long, pointed tips (Fig. 8 R). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows of about 20 slender chaetae: anterior row comprised of slightly granulated, reticulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 8 S), and posterior row of long, pointed, smooth, slightly unilimbate capillary chaetae (Fig. 8 T), anterior capillaries shorter than posterior ones; in addition, a ventral tuft of four slender, shorter, smooth, pointed, slightly unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 8 U) located in position of sabre chaetae; arrangement of neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to that of chaetiger 1, except that capillaries in anterior row stout, heavily granulated, reticulated, unilimbate (dorsal capillaries with wider sheaths (Fig. 8 V) than ventral ones (Fig. 8 V ′), ventral capillaries less reticulated and striated in base of shaft (Fig. 8 V ′), and those in posterior row long, smooth, slightly unilimbate capillary chaetae; ventral tuft with six short, slender, reticulated, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae; chaetae longer, stouter, heavily reticulated, granulated, pointed, unilimbated from chaetigers 11–12, (Fig. 8 W), decreasing in number to 2–3 chaetae per fascicle. Unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 8 X) replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 21–32, up to eight per neuropodium, posterior row slightly granulated, wider, unilimbated, shaft striated basally (Fig. 8 Y); on posterior chaetigers, posterior row with smooth, bilimbated, slender chaetae slightly striated along shaft (Fig. 8 Z). Hooded hooks opened distally, slightly curved (Fig. 8 X). Pygidium lost. Remarks. Dispio panamensis sp. nov. is closely related to D. uncinata in that the lengths of the peristomium and lateral wings are the same, and the first three notopodial and neuropodial lamellae are deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. Dispio panamensis sp. nov. is also similar to D. anauncinata sp. nov., in having the first two notopodial and neuropodial lamellae deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. However, D. panamensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. uncinata in that the former has a wedge-shaped prostomium that is widest subterminally, sharply pointed anteriorly and without a pair of lateral emarginations; a shorter caruncle, a longer peristomium, the notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 8 and subsequent chaetigers have a bilobed appearance, the branchiae overlap each other on anterior chaetigers, the branchial tips have a bulky distal inner edge giving the appearance of a spearhead on the middle and posterior fragments, and other differences are provided in the Table 1 and key. For differences between D. panamensis sp. nov. and D. anauncinata sp. nov. and D. bescanzae sp. nov. see remarks of D. anauncinata and D. bescanzae sp. nov. The differences between this new species and the other species examined in this study are provided in the key and Table 1. Ecology. Sandy beach, quartz sand (80% fine, 19% medium sand, 1% shell fragments). Type locality. North Pacific, Naos Island, Punta Culebra, Panama. Etymology. The species name is derived from the country of Panamá and the suffix indicates that it is found in that region.

Laonice Malmgren, 1867 Type species: Nerine cirrata M. Sars, 1851 (by monotypy). Prostomium anteriorly rounded or slightly concave, T-shaped or sometimes skittle-shaped, often fused with peristomium by antero-lateral corners. Adults with 0–3 pairs of eyespots. Occipital tentacle present (absent in L. brevicristata Pillai, 1961, L. dayianum Sikorski, 1997, L. shamrockensis Sikorski, 2003 and L. antipoda Sikorski, 2011). Caruncle often well pronounced and long, often accompanied by nuchal organ on dorsal surface extending along several anterior chaetigers. Palps without sheath at base. Nuchal (dorsal sensory) organs appear as four ciliary stripes or sometimes as a pair of ciliary loops along several anterior chaetigers. Peristomium not fused to chaetiger 1. Hooded hooks with primary hood only, absent in notopodia (except L. sarsi Söderström, 1920 and L. rossica Sikorski, 2003). Inferior neuropodial fascicles with sabre chaetae (sometimes whip-like) from the anterior part of the body onwards. Branchiae start from chaetiger 2 and present on a number of anterior chaetigers. Branchiae usually not fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae; however, they are sometimes fused basally. Genital pouches present on a varying number of chaetigers and appear as folds between the neuropodia of neighbouring segments (sometimes including the anterior ones). Anus terminal, surrounded by two small ventral papilliform cirri, usually closely arranged to each other, and several pairs of comparatively long dorsal cirri. Currently Laonice has36 valid species (Sikorski & Pavlova 2016; Sikorski et al. 2017)., Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2018, Two new species of Laonice (Norgensia) (Spionidae, Polychaeta) from subtropical Atlantic and subequatorial Pacific coasts of North America, pp. 171-178 in Zootaxa 4418 (2) on page 172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4418.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1245058, {"references":["Malmgren, A. J. (1867) Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiae, Gronlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae hactenus cognita. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 4, 127 - 233.","Pillai, T. G. (1961) Annelida Polychaeta of Tambalagam Lake, Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, Biological Sciences, 4 (1), 1 - 40.","Sikorski, A. V. (1997) A new species of Laonice (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the North-West Atlantic. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 76 (4), 501 - 503. [in Russian with English Summary]","Sikorski, A. V. (2011) Review of Laonice (Spionidae, Annelida) with remarks on several species and a description of a new species from South Africa. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (Supplement 1), 201 - 214. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2011.617218","Soderstrom, A. (1920) Studien uber die Polychatenfamilie Spionidae. Inaugural Dissertation. Almquist & Wicksells, Uppsala, 286 pp.","Sikorski, A. V. & Pavlova, L. V. (2016) Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa. Zootaxa, 4097 (3), 353 - 368. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4097.3.4","Sikorski, A. V., Gunton, L. M. & Pavlova, L. V. (2017) Laonice species (Polychaeta, Spionidae) from the Whittard Canyon (NE Atlantic) with descriptions of two new species. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97 (5), 961 - 973. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315417000480"]}

Rhynchospio cf. foliosa Imajima, 1991 (Fig. 1) Rhynchospio foliosa Imajima, 1991: 14 ���17, figs 6, 7. Material. USA, Oregon, Newport, sea water pump of the Hatfield Marine Science Center, 44.6223 ��N, 124.0433 ��W, coll. J.W. Chapman, 20 Oct 2010, MIMB 28 104 (2). Synopsis. Up to 22 mm long, 1 mm wide for 90 chaetigers. Prostomium with two conical pointed fronto-lateral horns. Caruncle low and indistinct, decreasing in height and ending at posterior margin of chaetiger 1. Occipital antenna absent. Two pairs of dark red eyes arranged trapezoidally, comprising one pair of small median eyes and one pair of slightly larger lateral eyes situated anteriorly and set wider apart. Nuchal organs metameric, one pair of metamers on posterior half of each chaetiger ending on about chaetiger 25. Chaetiger 1 with capillaries and postchaetal lamellae in both rami; notopodial capillaries directed upwards, about 1.5 times as long as those on succeeding chaetigers. Notopodia with only capillary chaetae throughout body. Sabre chaetae in neuropodia as gradual transformation of inferior capillaries on chaetigers 25���30; chaetae with narrow limbation and granulation on distal part of shaft. Hooks in neuropodia from chaetigers 17���18, with only outer hood, tridentate, with two small upper teeth arranged in line above main fang; shaft slightly curved, with weak constriction in upper part. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 onwards, large, broad and foliaceous on anterior chaetigers, gradually becoming narrower and smaller on posterior chaetigers, flattened, with surfaces oriented parallel to body axis, free from notopodial lamellae. Pygidium with one pair of ventral cirri and up to 15 pairs of thinner and longer dorsal cirri; ventral cirri with dark pigment diffused in basal part; dorsal cirri transparent. Simultaneous hermaphrodites with sperm in chaetigers 13���34 and oocytes from chaetiger 36 onwards. Oogenesis intraovarian; vitellogenesis occurring when oocytes growing attached to segmental blood vessels. Vitellogenic oocytes subspherical, up to about 50 ��m in diameter, with honey-combed envelope without vesicles. Developed coelomic oocytes oval, up to 75 x 125 ��m in diameter, with germinal vesicle about 40 ��m and single nucleolus 12 ��m in diameter; envelope about 6 ��m thick, with external honey-combed surface and 20���30 vesicles (cortical alveoli) each 6���7 ��m in diameter associated with inner surface (Fig. 1 A, B). Spermatids joined in tetrads; spermatozoa ect-aquasperm with conical acrosome about 1.5 ��m long and 1 ��m in diameter, ovoid nucleus 2 ��m long and 1.5 ��m in diameter, a few spherical mitochondria, and a long flagellum; acrosome with transparent central part and a small dark spherical structure in anterior part (Fig. 1 C, D). Remarks. Rhynchospio foliosa was originally described by Imajima (1991) from a single complete individual (18 mm long, about 1 mm wide for 79 chaetigers, with sabre chaetae in neuropodia from chaetiger 15 and hooks from chaetiger 17) from Usujiri Bay, Hokkaido Is., Japan. The species has never been redescribed or reported from outside of the type locality. Individuals from Oregon match the description of R. foliosa in most diagnostic features but differ in having up to 32 pygidial cirri instead of 18. This difference may be due to ontogenetic or individual variability which remain unknown in this species, but such variability has been documented in other similar spionids (Radashevsky 2012). No Rhynchospio with numerous pygidial cirri and broad and foliaceous branchiae similar to those from the Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon has been reported from the Pacific coast of North America. Whether the worms from Newport belong to a rare new species native in Oregon or result from an introduction of R. foliosa from Japan or elsewhere, remains uncertain. Herein, we therefore tentatively refer to them as R. cf. foliosa., Published as part of Radashevsky, Vasily I., Pankova, Victoria V. & Nuzhdin, Sergey V., 2016, Molecular analysis of six Rhynchospio Hartman, 1936 species (Annelida: Spionidae) with comments on the evolution of brooding within the group, pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 4127 (3) on pages 583-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/255112, {"references":["Imajima, M. (1991) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan. VI. The genera Malacoceros and Rhynchospio. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A (Zoology), 17 (1), 5 - 17."]}

Radashevsky, Vasily I., Pankova, Victoria V., Nuzhdin, Sergey V. (2016): Molecular analysis of six Rhynchospio Hartman, 1936 species (Annelida: Spionidae) with comments on the evolution of brooding within the group. Zootaxa 4127 (3): 579-590, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4127.3.10

Aurospio Maciolek, 1981 a, Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on page 19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Prionospio Iberian Canyons sp. C (Figures 2.7, 9) Material examined: 23 specimens examined. Voucher specimens: Portuguese margin Nazar�� canyon : St. 15765 # 2 39 ��35.00���N 10 �� 19.04 ���W, 4336 m; 5 individuals. Other material examined: Nazar�� canyon: RSS Discovery 2005, St. 15758 # 2 39 �� 34.94 ���N 10 ��19.00���W, 4332m, 8 individuals; St. 15758 # 6 39 �� 34.99 ���N, 10 ��19.00���W 4335 m, 8 individuals; RSS Charles Darwin 179 April/ May 2006, St. 56847 # 7 39 �� 35.55 ���N 10 �� 20.06 ���W, 4404 m, 2 individuals. Diagnostic features. Eleven pairs apinnate branchiae, neuropodial hooded hooks and sabre chaetae not present in the first 31 chaetigers. Description. Voucher specimen incomplete with 31 segments, measuring 1.6 mm long (length to chaetiger 10) and 0.22mm wide (at chaetiger 1). Body wide and somewhat flattened; appears divided into two parts: branchial region plus four following segments with enlarged notopodial lamellae and dense capillaries and postbranchial region, with abruptly smaller notopodial lamellae and less dense capillaries. Colour pale yellow colour in alcohol. Prostomium nearly oval, with anterior margin somewhat truncated, prostomial peaks absent; distinct caruncle not formed, posterior margin of prostomium reaching to chaetiger 1 (Fig. 10 a); eyes not observed. Peristomium well developed, closely surrounding prostomium, ventrally distinct, dorsally incomplete; partially fused to chaetiger 1; lateral wings not formed. Palps missing. Eleven pairs of branchiae present on chaetigers 2���12; branchiae only slightly longer than accompanying notopodial lamellae, all of similar shape and size throughout, but with last two pairs shorter; all apinnate, but heavily ciliated on both sides, except for the tip; branchiae rather narrow but somewhat flattened���strap-like, wider at the base and tapering into somewhat swollen tip (Fig. 10 a,b). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae enlarged in branchial region (chaetigers 2���12) (Fig. 2.7 a���d), about three times longer than neuropodial postchaetal lamellae, reduced in size in chaetigers 13���16, then abruptly smaller from chaetiger 17 (Fig. 2.7 e), similar in size to neuropodial postchaetal lamellae; notopodial postchaetal lamellae subtriangular in branchial segments, becoming more small, oval, somewhat produced into blunt tip in postbranchial segments. No dorsal crests in 31 segments. Interparapodial pouches absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetiger 2 small, oval with blunt distal tip; in other branchial segments enlarged, subquadrangular with produced tip dorsally; gradually becoming smaller and more oval assuming shape similar to the one on chaetiger 2 in postbranchial segments. Only capillary chaetae present in incomplete 31 chaetiger-long holotype. Capillaries long and dense in branchial region; straw-coloured, arranged in four rows: two rows of shorter and two rows of longer capillaries; capillaries in postbranchial segments less dense, arranged in single row. Neuropodial hooded hooks, sabre chaetae and notopodial hooded hooks absent in 31 segments. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green pattern: Prostomium and peristomium stain strongly, the margins of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae in branchial regions also stained, more intensively in anteriormost segments. Remarks. Given that in the voucher specimen all branchiae are apinnate, this species is similar to species grouped by many authors into Minuspio. Minuspio was erected by Foster (1971) to include all species with only apinnate branchiae. Maciolek (1985) in her revision of Prionospio suggested that Minuspio was only a sub-genus. Subsequent authors have been similarly divided in their designations and Minuspio has been used as a genus and subgenus. Many of the species designated to this taxon have more than four pairs of branchiae. Eleven pairs of branchiae are present on chaetigers 2���12 in the voucher of Prionospio spC, but branchiae are missing in all other specimens and their number may be variable. The absence of neuropodial sabre chaetae and neuropodial hooded hooks in 31 segments (the largest fragment) appears to be a unique feature of this species. In other species of Prionospio described to date, the neuropodial hooks usually start around segment 20 at the latest and sabre chaetae are usually present before this. However, given that the largest specimen available for examination was only 31 chaetigers long, it is possible that sabre chaetae/neuropodial hooks may start later in body. Given that no described species of Prionospio have the either neuropodial hooks or sabre chaetae starting so far back on the body, we consider that this is a distinct species but we are reluctant to formally classify it until we have more complete specimens. We therefore choose to describe but not name the species to enable future workers to identify it with the hope that complete specimens will be discovered and allow a more comprehensive description. Distribution. Nazar�� canyon (Portuguese margin) at 4364���4404 m., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Laonice cricketae sp. nov. (Figures 3 A���F, 5) Laonice cirrata ��� Kirkegaard 1959: 18 (partim). Holotype: R/V "Galathea" Eksp., Guinea Bay, St. 92, 06�� 40 ��S, 11 �� 36 ��E, 380 m, 0 9 Dec. 1950 (ZMUC-POL- 642). Description. Anterior fragment of 1.9 mm width with 48 chaetigers. Prostomium obviously fused to the peristomium by the anterior margin (very conspicuous fold connecting the anterolateral corner of prostomium and peristomium presented on Fig. 3 B, arrow). Prostomium triangular (Fig. 3 A���B) with two large eyespots in the posterior, with large cylindrical occipital papilla. Caruncle well developed, extending only to the border between chaetiger 1 and 2. Nuchal organ extending chaetiger 20. Branchiae present until chaetiger 39. Branchiae longer than notopodial postchaetal lobes on chaetiger 2, becoming significantly longer on subsequent chaetigers posteriorly (Fig. 3 D���E), over twice as long as notopodial postchaetal lobes. Branchiae long enough to reach bases of branchiae on opposite side of body. Notopodial postchaetal lobes with acute upper tips up to and including the fifth segment. No acute tips from chaetiger 6, no peaks on the lateral margins of notopodial postchaetal lobes. Notopodial postchaetal lobes later become rounded (not extended upwards). Transverse dorsal membranes absent but there are prominent transverse dorsal ciliary bands (two per segment) on six segments posterior to nuchal organ. Neuropodial postchaetal lobes with acute upper tips up to and including the third segment (Fig. 3 C).Tips on neuropodial postchaetal lobes disappear from chaetiger 4 and the lobes become rounded. Genital pouches present until chaetiger 40. Noto- and neuropodial capillaries arranged in two vertical rows. Neuropodial hooded hooks bidentate in side view (Fig. 3 F); but main fang is surmounted by pair of apical teeth. Hooded hooks appear on chaetiger 43, up to 7 per fascicle. Notopodial hooks are not detected. Sabre chaetae detected from chaetiger 24, up to 3 per neuropodium Pygidium unknown. Methyl green staining pattern. No special pattern detected, but in ethanol dorsal ciliary bands lighten much faster than the dorsal body surface. Distribution. Off the mouth of Congo River, 380 m (Fig. 5). Etymology. The name is given after the nickname of Dr. Mary E. Petersen. Remarks. This species should be compared to the Laonice species having prostomium and peristomium fused anteriorly, and without transverse dorsal membranes on the middle segments: species such as L. cirrata; L. brevicornis (Kinberg, 1866); L. antarcticae Hartman, 1953; L. quadridentata Blake & Kudenov, 1978; L. shamrockensis; and probably L. asaccata Sigvaldadottir & Desbruyeres, 2003. First, it should be noted that the possible synonymization of L. petersenae Radashevsky & Lana, 2009 with L. quadridentata has been discussed by Greaves et al (2011, p. 18) based on examination of type material, but the species L. petersenae was not formally synonymized with L. quadridentata. Formally L. petersenae was synonymized with L. brevicornis in Sikorski (2011). It means that following Greaves et al. (2011) L. quadridentata is a junior synonym of L. brevicornis revised in Sikorski 2011. There is really complete overlap of all morphological characters, including shape of hooded hooks, between descriptions of these two species. L. brevicornis has (unlike L. cricketae) tridentate hooks in side view, much more pronounced fusing of prostomium and peristomium, and GP from 3���17 or absent. The whole combination of morphological characters makes the new species closest to L. cirrata, but the degree of fusion between prostomium and peristomium by anterior margin is much more prominent in L. cirrata, but not so obvious in L. cricketae. The new species differs from L. cirrata also by short nuchal organ (L. cirrata of a similar size has longer nuchal organ���minimum till chaetiger 22), by value of difference between the numbers of the last chaetiger with nuchal organ and the chaetiger of appearance of sabre chaetae: 4 compared to 1���12 in L. cirrata, by much longer branchiae (branchiae of chaetiger 2 are even longer than notopodial postchaetal lobes). Degree of fusion of prostomium with peristomium at the anterior margin makes this species close to L. shamrockensis and L. asaccata. But this feature is the only one bringing them together. The main differences between L. cricketae and L. antarcticae are: the appearance of genital pouches in L. antarcticae from chaetiger 3���4 compared to 40 in L. cricketae, and the length of nuchal organ, to chaetiger 12���13 in L. antarcticae compared to 20 in L. cricketae. L. cricketae resembles L. antarcticae in the pattern of fusing of prostomium and peristomium. L. japonica (Moore, 1907) may also look similar to L. cricketae due to the prostomium and peristomium being set quite close together and the similar values of the majority of numeric characters. However, GP appear from chaetiger 4 in L. japonica compared to 40 in L. cricketae, there are more (up to 15) hooks per neuropodium in L. japonica compared to 7 in L. cricketae, and branchiae until chaetiger 4 are lower than notopodial postchaetal lobes in L. japonica, unlike L. cricketae., Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2016, Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 4097 (3) on pages 357-359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/265009, {"references":["Kirkegaard, J. B. (1959) The Polychaeta of West Africa. Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report, 5, 7 - 117.","Kinberg, J. G. H. (1866) Annulata Nova. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 1865, 22 (4), 239 - 258.","Hartman, O. (1953) Non-pelagic Polychaeta of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903. Further Zoological Results of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901 - 1903, 4, 1 - 83.","Blake, J. A. & Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280.","Sigvaldadottir, E. & Desbruyere, D. (2003) Two new species of Spionidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Mid-Atlantic ridge hydrothermal vents. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 44, 219 - 225.","Radashevsky, V. I. & Lana, P. C. (2009) Laonice (Annelida: Spionidae) from South America. Zoosymposia, 2, 265 - 295.","Greaves, E., Meißner, K. & Wilson, R. (2011) New Laonice species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from western and northern Australia. Zootaxa, 2903, 1 - 20.","Sikorski, A. V. (2011) Review of Laonice (Spionidae, Annelida) with remarks on several species and a description of a new species from South Africa. Italian Journal of Zoology, 78 (S 1), 201 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2011.617218","Moore, J. P. (1907) Descriptions of new species of spioniform annelids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1907, 195 - 207."]}

Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. Figure 4 A���Z Material examined. Northeastern Pacific, California, Southern California Bight, Santa Barbara County, Carpinteria, Carpinteria State Beach, 34.388��N, 119.516��W, low intertidal zone, sand, sand patches between rocks, oil slicks on sand and in tide pools, 15 cm diameter infaunal core, Sta. 315 CARPIN_4235QX, Rep 2, coll Marine Pollution Studies Lab-Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 15 Jul 2007, holotype (LACM-AFH POLY 6242).��� California, Southern California Bight, Los Angeles County, 34��10���15���N, 118��46���50���W, 28.8 m, very fine silty sand 1.65 miles bearing 051.5��T (true north) from Point Dume, Van Veen grab, R/ V Vel ero IV Sta. 6749-59, coll. Allan Hancock Foundation, 7 Dec 1959, i.d. Olga Hartman, 3 paratypes (+ four fragments: two posterior fragments, one with 35 chaetigers and the other with 16 chaetigers and a pygidium, and two middle fragments, one with 15 chaetigers, and the other with 8 chaetigers) (LACM-AFH POLY 6239). Description. Holotype broken into four fragments, totaling 128 chaetigers, 36 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Color in alcohol off-white, opaque. Paratype incomplete with 76 chaetigers, 26 mm long, 1.8 mm wide. Paratypes incomplete with 23���28 chaetigers, 2.0���9.0 mm long, 0.4���1.4 mm wide. Color in alcohol light brown. Body without any other pigmentation. Prostomium peanut-shaped, pointed anteriorly, widest above eyes, slightly narrow at tip of peristomium (Fig. 4 A), posteriorly tapering to a short, blunt caruncle forming a longitudinal nuchal ridge, extending to near end of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 4 A). Two pairs of dark brown subdermal eyes: one pair of small, lateral kidney-shaped eyes, one pair of rounded, medial eyes (Holotype) (Fig. 4 A); one small paratype with red eyes (0.4 mm wide); one paratype of medium size with black eyes (1.4 mm wide), eyes in nearly straight line between base of palps; one larger paratype without eyes. Palps long, extending to chaetigers 8���12; palps with a single band of transverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove; one paratype with slightly pigmented dark brown palps on anterior side (Fig. 4 B); palpal sheath large, smooth (Fig. 4 B); palps lost in holotype. Peristomium long, expanded laterally (Fig. 4 A), partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming large lateral wings (Fig. 4 A, E), separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae almost completely fused with branchiae with free and pointed tips on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 C); partially fused on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 D); notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1���2 shifted dorsally and serrated. Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 2���6/1���5 (holotype: 2 right, 1 left) digitiform lobes along distal margin, basal margin rounded (Fig. 4 E); notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with 0���2 / 1���3 (holotype: 0/1 right, left side) digitiform lobes along distal margin (Fig. 4 F), middle margins ruffled, basal margin wider, rounded; lamellae of chaetigers 3���21/29 slender, long, with ruffled distal margin, basal margin rounded (Fig. 4 F, G); subsequent lamellae entire, with narrow distal and middle margins, basal margin longer, narrower, rounded (Fig. 4 C); becoming slightly ruffled again on chaetigers 36���61 giving appearance of a notch in middle of margin, ruffles gradually diminishing and lamellae becoming completely entire on posterior chaetigers (holotype); ventral margin of lamellae short, slender triangular from chaetigers 33���37 (37 in holotype); from chaetigers 39���40 middle lobe of lamellae becoming wider, with a long, pointed ventral edge (Fig. 4 H); subsequent parapodia decreasing gradually in size, from chaetiger 83 middle lobe becoming narrower, smaller with short, triangular ventral edge (Fig. 4 I). Posterior lamellae short, wider than those of middle chaetigers and pointed distally (Fig. 4 J). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 I). Anterior notopodial prechaetal lamellae larger, rounded (Fig. 4 G), after chaetiger 45 becoming triangular (Fig. 4 D) and reduced gradually in size; not fused basally with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 4 K). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present from chaetigers 3���6 (3 in holotype), not observed on middle or posterior chaetigers. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1 shifted to dorsal side; neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 1 rounded with a small papilla (Fig. 4 E), (paratype with two papillae on right side, and one on left side of chaetiger 1 lamellae) (Fig. 4 F); neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with a papilla (Fig. 4 E, L); lamellae of chaetigers 3 ��� 10 rounded, wider (Fig. 4 F���G), becoming more rectangular, wider with rounded edges from chaetigers 13 to 32/36, with upper border gradually elongating to form a point from around chaetigers 37���39 (Fig. 4 H); subsequent parapodia becoming smaller with triangular upper and lower borders (Fig. 4 I), neuropodia of posterior chaetiger triangular and shifted dorsally (Fig. 4 M) with lower border rounded up to end of body. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded, wide (Fig. 4 G); middle region smaller and decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers, all lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of body; all branchiae tapered, long, smooth, almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae, branchial tips free, distally pointed on all chaetigers (Fig. 4 C), longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 4 K). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along inner edge. Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 11���21 (11 in holotype), initially as a simple long digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base (Fig. 4 H���I); number of lobes gradually increasing to 2 or 5 in middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 C); arranged in one or two rows (4 or 5 on anterior row, 2 or 3 on posterior row). Last 16 segments without accessory branchiae. Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in dorsal tuft and ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with 20���30 long, smooth, alimbated, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae to between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: anterior row comprised of short, slender, alimbated, smooth capillaries; posterior row with same structure, but capillaries longer than in anterior row; ventral fascicle with fewer capillaries than dorsal tuft. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged in same way as those on chaetiger 1, except that capillaries of dorsal tuft long, slender, striated, unilimbated dorsal capillaries (Fig. 4 N). Ventral fascicle with anterior row of unlimbated capillaries, stout, heavily reticulated in middle and at distal end of shaft, striated in middle and at basal end of shaft (Fig. 4 O, O��); sheathes of ventral chaetae thicker than dorsal chaetae (Fig. 4 O ���); capillaries in posterior row slender, smooth, bilimbated distally and striated in middle and at basal end of capillary shafts (Fig. 4 P); capillaries longer than those of anterior row; anterior chaetae on middle chaetigers with same structure except that anterior row comprised of reticulated, long, alimbate capillaries, and posterior row of slender, smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae; posterior chaetigers with dorsal tuft of long, slender, smooth, distally unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 4 Q). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows: anterior row comprised of slender, slightly reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries, striated in middle and at basal end of shaft (Fig. 4 R); posterior row of long, smooth, slightly striated, alimbate capillary chaetae (Fig. 4 S); capillaries in anterior row shorter than those in posterior row; in addition, a ventral tuft of four slender, shorter, smooth alimbated capillaries (Fig. 4 T) is located in position of sabre chaetae. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to those of chaetiger 1, except that chaetae in anterior row stout, heavily reticulated; ventral tuft with 2���3 longer, stouter, heavily reticulated, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae (Fig. 4 U). Sabre chaetae longer from chaetiger 11. Chaetae on middle chaetigers arranged in two rows: an anterior row of hooded hooks (Fig. 4 V, V ���) and a posterior row of long, smooth, unilimbated, wide capillary chaetae (Fig. 4 W). Uni-bidentate neuropodial hooded hooks from chaetigers 17 ��� 25 (24 in holotype), up to 5 ��� 7 present per neuropodium, accompanied by very slender, small, smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae. Unidentate hooks (Fig. 4 V) on anterior chaetigers and uni- or bidentate hooks on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 4 V, V ���) (same chaetiger); hooded hooks opened distally (Fig. 4 V, V ���), shaft almost straight (Fig. 4 V, V ���). In small paratypes almost all hooks bidentate (Fig. 4 V ���). Pygidium with pigmented dark-brown midventral flap and two pairs of long cirri (Fig. 4 X). Remarks. Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. is similar to D. uncinata in that the first two notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae are deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. is also similar to Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. in having a short, blunt caruncle, eyes with the same shape and arrangement, and the first notopodial postchaetal lamellae with digitiform papillae. However, Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. uncinata and Dispio longibranchiata sp. nov. in that it has a peanut-shaped prostomium, the ventral and dorsal edges of the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlap on the middle and posterior chaetigers, and the neuropodial lamellae are rounded on chaetiger 3; with, Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. can also be distinguished from D. uncinata in that the former has a blunt caruncle, the notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 3 have ruffled distal margins, the notopodial lamellae gradually become slightly notched on the middle edge of lamellae on chaetigers 36���61, the pygidium is pigmentated dark-brown with a midventral flap and two pairs of long cirri, and other differences are provided in the Table 1 and key; with, Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. can also be distinguished from D. longibranchiata sp. nov. in that it has a larger peristomium and lateral wings, notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with papillae, notopodial lamellae on chaetigers 39 ��� 40 with a pointed ventral border, neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 1 ��� 2 with papillae, branchiae that do not overlap, notochaetae of anterior and middle chaetigers with stout capillaries heavily reticulated in the middle and distal end of the shaft and striated in the middle and basal end of the shaft, and unilimbated capillaries on the anterior row. Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. is similar to D. panamensis in having the first two notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. However, D. anauncinata differs from D. panamensis in that the former has a peanut-shaped prostomium, a short, blunt caruncle, notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 3 with ruffled margins, rounded and smooth neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 3, notopodial and neuropodial lamellae without overlapping or touching edges on anterior chaetigers, branchiae that do not overlap each other on anterior chaetigers, and distally pointed branchial tips on all chaetigers. Further differences between this new species and the other species examined are provided in the key and Table 1. Ecology. Dispio anauncinata sp. nov. was found in low intertidal zones, sand, sand patches between rocks, oil slicks on sand and in tide pools, collected with a 15 cm diameter infaunal core. Geographical distribution. North Pacific, USA, California, Southern California Bight, Santa Barbara County, Carpinteria, Carpinteria State Beach, 34.388��N, 119.516��W. Etymology. The specific name is from the Greek ana - meaning similar to D. uncinata., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 160-163, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174

Dispio panamensis sp. nov. Figure 8 A���Z Material examined. North Pacific, Panama, Naos Island, Punta Culebra, 08��54���47���N, 79��31���46���W, sandy beach, quartz sand (80% fine, 19% medium sand, 1% shell fragments), 0.1 m 2 quadrat, 5 cm deep, 500 ��m sieve. Sta. NIB, coll. Deborah M. Dexter, 30 June 1969, id. Olga Hartman, holotype (LACM-AHF POLY 6233) and paratype (LACM-AHF POLY 6233 /1). Description. Holotype incomplete, 16.0 mm long, consisting with 43 chaetigers, 1.9 mm wide. Paratype incomplete 10.0 mm long, with 37 chaetigers, 1.0 mm wide. Color in alcohol light brown, no other pigmentation present. Prostomium wedge-shaped, widest subterminally, sharply pointed anteriorly, prostomial tip transparent (Fig. 8 A), posteriorly tapered, with a short caruncle extending to middle of chaetiger 1, slightly constricted to form a narrow, longitudinal nuchal ridge (Fig. 8 A, B). Two pairs of small, black, subdermal, kidney-shaped eyes, all eyes arranged in a trapezoid between bases of palps (Fig. 8 C); or eyes absent (holotype) (Fig. 8 A). Palps lost. Peristomium long (Fig. 8 A���C), expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming moderate lateral wings (Fig. 8 A���C), separated from chaetiger 1. All notopodial postchaetal lamellae almost completely fused to branchiae, but with free and pointed tips. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1���2 shifted dorsally and deeply serrated (Fig. 8 C). Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 5���8 digitiform lobes along margin (arranged in pairs) (Fig. 8 C); notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with 5���7 digitiform lobes along middle and distal margins (comb-shaped) (Fig. 8 C) basal margin wider and rounded; lamellae of chaetiger 3 with 2���3 digitiform papillae at distal end; lamellae with ruffled margin below papillae, basal margin rounded (Fig. 8 B, D); lamellae of subsequent chaetigers with ruffled distal margin, basal margin large, wider, rounded (Fig. 8 E) (holotype: chaetigers 5 (right), 7 (left) with 1���3 small digitiform papillae at distal end; lamellae with ruffled margin below papillae, basal margin rounded); around chaetigers 7���11 margin ruffled giving lamellae bilobed appearance (Fig. 8 F); and to end of fragment becoming notched (Fig. 8 G) between distal and middle margins; basal margin large, wider, rounded, distal lobe with pointed tip; around chaetigers 28��� 30 ventral edge (lobe) of lamellae gradually becoming triangular (Fig. 8 H); ventral edge pointed on chaetigers 27��� 42 (42 in holotype) (Fig. 8 H���J). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping from chaetigers 4���7 (4 in holotype) (Fig. 8 E���F) to end of fragments (Fig. 8 J). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae larger, oval on chaetigers 1���10 (Fig. 8 B, F���H), subsequently decreasing in size and becoming rounded on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 I���J); not basally fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 8 K). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae absent. Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1���2 serrated, shifted to dorsal side; neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 1 with 4/2 (4 in holotype) digitiform lobes along margin (Fig. 8 B); neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 2 with 5/2���0/2 (holotype- paratype, respectively) digitiform lobes (Fig. 8 B, E); chaetiger 3 with 0���1 (1 in holotype) digitiform lobes (Fig. 8 B, D���E); lamellae of chaetigers 4���6 smooth and rounded (Fig. 8 E); subsequent lamellae becoming wider, rectangular, with rounded edges from chaetigers 7���12 (Fig. 8 F), subsequently becoming much wider with dorsal lobe rounded (Fig. 8 G) forming blunt, elongated upper border (Fig. 8 H) from around chaetigers 27���31 (31 in holotype), a pointed upper border on chaetiger 38 (Fig. 8 I), and then blunt again up to end of fragments (Fig. 8 J). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae moderate, rounded on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 B), larger, oval on middle chaetigers (Fig. 8 F), progressively decreasing in size on subsequent chaetigers (Fig. 8 I���J); all lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of fragments; all branchiae long, smooth, tapered (Fig. 8 F���G), overlapping each other on anterior chaetigers; almost completely fused to notopodial postchaetal lamellae; branchial tips free, distally pointed on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 8 B, F���G); distal inner edge bulky giving appearance of a spearhead (Fig. 8 F, G, K) on middle and posterior fragments; branchiae longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 8 F, K). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along inner edge (Fig. 8 G, K). Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 9/ 14 in the holotype and 8/ 9 in the paratype, initially as a simple long digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base; number of lobes gradually increasing to 5 or 6 in posterior chaetigers, arranged in one row (palmate-shaped) (Fig. 8 I). Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with 40���50 long, slender, smooth, alimbate capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae (Fig. 8 A���B) between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: an anterior row of short, wider unilimbated, slightly granulated, pointed capillaries (Fig. 8 L), and a posterior row of slender, smooth, unilimbated, capillaries, longer than those of first row; less numerous than those of dorsal fascicle. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 arranged in same manner as on chaetiger 1, except that dorsal tuft has only about 5, shorter, pointed, unilimbated dorsal capillaries, capillaries in anterior row Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 . uncinata Hartman, Spinđle-shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A (5 ��� 6) No 1. A (5) Arounđ 31 a. No 10. C 11. C ������continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 9. C 10. C 11. C oculata Imajima, Fusiform, sharply 1. C, slenđer Overlapping on 1. B, rounđeđ? ��� 40 enlargeđ (Fig. 3 g, a.? pointeđ anteriorly; long 2. C, with obtuse tips posterior chaetigers 2. B, rounđeđ Imajima, 1990) b. Completely, forming anđ blunt 3. C, strap-like 3. B, rounđeđ strap-like structure; free 4. C 4. B, rounđeđ from chaet. 36 ��� 38 5. C 5. B, rounđeđ c. Distal tips club- 6. C shapeđ, granulateđ on 7. C miđđle anđ posterior 8. C chaetigers 9. C 10. C 11. C ������continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 . latilamella Williams, Ovoiđ shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A, spoon-shapeđ (2 ��� 8) No 1. B, rounđeđ 30 ��� 33 (Fig. 5 H, a. No 2007 anteriorly; short anđ 2. A (?) 2. B, rounđeđ Williams, 2007) b. Partially blunt 3. A (?) 3. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. A (?) 4. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. A (?) 5. B, rounđeđ 6. A (?) 7. A (?) 8. A (?) 9. A (?) 10. A (?) 11. A (?) 12. A (?) 13. A (?) . anauncinata sp nov. Peanut-shapeđ, pointeđ 1. A (2 ��� 6/1 ��� 5) Overlapping on 1. A (2/1) 37 ��� 39 a. No anteriorly; short anđ 2. A (1 ��� 3/0 ��� 2) miđđle anđ 2. A (1) b. Partially blunt 3. B posterior chaetigers 3. B. rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. B 4. B. rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. B 5. B. rounđeđ 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B . bescanzae sp nov. Hourglass-shapeđ, 1. A (4 ��� 9) Overlapping on 1. A (3 ��� 5) 29 ��� 40 a. No bluntly pointeđ 2. A (8 ��� 11) posterior chaetigers 2. A (3 ��� 5) b. Partially anteriorly; long anđ 3. A (8 ��� 10) 3. A (3 ��� 5) c. Distally pointeđ on triangular 4. A (8 ��� 10) 4. A (4), B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 5. A (8-10) 5. B, rounđeđ 6. A (8 ��� 10) 7. A (1 ��� 8) 8. A (5), B 9. A (5), B 10. A (5), B 11. B 12. B ������continued on the next page Characters Prostomial shape; NoPoL: A. B. C. D. E.: Notopođial anđ AnNePoL: A. B. NePoL becoming the Branchial structure caruncle 1. Chaet. 1 neuropođial Smooth margin, shapeđ: pointeđ upper borđer a. Overlapping each 2. Chaet. 2 lamellae with 1. Chaet. 1 from Chaetigers: other on anterior 3. Chaet. 3 eđges overlapping 2. Chaet. 2 chaetigers 4. Chaet. 4 or touching 3. Chaet. 3 b. Fuseđ to notopođial 5. Chaet. 5 4. Chaet. 4 lamellae 6. Chaet. 6 5. Chaet. 5 c. Branchial tip shape 7. Chaet. 7 8. Chaet. 8 9. Chaet. 9 10. Chaet. 10 11. Chaet. 11 lenislamellata sp. Peanut-shapeđ, sharply 1. C No 1. B, triangular 30 ��� 34 a. Yes, after chaet. 3 . pointeđ anteriorly; short, 2. C 2. B, subtriangular b. Partially narrow, large 3. C 3. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 4. C 4. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers, 5. C 5. B, rounđeđ 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. C 10. C 11. C longibranchiata sp Rectangular-shapeđ, with 1. A (1 ��� 3/2 ��� 5) No 1. B, triangular 30 ��� 36 a. Yes, also on miđđle . a short, đistal conical tip; 2. B 2. B, subtriangular chaetigers short, blunt anđ swollen 3. B 3. B, subtriangular b. Partially 4. B 4. B, rounđeđ c. Distally pointeđ on 5. B 5. B, rounđeđ all chaetigers 6. B 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. B 11. B all narrow panamensis sp. nov. Weđge-shapeđ, sharply 1. A (5 ��� 8) Overlapping on 1. A (4/2) 27 ��� 38 a. Yes pointeđ anteriorly; short, 2. A (5 ��� 7) anterior anđ miđđle 2. A (5/2 ��� 0/2) b. Partially narrow, slightly 3. A (2 ��� 3) chaetigers 3. A (0 ��� 1) c. Distal inner eđge constricteđ 4. B 4. B bulky giving the 5. B, A (right: 1) 5. B appearance of 6. B 6. B spearheađ on miđđle 7. B, A (left: 3) anđ posterior fragments 8. E 9. E 10. E 11. E ������continued on the next page wider unilimbated, pointed, reticulated, and slightly striated in basal region of shaft (Fig. 8 M), capillaries in posterior row smooth, pointed, unilimbated; capillaries less numerous in tuft than in rows. Arrangement of chaetae on subsequent chaetigers is similar to that of chaetiger 2, with dorsal tuft chaetae decreasing gradually in size and number (2 or 3 at most) up to about chaetiger 13, chaetae of anterior row wider, unilimbated, limbation decreases halfway up shaft (Fig. 8 N), capillaries in posterior row long, smooth, unilimbate in middle and at distal end (Fig. 8 O); posterior notochaetae arranged similarly in anterior and middle chaetigers, except that chaetae in anterior row wider, reticulated, and less unilimbated (with reduced limbation) (Fig. 8 P), and in posterior row, slender, smooth, wider, longer, unilimbated (Fig. 8 Q); dorsal chaetae smooth, long, alimbate distally with long, pointed tips (Fig. 8 R). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows of about 20 slender chaetae: anterior row comprised of slightly granulated, reticulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 8 S), and posterior row of long, pointed, smooth, slightly unilimbate capillary chaetae (Fig. 8 T), anterior capillaries shorter than posterior ones; in addition, a ventral tuft of four slender, shorter, smooth, pointed, slightly unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 8 U) located in position of sabre chaetae; arrangement of neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to that of chaetiger 1, except that capillaries in anterior row stout, heavily granulated, reticulated, unilimbate (dorsal capillaries with wider sheaths (Fig. 8 V) than ventral ones (Fig. 8 V ���), ventral capillaries less reticulated and striated in base of shaft (Fig. 8 V ���), and those in posterior row long, smooth, slightly unilimbate capillary chaetae; ventral tuft with six short, slender, reticulated, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae; chaetae longer, stouter, heavily reticulated, granulated, pointed, unilimbated from chaetigers 11���12, (Fig. 8 W), decreasing in number to 2���3 chaetae per fascicle. Unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 8 X) replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 21���32, up to eight per neuropodium, posterior row slightly granulated, wider, unilimbated, shaft striated basally (Fig. 8 Y); on posterior chaetigers, posterior row with smooth, bilimbated, slender chaetae slightly striated along shaft (Fig. 8 Z). Hooded hooks opened distally, slightly curved (Fig. 8 X). Pygidium lost. Remarks. Dispio panamensis sp. nov. is closely related to D. uncinata in that the lengths of the peristomium and lateral wings are the same, and the first three notopodial and neuropodial lamellae are deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. Dispio panamensis sp. nov. is also similar to D. anauncinata sp. nov., in having the first two notopodial and neuropodial lamellae deeply serrated with digitiform papillae. However, D. panamensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from D. uncinata in that the former has a wedge-shaped prostomium that is widest subterminally, sharply pointed anteriorly and without a pair of lateral emarginations; a shorter caruncle, a longer peristomium, the notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 8 and subsequent chaetigers have a bilobed appearance, the branchiae overlap each other on anterior chaetigers, the branchial tips have a bulky distal inner edge giving the appearance of a spearhead on the middle and posterior fragments, and other differences are provided in the Table 1 and key. For differences between D. panamensis sp. nov. and D. anauncinata sp. nov. and D. bescanzae sp. nov. see remarks of D. anauncinata and D. bescanzae sp. nov. The differences between this new species and the other species examined in this study are provided in the key and Table 1. Ecology. Sandy beach, quartz sand (80% fine, 19% medium sand, 1% shell fragments). Type locality. North Pacific, Naos Island, Punta Culebra, Panama. Etymology. The species name is derived from the country of Panam�� and the suffix indicates that it is found in that region., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 171-179, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174, {"references":["Imajima, M. (1990) Spionidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) from Japan V. The genera Streblospio and Dispio. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Series A (Zoology), 16, 155 - 163.","Williams, J. (2007) New records and description of four new species of spionids (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Philippines: the genera Dispio, Malacoceros, Polydora, and Scolelepis, with notes on palp ciliation patterns of the genus Scolelepis. Zootaxa, 1459, 1 - 35."]}

Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. (Figure 5 A���Z) Material examined. Atlantic coast of Venezuela, G��iria, 10��33���58���N, 62��44���21���W, shallow subtidal, soft bottom, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar D��az-D��az, March, 2006, holotype (ECOSUR 0178); same data for seven paratypes (ECOSUR 0179). Non type material: 12 specimens (MOBR I-1270) from El Pe��on, Sucre state, Venezuela 10��27���02���N, 64��05���21���W, very fine sand 0.5 m of deep, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar D��az-D��az, March 2014; 21 specimens (CB OM-UC 105) from El Pe����n, very fine sand 0.5 m deep, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar D��az-D��az, February 2015. Description. Holotype incomplete, anterior fragment with 77 chaetigers, 26 mm long, 1.0 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Complete paratypes with 38���188 chaetigers (longest specimen in five fragments) plus 1���3 final segments with no chaetae; 8.0��� 49 mm long, 0.7���1.3 mm wide at chaetiger 15; incomplete paratypes with an anterior fragment with 36���89 chaetigers, 6.0��� 28 mm long, 0.7���1.0 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Color in alcohol yellowish white. Prostomium hourglass-shaped, widest subterminally, bluntly pointed on anterior margin (Fig. 5 A���B), posteriorly tapered, with a long, triangular, raised, caruncle (Fig. 5 A���C) to end on posterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 A���C). With two pairs of subdermal, black eyes, arranged in a straight line (Fig. 5 A): one pair of small, lateral, kidney-shaped eyes and one pair of rounded, medial eyes, or arranged in a trapezoid, first pair rounded, and posterior pair reniform (Fig. 5 B) (eyes not observed in holotype). Peristomium long, collar-like, surrounding prostomium, separated from chaetiger 1, forming moderate lateral wings (Fig. 5 A���C). Proboscis not observed. Palps short (Fig. 5 B, C) extending to chaetigers 3���10 (chaetiger 5 in holotype); palps with single band of transverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove. Palp sheaths large, smooth, fused to base of palps (Fig. 5 B). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1���2 shifted dorsally and deeply serrated. Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 4 ��� 9 (7 in holotype) digitiform papillae along distal and middle margins (Fig. 5 A���B, D), basal margin rounded (Fig. 5 D). Notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with 8 ��� 11 (8 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 A, E); lamellae of chaetigers 3 ��� 6 with 6 ��� 10 (6 ��� 7 in holotype) digitiform papillae (Fig. 5 A, F) along margin; lamellae of chaetiger 7 with 1���8 (2 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 A, G); lamellae of chaetigers 8 ��� 10 with up to 5 digitiform papillae, although some specimens with lamellae on chaetigers 8/11 ��� 37/44 (8���37 in holotype) with ruffled margin (Fig. 5 H); lamellae of chaetigers 37 ��� 44 and subsequent chaetigers with pointed ventral border (Fig. 5 H���J). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping or touching only on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 I���J, L). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae, small, subtriangular on chaetigers 1 ��� 2 (Fig. D���E), thereafter increasing in size, wider, continuing through anterior chaetigers and around chaetiger 43 becoming slender, long and triangular (Fig. I, J), thereafter diminishing in size through posterior chaetigers. Each segment with a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia arranged obliquely with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 5 K). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae visible but small on middle chaetigers (Fig. 5 L). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1���3 serrated and shifted dorsally. Neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 1 with 1 ��� 5 (1���5 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 D), lamellae of chaetigers 2 ��� 3 with 1 ��� 5 (1���4 in holotype) digitiform papillae (Fig. 5 E���F), lamellae of chaetigers 4 ��� 28/39 rounded and smooth (Fig. 5 G) (one specimen with 2 digitiform papillae on right lamellae from chaetiger 4), later becoming wider on chaetigers 29 ��� 40 (38 in holotype) forming a pointed upper border (Fig 5 H���I), gradually diminishing in size on subsequent chaetigers (Fig. 5 J). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded and wide (Fig. 5 D���F); larger in mid region but decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 J). All neuropodial prechaetal lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 B, D) to end of body (Fig. 5 J); branchiae tapered, elongate, smooth; fused along length of notopodial lamellae, branchial tips free, distally pointed on all anterior chaetigers and slightly longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 5 D���F). Branchiae on middle and posterior chaetigers smaller than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 5 I���J). Each branchia with a band of cilia along inner edge. Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 13 ��� 30 (16 in holotype), initially with a single, short digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base, with number of lobes increasing to seven in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 M) arranged in two rows. Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with about 30 to 40 very long, slender (Fig. 5 A, C), alimbated, smooth capillaries (Fig. 5 N) directed upwards (Fig. 5 A, C), longer than ventral fascicle; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows; anterior row comprised of stout, moderately reticulated, granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 O), and posterior row of slender, smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 P), longer than chaetae of anterior row, and less numerous than those comprising dorsal tuft. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged in three groups; first group with 2 or 3 uppermost wider, smooth, alimbated, capillaries, diminishing gradually in size and number to an anterior row of stout moderate reticulated, granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 Q), and a posterior row of slender, very slightly granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 R), longer than those of anterior row. Middle chaetigers with same structure of anterior chaetae except for an anterior row of reticulated, long, slightly bilimbate, very pointed capillaries (Fig. 5 S). Posterior chaetigers with dorsal tuft of slender, long, smooth, distally unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 T), and posterior row of slender, smooth, alimbated capillaries. Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 similar to notochaetae of chaetiger 1, arranged in two rows: an anterior row of stout, moderate, reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 5 U), and a posterior row of shorter, slender, unilimbate, smooth capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 V), capillaries of anterior row shorter than those of posterior row; in addition, a ventral tuft of 4 ��� 5 shorter, slender, smooth, alimbated capillaries located in position of sabre chaetae. Chaetigers 2���9 similar to chaetiger 1 but with long, reticulated, slightly granulated, alimbated sabre chaetae; on chaetigers 10 ��� 15 (11 in holotype) sabre chaetae longer, stouter, heavily reticulated (Fig. 5 W), 2 ��� 3 per fascicle. Unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 5 X���Y) (one specimen with one bidentate hook on a posterior fascicle) replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 20 ��� 27, up to six per neuropodium, accompanied by a row of smooth, slender, unilimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 Y). Hooded hooks distally entire, slightly curved and hood extended distally to, or slightly beyond tip (Fig. 5 X���Y). Pygidium with midventral flap and two long cirri (Fig. 5 Z). Remarks. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. is very similar to D. uncinata and D. panamensis sp. nov. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov and D. uncinata have branchiae of the same length and similarly shaped anterior postchaetal notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on the first three chaetigers, all serrated. However, Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. can be distinguished from the type material of D. uncinata, in that the former has a hourglass-shaped prostomium without lateral emarginations, notopodial lamellae on chaetigers 4 ��� 7/10 with digitiform papillae along margin, lamellae of chaetigers 8/11 ��� 37/44 with ruffled margin, lamellae of chaetigers 37 ��� 44 and subsequent chaetigers with pointed ventral border, ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping or touching only on posterior chaetigers, neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 4 ��� 28/39 rounded and smooth, a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia, anterior notopodial chaetae on posterior row with smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae, anterior neuropodial chaetae on anterior row with unilimbate capillaries, a posterior row of shorter, unilimbate, smooth capillary chaetae, hooded hooks slightly curved and sub-distally entire, the hoods open and extend distally or slightly beyond the tip of the hook. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. is similar to D. panamensis sp. nov. in having deeply serrated anterior notopodial and neuropodial lamellae with papillae, a short caruncle, peristomium of the same length and lateral wings. However, D. bescanzae sp. nov. differs from D. panamensis sp. nov. in that the former has a hourglass-shaped prostomium, bluntly pointed anteriorly, a long, triangular caruncle, branchial tips distally pointed on all chaetigers, and the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping on posterior chaetigers. In this species we observed one bidentate hooded hook on the posterior chaetiger of one adult specimen. See remarks about bidentate hooks in D. lenislamellata sp. nov. Further differences between this new species and the other species examined are provided in the key and Table 1. Etymology. This species is named after D��az-D��az���s mother-in-law, who recently passed away, and is dedicated to her and all the women in the Bescanza family. Type locality. G��iria, Venezuela. Ecology. Specimens were collected in shallow water (1.5 m deep) in fine, medium and coarse sands. Geographical distribution. Venezuela (G��iria and El Pe����n)., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 163-166, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174

Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. (Figure 5 A–Z) Material examined. Atlantic coast of Venezuela, Güiria, 10º33′58″N, 62º44′21″W, shallow subtidal, soft bottom, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar Díaz-Díaz, March, 2006, holotype (ECOSUR 0178); same data for seven paratypes (ECOSUR 0179). Non type material: 12 specimens (MOBR I-1270) from El Peñon, Sucre state, Venezuela 10º27′02″N, 64º05′21″W, very fine sand 0.5 m of deep, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar Díaz-Díaz, March 2014; 21 specimens (CB OM-UC 105) from El Peñón, very fine sand 0.5 m deep, 0.015 m 2 PVC corer, coll. Oscar Díaz-Díaz, February 2015. Description. Holotype incomplete, anterior fragment with 77 chaetigers, 26 mm long, 1.0 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Complete paratypes with 38–188 chaetigers (longest specimen in five fragments) plus 1–3 final segments with no chaetae; 8.0– 49 mm long, 0.7–1.3 mm wide at chaetiger 15; incomplete paratypes with an anterior fragment with 36–89 chaetigers, 6.0– 28 mm long, 0.7–1.0 mm wide at chaetiger 15. Color in alcohol yellowish white. Prostomium hourglass-shaped, widest subterminally, bluntly pointed on anterior margin (Fig. 5 A–B), posteriorly tapered, with a long, triangular, raised, caruncle (Fig. 5 A–C) to end on posterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 A–C). With two pairs of subdermal, black eyes, arranged in a straight line (Fig. 5 A): one pair of small, lateral, kidney-shaped eyes and one pair of rounded, medial eyes, or arranged in a trapezoid, first pair rounded, and posterior pair reniform (Fig. 5 B) (eyes not observed in holotype). Peristomium long, collar-like, surrounding prostomium, separated from chaetiger 1, forming moderate lateral wings (Fig. 5 A–C). Proboscis not observed. Palps short (Fig. 5 B, C) extending to chaetigers 3–10 (chaetiger 5 in holotype); palps with single band of transverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove. Palp sheaths large, smooth, fused to base of palps (Fig. 5 B). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1–2 shifted dorsally and deeply serrated. Lamellae of chaetiger 1 bearing 4 – 9 (7 in holotype) digitiform papillae along distal and middle margins (Fig. 5 A–B, D), basal margin rounded (Fig. 5 D). Notopodial lamellae of chaetiger 2 with 8 – 11 (8 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 A, E); lamellae of chaetigers 3 – 6 with 6 – 10 (6 – 7 in holotype) digitiform papillae (Fig. 5 A, F) along margin; lamellae of chaetiger 7 with 1–8 (2 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 A, G); lamellae of chaetigers 8 – 10 with up to 5 digitiform papillae, although some specimens with lamellae on chaetigers 8/11 – 37/44 (8–37 in holotype) with ruffled margin (Fig. 5 H); lamellae of chaetigers 37 – 44 and subsequent chaetigers with pointed ventral border (Fig. 5 H–J). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping or touching only on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 I–J, L). Notopodial prechaetal lamellae, small, subtriangular on chaetigers 1 – 2 (Fig. D–E), thereafter increasing in size, wider, continuing through anterior chaetigers and around chaetiger 43 becoming slender, long and triangular (Fig. I, J), thereafter diminishing in size through posterior chaetigers. Each segment with a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia arranged obliquely with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 5 K). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae visible but small on middle chaetigers (Fig. 5 L). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetigers 1–3 serrated and shifted dorsally. Neuropodial lamellae of chaetiger 1 with 1 – 5 (1–5 in holotype) digitiform papillae along margin (Fig. 5 D), lamellae of chaetigers 2 – 3 with 1 – 5 (1–4 in holotype) digitiform papillae (Fig. 5 E–F), lamellae of chaetigers 4 – 28/39 rounded and smooth (Fig. 5 G) (one specimen with 2 digitiform papillae on right lamellae from chaetiger 4), later becoming wider on chaetigers 29 – 40 (38 in holotype) forming a pointed upper border (Fig 5 H–I), gradually diminishing in size on subsequent chaetigers (Fig. 5 J). Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae small, rounded and wide (Fig. 5 D–F); larger in mid region but decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 J). All neuropodial prechaetal lamellae not basally fused with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 5 B, D) to end of body (Fig. 5 J); branchiae tapered, elongate, smooth; fused along length of notopodial lamellae, branchial tips free, distally pointed on all anterior chaetigers and slightly longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 5 D–F). Branchiae on middle and posterior chaetigers smaller than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 5 I–J). Each branchia with a band of cilia along inner edge. Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 13 – 30 (16 in holotype), initially with a single, short digitate lobe that arises from dorsolateral side of body behind notopodial base, with number of lobes increasing to seven in posterior chaetigers (Fig. 5 M) arranged in two rows. Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle; dorsal tuft with about 30 to 40 very long, slender (Fig. 5 A, C), alimbated, smooth capillaries (Fig. 5 N) directed upwards (Fig. 5 A, C), longer than ventral fascicle; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows; anterior row comprised of stout, moderately reticulated, granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 O), and posterior row of slender, smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 P), longer than chaetae of anterior row, and less numerous than those comprising dorsal tuft. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged in three groups; first group with 2 or 3 uppermost wider, smooth, alimbated, capillaries, diminishing gradually in size and number to an anterior row of stout moderate reticulated, granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 Q), and a posterior row of slender, very slightly granulated, unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 R), longer than those of anterior row. Middle chaetigers with same structure of anterior chaetae except for an anterior row of reticulated, long, slightly bilimbate, very pointed capillaries (Fig. 5 S). Posterior chaetigers with dorsal tuft of slender, long, smooth, distally unilimbated capillaries (Fig. 5 T), and posterior row of slender, smooth, alimbated capillaries. Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 similar to notochaetae of chaetiger 1, arranged in two rows: an anterior row of stout, moderate, reticulated, granulated, unilimbate capillaries (Fig. 5 U), and a posterior row of shorter, slender, unilimbate, smooth capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 V), capillaries of anterior row shorter than those of posterior row; in addition, a ventral tuft of 4 – 5 shorter, slender, smooth, alimbated capillaries located in position of sabre chaetae. Chaetigers 2–9 similar to chaetiger 1 but with long, reticulated, slightly granulated, alimbated sabre chaetae; on chaetigers 10 – 15 (11 in holotype) sabre chaetae longer, stouter, heavily reticulated (Fig. 5 W), 2 – 3 per fascicle. Unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 5 X–Y) (one specimen with one bidentate hook on a posterior fascicle) replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 20 – 27, up to six per neuropodium, accompanied by a row of smooth, slender, unilimbated capillary chaetae (Fig. 5 Y). Hooded hooks distally entire, slightly curved and hood extended distally to, or slightly beyond tip (Fig. 5 X–Y). Pygidium with midventral flap and two long cirri (Fig. 5 Z). Remarks. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. is very similar to D. uncinata and D. panamensis sp. nov. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov and D. uncinata have branchiae of the same length and similarly shaped anterior postchaetal notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on the first three chaetigers, all serrated. However, Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. can be distinguished from the type material of D. uncinata, in that the former has a hourglass-shaped prostomium without lateral emarginations, notopodial lamellae on chaetigers 4 – 7/10 with digitiform papillae along margin, lamellae of chaetigers 8/11 – 37/44 with ruffled margin, lamellae of chaetigers 37 – 44 and subsequent chaetigers with pointed ventral border, ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping or touching only on posterior chaetigers, neuropodial lamellae of chaetigers 4 – 28/39 rounded and smooth, a pair of dorsal J-shaped double bands of cilia, anterior notopodial chaetae on posterior row with smooth, alimbated capillary chaetae, anterior neuropodial chaetae on anterior row with unilimbate capillaries, a posterior row of shorter, unilimbate, smooth capillary chaetae, hooded hooks slightly curved and sub-distally entire, the hoods open and extend distally or slightly beyond the tip of the hook. Dispio bescanzae sp. nov. is similar to D. panamensis sp. nov. in having deeply serrated anterior notopodial and neuropodial lamellae with papillae, a short caruncle, peristomium of the same length and lateral wings. However, D. bescanzae sp. nov. differs from D. panamensis sp. nov. in that the former has a hourglass-shaped prostomium, bluntly pointed anteriorly, a long, triangular caruncle, branchial tips distally pointed on all chaetigers, and the notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping on posterior chaetigers. In this species we observed one bidentate hooded hook on the posterior chaetiger of one adult specimen. See remarks about bidentate hooks in D. lenislamellata sp. nov. Further differences between this new species and the other species examined are provided in the key and Table 1. Etymology. This species is named after Díaz-Díaz’s mother-in-law, who recently passed away, and is dedicated to her and all the women in the Bescanza family. Type locality. Güiria, Venezuela. Ecology. Specimens were collected in shallow water (1.5 m deep) in fine, medium and coarse sands. Geographical distribution. Venezuela (Güiria and El Peñón).

Rhynchospio darwini Radashevsky, 2015 Rhynchospio darwini Radashevsky, 2015: 684 ���686, figs 33, 34. Material. Australia, Northern Territory, Timor Sea, Beagle Gulf, Fannie Bay, Darwin, Bullocky Point, 12.4356 ��S, 130.8323 ��E, intertidal, muddy sand, coll. V.I. Radashevsky, 3 Sep 2013, NTM W025648 (holotype), MIMB 28105 (paratype). Synopsis. Up to 5 mm long, 0.3 mm wide for 60 chaetigers. Prostomium with two conical fronto-lateral horns, extending posteriorly to end of chaetiger 1 as a low, indistinct caruncle. Occipital antenna absent. Two pairs of small red eyes arranged trapezoidally. Nuchal organs metameric; first pair of metamers on chaetiger 1 as curved ciliary bands on either side of low caruncle; successive metamers as one pair of ciliary bands on posterior half of each chaetiger ending on at least chaetiger 15. Chaetiger 1 with long capillaries and small postchaetal lamellae in both rami. Notopodia with only capillary chaetae throughout body. Sabre chaetae in neuropodia from chaetigers 11���12. Hooks in neuropodia from chaetigers 11���12, with only outer hood, tridentate, with two small upper teeth arranged in line above main fang; shaft slightly curved, without constriction in upper part. Branchiae from chaetiger 2 through most of body, flattened, with surfaces oriented parallel to body axis, free from notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Pygidium with one pair of ventral cirri and two pairs of thinner and slightly longer dorsal cirri. Simultaneous hermaphrodites with sperm in chaetigers 11���14 and oocytes from chaetiger 15 to chaetigers 25���30. Oocytes subspherical, with thin and smooth envelope less than 1 ��m thick, without vesicles. Spermatozoa with long and thin nucleus. Remarks. Two Rhynchospio species were originally described from Australia by Blake and Kudenov (1978), R. australiana from Western Australia, and R. glycera from New South Wales. Both species were described based on single individuals, never re-described and not reported from other localities. Gamete morphology and reproductive biology are not known for both. Adults of R. darwini from Northern Territory, Australia, appear very similar to those of R. nhatrangi from Nhatrang Bay, Vietnam (see Radashevsky 2007 a). Worms from these two localities have prostomia, pygidia and gametes of similar shape, and sabre chaetae, nuchal organs and branchiae of similar morphology and arrangement. They differ, however, in that mature individuals of R. nhatrangi have falcate unidentate hooks in neuropodia of chaetigers 11���14, and tridentate hooks from chaetiger 15 onwards, whereas mature individuals of R. darwini have only tridentate hooks in neuropodia from chaetigers 11���12., Published as part of Radashevsky, Vasily I., Pankova, Victoria V. & Nuzhdin, Sergey V., 2016, Molecular analysis of six Rhynchospio Hartman, 1936 species (Annelida: Spionidae) with comments on the evolution of brooding within the group, pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 4127 (3) on page 582, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.3.10, http://zenodo.org/record/255112, {"references":["Radashevsky, V. I. (2015) Spionidae (Annelida) from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia: the genera Aonides, Dipolydora, Polydorella, Prionospio, Pseudopolydora, Rhynchospio, and Tripolydora. Zootaxa, 4019 (1), 635 - 694. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4019.1.22","Blake, J. A. & Kudenov, J. D. (1978) The Spionidae (Polychaeta) from southeastern Australia and adjacent areas with a revision of the genera. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria, 39, 171 - 280.","Radashevsky, V. I. (2007 a) Morphology and biology of a new Rhynchospio species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the South China Sea, Vietnam, with the review of Rhynchospio taxa. Journal of Natural History, London, 41 (17), 985 - 997. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701376717"]}

Aurospio abranchiata sp. nov. Neal, Paterson & Soto (Figures 8 c, 10, 13, 14, Table 3) Prionospio sp B: Paterson et al., 2011 Material examined: 97 specimens examined in total. Holotype: Cascais canyon: RRS Charles Darwin, cruise 179, April���May 2006, St. 56823 # 2 2006.04.27, 38�� 18.01 ��� N, 09�� 47.02 ��� W, 3218 m, megacore (NHMUK 2015: 1043). Paratypes: Portuguese margin: Nazar�� canyon RSS Discovery 297 August 2005, St. 15755 # 1 39 �� 30.62 ���N, 09�� 56.19 ��� W, 3461 m, 3 individuals; St. 15760 #1, 39�� 30.02 ��� N, 09�� 56.17 ���W 3465 m, 5 individuals; St. 15762 #1, 39�� 30.02 ��� N, 09�� 56.22 ��� W, 3464 m, 2 individuals; St. 15758 #6, 39�� 34.99 ��� N, 10 ��19.00��� W, 4335 m, 5 individuals; St. 15765 #2, 39��35.00��� N, 10 �� 19.04 ��� W, 4336 m 4 individuals. RSS Charles Darwin cruise 179 April���May 2006, St. 56851 #1, 39�� 29.99 ��� N, 09�� 55.97 ��� W, 3517 m, 2 individuals; St. 56851 #2, 39�� 29.99 ��� N, 09�� 56.01 ��� W, 3517 m, 2 individuals. Set��bal canyon: RSS Charles Darwin cruise 179 April���May 2006, St. 56804 # 5 2006.04. 21 38 �� 09.27���N 09�� 36.93 ���W 3275m 8 individuals; St. 56804 # 6 2006.04. 21 38 �� 09.26���N 09�� 36.94 ���W 3275m, 10 individuals; St. 56806 # 1 2006.04. 21 38 �� 09.29���N 09�� 36.96 ���W 3275m, 10 individuals; St. 56810 # 1 2006.04. 23 38 �� 09.22���N 09�� 37.02 ���W 3224m, 1 individual; St. 56816 # 1 2006.04. 25 38 �� 09.27���N 09�� 36.94 ���W 3275m, 14 individuals; St. 56842 # 1 2006.05.0 5 38 �� 06.45���N 09�� 59.94 ���W 4482m, 2 individuals. Cascais canyon: RSS Charles Darwin cruise 179 April���May 2006, St. 56823 # 2 2006.04. 27 38 �� 18.01 ���N 09�� 47.02 ���W 3218m, 9 individuals; St. 56828 # 1 18.02 ���N 09�� 46.98 ���W 3199m, 1 individual. PA P: RRS Challenger II 79 May 1991: 52701 # 5 48 ��51.0���N 16 ��30.0���W, 4840 m, 1 individual. RRS Discovery D 222 September 1996: 12930 # 39 48 �� 49.95 ��� N, 16 �� 29.4 ��� W, 4840 m, 1 individual. RRS Discovery D 226 March 1998: 13077 #23, 48�� 49.28 ��� N, 16 �� 30.56 ��� W, 4844 m, 2 individuals. RRS Discovery D 229 July 1997: 13200 #20, 48�� 49.8 ��� N, 16 �� 29.62 ��� W, 4844 m, 2 individuals; 13200 # 47 48 �� 39.29 ��� N, 16 �� 30.27 ��� W, 4844 m, 1 individual. RRS Discovery D 231 March 1998: 13368 #36, 48�� 49.78 ��� N, 16 �� 30.17 ��� W, 4845 m, 2 individuals; 13368 #42, 48�� 50.08 ��� N, 16 �� 29.88 ��� W, 4844 m, 1 individual; 13368 #44, 48�� 49.7 ��� N, 16 �� 30.12 ��� W, 4844 m, 1 individual. Diagnostic features. Lack of branchiae, enlarged square-shaped notopodial lamellae on third segment; neuropodial lamellae largest on chaetiger 3 forming long, rectangular with rounded edges, wing-like structure which sometimes extends horizontally away from body. Description. Small and slender species, holotype incomplete with 45 segments, measuring 5.65 mm long for 45 segments and 0.2 mm wide (width at chaetiger 1). Colour in alcohol pale yellow. Body narrow and cylindrical, of uniform width throughout. Prostomium rounded, anterior margin entire, broadly rounded, prostomial peaks absent; short blunt caruncle, extending to anterior of chaetiger 1; eyes not observed. Peristomium well developed, ventrally and laterally distinct, dorsally partially fused to chaetiger 1, forming a collar around prostomium, without forming distinct lateral wings. Branchiae absent. Notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae reduced in chaetiger 1; notopodial lamellae on chaetiger 2 nearly square-shaped, meeting at midline and covering the dorsum in larger specimens but more widely separated in smaller ones (Fig. 11.2 a, 3 a); largest on chaetiger 3; lamellae large, nearly square, almost meeting at the midline, covering the entire dorsal surface of the segment in large specimens but not in smaller ones (Fig. 11.2 b, 3 b). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae on chaetigers 4���5 smaller, about half the size of those on chaetiger 3, changing from square to rounded shape from chaetiger 6 onwards, all well separated, not covering the dorsum (Fig 11.2 c, 2 d, 3 c, 3 d). Distinct dorsal crests from chaetiger 8���12. Interparapodial pouches absent. Neuropodial lamellae on chaetiger 2 square-shaped with rounded corners; on chaetiger 3 very large, rectangular with rounded edges (somewhat indented on outer rim), wing-like structure which sometimes extends horizontally away from body. The neuropodial postchaetal lamellae in other segments becoming more rounded and of similar size. Capillaries in two rows in both notopodia and neuropodia. Sabre chaetae present singly from chaetiger 10 in neuropodia; stout, strongly curved, no granulation. Neuropodial hooded hooks present from chaetiger 11���12, up to 4���5 par fascicle; at least five pairs of small teeth above the main fang; square-shaped primary hood, secondary hood present, rudimentary. Notopodial hooks present singly from chaetiger 38. Pygidium unknown. Methyl green pattern. Strong stain remains on sides of segments 5���17, even six months after staining. Remarks. The absence of branchiae together with the shape and size of both notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on third segment are diagnostic characteristics of this species. The absence of branchiae poses a difficulty in assigning this species to a genus with certainty. Within the Spionidae the genera Spiophanes Grube, 1860 and Spiogalea Aguirrezabalaga and Ceberio, 2005, are characterised by a lack of branchiae. However, the specimens described here do not belong to these genera because they lack modified, hook-like setae in the neuropodia of chaetiger 1, which are found in Spiophanes and the two chitinous plates surrounding the peristomium, which are characteristic of Spiogalea. The specimens also lack the characteristic arrangement of neuropodial chaetae found in the mid-chaetigers of Spiophanes described by Mei��ner & Hutchings (2003) and Mei��ner (2005). In overall appearance this species bears close resemblance to species belonging to the Prionospio complex. Our species does not seem to belong to either Paraprionospi o or Orthoprionospio based on the first segment having chaetae and the first chaetiger not being completely separated from peristomium usually found in Paraprionospi o and Orthoprionospio. The genus Streblospio can be eliminated because our specimens lack a ridge across chaetiger 1 and a prominent hood or collar across the dorsum of chaetiger 2; the form of the neuropodial multidentate hooks is also different. The problem of generic assignment arises when trying to determine whether the species belongs to the genus Aurospio or Prionospio. Aurospio was separated from Prionospio primarily on branchiae staring from third chaetiger, their shape, and that they are partially fused at their base to the notopodia. An additional character cited by Maciolek (1981) is the absence of a secondary hood in the hooks of Aurospio. Sigvaldadottir (1998) emphasised a lack of prostomial peaks, a short caruncle reaching to the anterior margin of chaetiger 1; pointed dorsal lamellae in mid-body segments, the absence of dorsal crests, and sabre chaetae starting on chaetiger 10 or earlier in her analyses of Prionospio. However, A. banyulensis (Laubier, 1966) and A. pilkensis (Wilson, 1990) do not have the branchiae fused to the base of the notopodia. Also, many species of Prionospio do not have secondary hoods in the neuropodial hooded hooks (Wilson 1990). Many of the characters highlighted by the cladistic analyses of Sigvaldadottir (1998) are actually also found in species of Prionospio. For example, short caruncles can be found in P. coorilla Wilson, 1990; P. pulchra Imajima, 1990; P. somaliensis Cognetti-Varriale, 1988; and P. vari gat a Imijima, 1990. Such overlap blurs the distinction between the genera and so we are left with the characters of the branchiae. Our species lacks these key characters. Thus it becomes difficult to place this new species into a genus. We do not believe that the absence of branchiae justifies erection of a new genus or subgenus within Prionospio ���complex, but provides further support for view of Wilson (1990) and Sigvaldadottir (1998) that the differentiation of genera/subgenera based primarily on branchial arrangement is not justified. Therefore, based on the overall body shape, shape of the prostomium and shape of the dorsal lamellae, particularly the pair associated with chaetiger 3, this new species most closely resembles the characters displayed by species of Aurospio. Aurospio dibranchiata, A. foodbancsia Mincks et al., 2008, and A. banyulensis appear to have large rectangular-shaped dorsal lamellae on chaetiger three, often orientated towards the mid-line. By contrast the dorsal lamellae of chaetiger 3 in Prionospio are usually described as foliose or auricular and pointed with a rounded tip. A. pilkena is an exception to this rule, having been placed in Aurospio presumably because the branchiae start on chaetiger 3. However, such characters have not been completely assessed by comparison with all other species of Prionospio and the assignment to Aurospio is principally by the general impression of the specimens, in particular the rounded shape of the prostomium. This is not a satisfactory conclusion. A major review of the generic boundaries, using molecular as well as morphological characters, will be needed to resolve this problem. Etymology. abranchiata ���refers to the absence of branchiae. Ecology. A. abranchiata sp. nov. was the second most abundant spionid species found in the canyons of the Iberian margin by the HERMES programme. However, it achieved higher densities in mid-depth canyons (around 3400 m) than in deep-water canyons with highest densities found in Cascais canyon, where it replaced P. vallensis sp. nov. as the most dominant spionid species. Cascais canyon is considered to be the most quiescent of the three canyons studied along the Portuguese margin. Cascais canyon also had the lowest abundance, but highest diversity and evenness, of polychaete assemblages. Aurospio abranchiata sp. nov. was also found in Set��bal canyon at 3400 m during RRS Discovery cruise 186 in 1989, where it was highly dominant, contributing nearly 30 % of the total polychaete abundance. The increased density during D 186 compared with densities recorded during the HERMES program is difficult to interpret as different mesh-sized sieves were used. A. abranchiata sp. nov. is a very slender species and larger numbers could have been caught in the 0.3 -mm mesh used during D 186 than in 0.5 -mm and 1 - mm mesh used during the HERMES sampling program. The species is also quite numerous in the sediment samples from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain where it reaches abundances of 40 individuals per metre 2. The absence of branchiae provides an interesting insight into evolutionary adaptations in these deep-sea spionids. The deep-sea species of Aurospio ��� A.dibranchiata, A.foodbancsia, and A. abranchiata sp. nov. show a reduction both in the size of branchiae and also in the number. A. dibranchiata has two pairs of small branchiae, A. foodbancsia has one pair while A. abranchiata sp. nov. has no branchiae. The absence of branchiae in A. abranchiata sp. nov. could be compensated by extremely large notopodial lamellae, which are also a diagnostic feature of this species. Distribution. Porcupine Abyssal Plain at 4800 m, Nazar��, Set��bal and Cascais canyons along Portuguese margin at 3199���4485 m., Published as part of Paterson, Gordon L. J., Neal, Lenka, Altamira, Iris, Soto, Eulogio H., Smith, Craig R., Menot, Lenaick, Billett, David S. M., Cunha, Marina R., Marchais-Laguionie, Claire & Glover, Adrian G., 2016, New Prionospio and Aurospio Species from the Deep Sea (Annelida: Polychaeta) in Zootaxa 4092 (1) on pages 24-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/259914

Dispio Hartman, 1951 emended Type species: Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Prostomium spindle-shaped, fusiform, peanut-shaped, ovoid-shaped, rectangular-shaped, wedgeshaped, hourglass-shaped, anteriorly bluntly pointed, with narrow or blunt, short or long caruncle extending to middle (short) or posterior margin (long) of chaetiger 1; peristomium well-developed, expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps, forming low lateral wings (some species with lateral wings more developed than others; lateral wings not attached to prostomium, e.g. D. glabrilamellata, D. latilamella, D. anauncinata sp. nov, and are separated from chaetiger 1; two pairs of eyes, arranged in a nearly straight line or trapezoid, or eyes absent. Well-developed, lobulated, eversible proboscis. Occipital tentacle absent. Palps short, extending to chaetigers 5 ��� 12; palps with single band of transverse rows of cilia on one side of ventral ciliated groove; palp sheaths large, with smooth edges and without special adornment, fused to base of palps. Anterior postchaetal notopodial lamellae serrated (sometimes slender with longer, or shorter digitiform papillae along margin; papillae found on lamellae up to chaetiger 13; lamellae of subsequent chaetigers lack papillae, or chaetiger 1 much broader (spoon-shaped, with shorter digitiform papillae along margin), or notopodial lamellae entire. Anterior neuropodial lamellae serrated (with shorter digitiform extensions along margin and extensions found on lamellae of up to chaetiger 4; lamellae of subsequent chaetigers lack extension) or neuropodial lamellae entire, rounded or triangular. Prechaetal notopodial and neuropodial lamellae well-developed anteriorly and low posteriorly. Branchiae from chaetiger 1, smooth, fused completely or partially with notopodial lamellae, distal ends free, continuing nearly to end of body. Accessory branchiae on posterior surface of notopodia from chaetigers 8 ��� 30, initially with a single digitate lobe, increasing to 8 (as short nodules or fingerlike palmate lobes) digitate lobes on posterior chaetigers, or absent (D. brachychaeta, D. magnus D. oculata). Each branchiae with a well-developed narrow band of cilia along inner edge, continuous with that of branchiae on other side of body and joined by a narrow transverse band of cilia across dorsum, which on posterior chaetigers runs along dorsal edge of a thin, elevated dorsal crest; ciliary band sometimes interrupted at base of branchiae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped or J-shaped (arranged obliquely) double bands of cilia (= metameric dorsal ciliated organs) with a transverse band of cilia between them. Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae present or absent. With capillary notochaetae only; notochaetae of chaetiger 1 and succeeding chaetigers in three groups, including a group of capillary chaetae dorsal to an anterior row of stout capillaries, and a posterior row of thinner capillary chaetae. Neurochaetae in three groups, two rows similar in morphology to notochaetae, plus a ventral fascicle of inferior chaetae replacing sabre chaetae; unidentate neuropodial hooded hooks in larvae and juveniles (rare in adults, with bidentate and unidentate hooded hooks integrated in same fascicle). Bidentate hooks in adults replacing anterior row of capillary neurochaetae from chaetigers 15 ��� 44. Some capillaries and sabre chaetae with a heavily reticulated and granular shaft, others only with granulation (D. magnus, D. brachychaeta). Some capillaries on anterior rows with distinct transverse barring pattern, composed of partitions and chambers in shafts, giving chaetae a cracked appearance; reticulations sometimes interspersed with dense groups of granules. Pygidium with midventral flap or flange and either one (Dispio lenislamellata sp. nov.) or two pairs of long cirri (D. anauncinata sp. nov.) or absent (D. magnus), or pygidium reduced with small papillae on ventral surface (D. latilamella). Remarks. The present diagnosis is based on examinations of type and non-type specimens, as well as the original descriptions of all species in the genus. The major changes from previous diagnoses concern the chaetal arrangements of the notochaetae in a dorsal tuft and two rows. This proposal is supported by our own observations of the new species. Dispio species do not possess occipital tentacles. Many segments have a pair of dorsal Cshaped or J-shaped (arranged obliquely) double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them. Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae may be present or absent (not visible). It is sometimes difficult to discern where the sabre chaetae begin and detailed examination is thus required (e.g., for D. magnus and D. brachychaeta). There are almost always 5 ��� 6 small chaetae in the position of sabre chaetae on chaetiger 1 and along the first 10 or 11 chaetigers. The sabre chaetae increase in size abruptly from chaetigers 10 ��� 11, and reduce in number to 2 ��� 3 chaetae, with the shaft showing a greater curvature. The sabre chaetae may be reticulated with uniformly arranged granules, or granulated. The number of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae with digitiform papillae can serve as a useful diagnostic character along with other morphological traits. The first accessory branchiae can be seen on the inside of the celoma, and may start from there with a single external papilla, with the number of papillae increasing along the body to form a clump., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 153-154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174, {"references":["Hartman, O. (1951) The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, University of Texas, 2, 7 - 124."]}

Dispio maroroi Gibbs, 1971 Figure 3 A���P Dispio maroroi Gibbs, 1971: 166 ���167, fig. 11 A���D. Type material. Solomon Islands: Komimbo Bay (Holotype); Graham Pt. (Paratypes), clean sand at LWM British Museum (Natural History) Registration No. Holotype 1970.53, paratype 1970.53 Redescription. Holotype incomplete, anterior fragment with 45 chaetigers, 18 mm long, 2 mm wide. Paratype incomplete, anterior fragment with 86 chatigers, 45 mm long, 2 mm wide. Color in alcohol light brown, no other pigmentation present. Prostomium peanut-shaped, pointed anteriorly (Fig. 3 A), posteriorly tapered, with a long, narrow caruncle observed as a longitudinal large nuchal ridge, extending to posterior margin of chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3 B). Two pairs of black-brown subdermal eyes, all kidney-shaped in a trapezoidal arrangement. Palps lost. Peristomium short, expanded laterally, partially enveloping prostomium and extending around base of palps forming moderate lateral wings, separated from chaetiger 1 (Fig. 3 A���B). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of chaetiger 1 expanded, bearing 7 digitiform papillae along distal and middle margins (Fig. 3 A); notopodial lamellae on chaetiger 2 with 5 digitiform papillae along distal and middle margins, basal margin entire. Lamellae of chaetiger 3 and following to end of fragment entire, with ruffled distal and middle margins, basal margin rounded (Fig. 3 A); lamellae with ventral edge pointed from chaetiger 22 (Fig. 3 C). Ventral and dorsal edges of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae not overlapping or touching on any chaetigers. Notopodial prechaetal lamellae large, oval on anterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 D) thereafter increasing in size, rounded, wider on middle and posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 E); all lamellae not basally fused with notopodial postchaetal lamellae. Each segment with a pair of dorsal C-shaped double bands of cilia with a transverse band of cilia between them (Fig. 3 C). Lateral organs between notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae visible but small on middle chaetigers (Fig. 3 F). All neuropodial postchaetal lamellae rounded on chaetigers 1 ��� 5 (Fig. 3 A), lamellae rectangular, wider on chaetigers 6 ��� 10 (Fig. 3 G); becoming rectangular with a well-developed dorsal edge on chaetigers 10 ��� 21 (Fig. 3 H), developing into a pointed upper border from around chaetigers 22 ��� 40 (Fig. 3 I); subsequent parapodia decreasing in size with triangular upper and lower borders up to end of fragments. Neuropodial prechaetal lamellae large, rounded, wide (Fig. 3 A, G); smaller on middle chaetigers (Fig. 3 H), decreasing gradually in size on posterior chaetigers; all lamellae not fused basally with neuropodial postchaetal lamellae. Branchiae present from chaetiger 1, continuing to end of body; all branchiae smooth, long, tapering (Fig. 3 A), touching each other mid-dorsally on middle chaetigers; almost completely fused to notopodial lamellae, branchial tips free, distally pointed in a spear shape on all chaetigers (Fig. 3 E), slightly longer than notopodial lamellae (Fig. 3 A, D, E). Each branchia with a dense band of cilia along inner edge (Fig. 3 A, E). Accessory branchiae present from chaetigers 18 ��� 20, on posterior side of notopodial base (Fig. 3 J). Each palmate group comprising 6 to 8 lobes, with each lobe containing a vascular loop (Fig. 3 J). Notochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in a dorsal tuft and a ventral fascicle: dorsal tuft with long, smooth, slender capillaries extending beyond margins of notopodial lamellae, between palps; ventral fascicle arranged in two rows: an anterior row of broad, unilimbated, heavily reticulated, pointed capillaries (Fig. 3 K) and a posterior row of long, slender, alimbated, smooth capillaries (Fig. 3 L), capillaries of posterior row longer than those of anterior row; less numerous than those of dorsal fascicle. Notochaetae of chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers arranged similarly as those of chaetiger 1; posterior chaetigers with an anterior row of broader chaetae and narrower unilimbated, reticulated capillaries (Fig. 3 M); orange-tipped chaetae on several posterior chaetigers (Fig. 3 J). Notopodial hooded hooks absent. Neurochaetae of chaetiger 1 arranged in two rows: an anterior row comprised of stout, slightly reticulated, granulated, unilimbated capillaries, and a posterior row of long, smooth, alimbate capillary chaetae; in addition a ventral tuft of 4���5 slender, shorter, smooth, alimbated capillaries located in position of sabre chaetae. Arrangement of neurochaetae on chaetiger 2 and subsequent chaetigers similar to those of chaetiger 1, except for three additional longer, stouter slightly reticular, granulated, unilimbated sabre chaetae (Fig. 3 P) (longer, stouter from chaetigers 14 ��� 15; 15 in holotype). Neurochaetae of middle chaetigers arranged in two rows: anterior row comprised of hooded hooks (Fig. 3 N), posterior row of long, smooth, unilimbated, wide capillary chaetae (Fig. 3 O). Unidentate hooded hooks from chaetigers 28 ��� 29, 28 in holoype (Fig. 3 N), up to 5 per neuropodium. Hooded hooks opening distally (Fig. 3 N). Pygidium lost. Remarks. The original description given by Gibbs (1971) was brief and also incorrect in a number of aspects (e.g., we did not find any specimens with a small occipital tentacle, two small eyes (possibly the first pair of eyes lost due to discoloration of the preserved samples over time), low and rounded prechaetal lamellae). We reexamined the D. mororoi holotype and paratype, and the description of this species here agrees somewhat with that of Gibbs (1971), but with differences such as the presence of a long, narrow caruncle with a large longitudinal nuchal ridge, two pairs of eyes, and large oval prechaetal notopodial lamellae on anterior chaetigers. In addition, we provide further information regarding the postchaetal notopodial and neuropodial lamellae along the body, as well as lateral and dorsal organs, which were not noted by Gibbs (1971) and few drawings were included. Distribution. Solomon Islands: Komimbo Bay; Graham Pt., clean sand at LWM., Published as part of Delgado-Blas, V��ctor Hugo & D��az-D��az, Oscar, 2016, Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 4178 (2) on pages 157-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/163174, {"references":["Gibbs, P. E. (1971) The polychaete fauna of the Solomon Islands. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 21, 101 - 211. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10154"]}

Laonice galatheae sp. nov. (Figures 1 A���F, 2, 5) Laonice cirrata ��� Kirkegaard 1959: 18 (partim). Holotype: "Galathea"���Exp., off Angola, Loanda-Lobito, St. 116, 12�� 14.3 ��S, 13 �� 27 ��E, 100 m, 20 Dec. 1950 (ZMUC-POL- 643). Paratypes: R/V "Atlantide"���Exp., Off Gold Coast, St. 75, 04�� 44 ��N, 01�� 36 ��W, 46 m, muddy sand, 23 Jan. 1946 (2 specimens, ZMUC-POL- 639); R/V "Galathea"���Eksp., Guinea Bay, off River Congo, St. 75, 05�� 41 ��S, 11 �� 38 ��E, 201 m, rather coarse mud, t=13,5��C, 0 7 Dec. 1950 (1, ZMUC-POL- 640); "Galathea"���Eksp., Guinea Bay, off River Congo, St. 88, 06�� 24 ��S, 12 ��01��E, 75 m, 0 8 Dec. 1950 (1, ZMUC-POL- 641); "Galathea"���Eksp., off Cunene river, St. 132, 17�� 13 ��S, 11 �� 27 ��E, 200 m, 22 Dec. 1950 (1, ZMUC-POL- 644). Description. Holotype: anterior fragment with 33 chaetigers, 1.37 mm wide. Neuropodial hooded hooks appear from chaetiger 23, up to 4 per neuropodium. Nuchal organ extending to chaetiger 16. Last chaetiger carrying branchiae is not detectable. Sabre chaetae present from chaetiger 14, up to 4 per fascicle. Genital pouches appear on chaetiger 7 on the left side, 5 on the right (genital pouches absent after chaetiger 12 on the left side and after 13 on the right). All material examined: from 1.20 to 2.25 mm wide at chaetigers 7���12 (only one specimen���ZMUC-POL- 640 ���was wider than 2 mm). Prostomium almost triangular (Figs 1 A, B; 2). Anterior margin of prostomium slightly rounded, not fused with peristomium at anterior corners. One pair of small eyespots (if visible���Fig. 1 A) in the posterior part of prostomium. Occipital tentacle well developed, erect. It is possible to trace the length of nuchal organ in only three specimens (ZMUC-POL- 640, 641 and 643): in two former cases, it reaches up to chaetiger 12 but in the last one it is possible to trace it until chaetiger 15. Caruncle does not seem to follow nuchal organ, it stops on the level of chaetiger 2. Short palps (extending to chaetiger 4 or 5) were intact only on one specimen (ZMUC-POL- 640). Anterior 15���17 chaetigers slightly wider than the subsequent segments. Branchiae at chaetiger 2 are comparable in height to notopodial postchaetal lamellae, clearly lower than notopodial postchaetal lamellae at chaetiger 3, becoming obviously higher only from chaetiger 5. Branchiae present until chaetiger 33 in one specimen (Holotype); other specimens do not have intact branchiae on posterior segments. Last segment bearing branchiae not detected. Notopodial postchaetal lamellae of anterior 14 to 15 chaetigers with pointed tips (Fig. 1 C). Notopodial postchaetal lamellae are not pointed in subsequent segments, but have a narrow and elongated upper part (Fig. 1 D���arrow). Condition of the material does not allow description of the shape of notopodial lamellae in post branchial region. Prechaetal notopodial lamellae (in upper part of notopodia) large and most prominent from chaetiger 6 to 15 (Fig. 1 C���arrows). Neuropodial postchaetal lamellae of anterior 3���4 chaetigers with acute lateral tips; lamellae rounded with small but recognizable acute peaks on the lateral margins on subsequent segments until chaetiger 16; upper margins of neuropodial lamellae are acute until chaetiger 25 or 26 and sharply pointed upward on the subsequent segments (Fig. 1 D). Dorsal transverse membranes connecting bases of notopodial postchaetal lamellae were not detected. Genital pouches first appearing on chaetiger 5 or 6, continuing to chaetigers 9���16. Number of segments bearing pouches from 4 to 10. Noto- and neuropodial capillaries arranged in more than two vertical rows per fascicle on anterior 17���19 chaetigers (in up to four rows between chaetigers 4���6 and 13���14). Neuropodial hooded hooks first appear from chaetiger 23 to 30, up to 6 per fascicle; hooks are bidentate in side view or tridentate (Fig. 1 E���F) with apical teeth located in tandem; details are hardly visible without immersion. Sabre chaetae from chaetiger 13 to 18; 3���4 per fascicle at first appearance, reduced to only one after two to four segments. Notopodial hooks not found. Pygidium unknown. Worms without pigment. Methyl green staining pattern. The most stable patterns from 75 % ethanol staining persists as ventral longitudinal stripes on the prostomium and on notopodial postchaetal lobes of chaetigers 2 till 9. Distribution. West Africa, from Angola to Ivory Coast (Fig. 5). Etymology. The name is given after the name of the Danish expedition ship that collected most of the specimens of this species. Remarks. Unfortunately, preservation of the material is quite poor and does not allow seeing well some morphological characters. This species is close to the group of species having capillaries arranged in more than 2 rows in anterior parapodia: L. appelloefi S��derstr��m, 1920; L. weddelia Hartman, 1978; L. blakei Sikorski & Jirkov, 1988; L. nuchala Blake, 1996; L. norgensis Sikorski, 2003; L. maciolekae Aguirrezabalaga & Ceberio, 2005 and L. vieitezi Lopez, 2011. L. maciolekae was synonymized (Mei��ner et al. 2014) with L. appelloefi. L. appelloefi, just as L. galatheae, has anterior notopodial prechaetal lobes, genital pouches from chaetiger 5���7, similar length of nuchal organ and similar shape of neuropodial hooks. But L. appelloefi has pointed notopodial postchaetal lobes only until chaetiger 7 or 8 whereas L. galatheae until chaetiger 14 or 15, and the obvious anterior widening of the body in L. appelloefi is absent in L. galatheae. L. weddelia and L. galatheae differ obviously in the length of the nuchal organ (to chaetiger 20 in L. weddelia and to chaetiger 12���15 in L. galatheae) and by number of branchiae (to chaetiger 50 in L. weddelia and to chaetiger 33 in L. galatheae). L. blakei differs from L. galatheae by multidentate hooks, by much longer branchiae on chaetiger 2 and by appearance of genital pouches from chaetiger 3. L. nuchala has about 20 segments bearing genital pouches (compared to 4���10 in L. galatheae) starting from chaetiger 7���8 (compared to chaetiger 5���6 in L. galatheae). L. norgensis and L. vieitezi differ from L. galatheae by more posterior appearance of genital pouches, by high transversal dorsal membranes on middle segments, by branchiae existing until nearly the very posterior chaetigers, and by longer nuchal organ., Published as part of Sikorski, Andrey & Pavlova, Lyudmila, 2016, Three new species of Laonice (Polychaete: Spionidae) from West and Southwest Africa, pp. 353-368 in Zootaxa 4097 (3) on pages 354-356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4097.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/265009, {"references":["Kirkegaard, J. B. (1959) The Polychaeta of West Africa. Part I. Sedentary species. Atlantide Report, 5, 7 - 117.","Soderstrom, A. (1920) Studien uber die Polychatenfamilie Spionidae. Inaugural-Dissertation. Almquist & Wicksells, Uppsala, 286 pp.","Hartman, O. (1978) Polychaeta from the Weddell Sea Quadrant, Antarctica. Biology of the Antarctic Seas VI. Antarctic Research Series, 26 (4), 125 - 223.","Sikorski, A. V., Jirkov, I. A. & Tsetlin, A. B. (1988) The genus Laonice (Polychaeta, Spionidae) in the Arctic Ocean: weighing the taxonomic characters and species composition. Zoologicheskiy Zhurnal, 67 (6), 826 - 838. [in Russian, English summary]","Blake, J. A. (1996) Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. Including a review of the genera and species from California and a revision of the genus Polydora Bosc, 1802. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Chanel Vol. 6, The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara, California: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 1 b, 81 - 223.","Aguirrezabalaga, F. & Ceberio, A. (2005) Spionidae (Polychaeta) from the Capbreton Canyon (Bay of Biscay, NE Atlantic) with description of a new genus and three new species. Marine Biology Research, 1, 267 - 280. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000500262066","Lopez, E. (2011) A new species of Laonice (Spionidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from Bellingshausen Sea (West Antarctica). Helgoland Marine Research, 65, 257 - 261. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 011 - 0248 - 1"]}

Scolelepis Blainville, 1828 Scolelepis Blainville, 1828. Type species: Lumbricus squamatus Abildgaard, in O.F. M��ller, 1806, by monotypy., Published as part of Surugiu, Victor, 2016, On the taxonomic status of the European Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with description of a new species from southern Europe, pp. 151-176 in Zootaxa 4161 (2) on page 154, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4161.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/263909, {"references":["Blainville, H. de (1828) Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite methodiquement des differents etres de la nature, consideres soit en eux-memes, d'apres l'etat actuel de nos connaissances, soit relativement a l'utilite qu'en peuvent retirer la medicine, l'agriculture, le commerce et les arts. Suivi d'une biographie des plus celebres naturalistes. Volume 57, F. G. Levrault, Strasbourg & Paris, 628 pp.","Muller, O. F., Abildgaard, P. C., Vahl, M., Holten, J. S. & Rathke, J. (1806) Zoologiae Danica seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum. Descriptiones et historia. Volume IV. Volume Atlas. N. Christensen: Havniae [Copenhagen], 1 - 2, 46 pp., pls. 121 - 160."]}