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The purpose of this is to classify the social and economic factors, which affect the involvement of women in self-help groups (SHGs) for their economic as well as social empowerment. Primary data have been gathered from women respondent only on factors relating to the ownership of asset, housing characteristics and other demographic details. Both SHG and non-SHG women members have been chosen as key informants during the survey. Multi-stage purposive and stratified random sampling has been used for the selection of respondents and SHGs. Also, an empowerment index has been constructed to measure the effect of SHGs on women empowerment. The results show that factors including age, education, family type and distance from the market have a significant impact on the participation of women in SHGs. Analytically derived factors have been used to develop an empowerment index. Hence, the present research is valuable for marketing practitioners, entrepreneurs and professionals from the development sector who intend to work amongst SHGs, primarily with women. The present research is unique because the authors did not find work, especially in the context of rural India, in the said area. Factors impacting the participation of women in SHGs along with the impact of participation on empowerment have been explored using the logit regression model, leading to the development of an empowerment index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration at present has played a very important role in the life of every individual. Administrative law is considered as one of the most emerging fields of law which is of recent origin. According to justice Qadri significant difference between a government which is being democratic and elected by the people and government of despots lies in the fact that in case of latter there is no restriction on the the power but in case of the former the nature of power is definite and are exercised by the regulation of law. Administrative law found its way during mid of 20th century as a separate legal discipline in India. Till 19th century the role of the states were limited and were mostly been consisted of maintainability of public order, disposition of armed forces along with the involvement of the government in Foreign Affairs. The present scenario is however different the states at present is much more focused in protecting the public interest and maintenance of law and order also it is quite commonly found that the state has to intervene the life of the citizens at a considerable degree. The action that are being carried out under the domain of Administrative law are called as administrative actions. These actions are nothing but legal action which is focused towards the modalities of public administrative body. administrative actions has the power to authority for taking certain action without disrupting the principal of natural justice. In Ram Jawaya Vs. State of Panjab¹ case supreme court stated that it is not very easy to give appropriate definition of administrative action. Generally administrative action included all types of those action which are not Judicial and legislative action. After excepting the Judicial and legislative work, all the rest action are called administrative action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A simple expression is proposed for the band gap narrowing (or shrinkage) in semiconductors using optical absorption measurements of spin coated 1 at.% Ga-doped ZnO (with additional 0-1.5 at.% zinc species) thin films as ΔEBGN=Bn1/3 [1 - (nc/n)1/3], where B is the fitting parameter, n is carrier concentration, and nc is the critical density required for shrinkage onset. Its uniqueness lies in not only describing variation of DEBGN correctly but also allowing deduction of nc automatically for several M-doped ZnO (M: Ga, Al, In, B, Mo) systems. The physical significance of the term [1 - (nc/n)1/3] is discussed in terms of carrier separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic gingival overgrowth is an unusual condition that leads to a gigantic overgrowth of the gums without any specific etiology. The enlargement leads to multiple issues and makes chewing difficult for the patient along with the unsightly appearance. Here we present a case of idiopathic gingival enlargement without any syndromic association in a 45- year old female patient. It was managed by surgical treatment including gingivectomy followed by gingivoplasty and was monitored regularly due to its high rate of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female fertility in domestic animals in India has exhaustively suffered owing to indiscriminate breeding with single objective of increasing milk production. First lactation data on 7782 Mehsana buffaloes sired by 184 bulls maintained under field progeny testing programme at Dudhsagar Research and Development Association, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana, over a period of 24 years were used for study of fertility traits viz. days open, first to successful service period (FTSS) and daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) and production traits viz. first lactation milk yield (FLMY), first lactation fat yield (FLFY) and average fat percentage (AFP). The voluntary waiting period (VWP) was standardised based on the higher estimates for FLMY and FLMY per unit first calving interval. VWP for Mehsana buffaloes was standardised as 63 days after first calving and consequently DPR of Mehsana buffalo was also estimated as 31%. Fertility traits were further evaluated in terms of production traits. Regression analysis revealed that the increase in 1 kg FLFY and 100 kg FLMY led to the increase of First Service Period by 0.013 days and decrease in the DPR by 1.89%, respectively. Increase in milk yield led to increase in FTSS. However, for each 100 kg increase in fat yield and 1% increase in AFP, there is increase in DPR by 0.08% and 0.051%, respectively. Based on the present findings, it may be recommended to have a breeding programme which give due weightage to both production and fertility traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Controlling partner opportunism in public-private partnership (PPP) requires effective adaptation of governance mechanisms over life-cycle. This paper proposes a process framework of effective governance adaptation for controlling partner opportunism in case of PPP. Design/methodology/approach: Using in-depth interview data and extensive secondary data, a comparative case analysis of governance adaptation for controlling partner opportunism in two provinces in the "National Health Insurance Program" in India was conducted. The study uses contextual analysis and critical incident technique to identify the opportunistic behaviors and use processing tracing to map the adaptation of governance mechanisms for effective control of partner opportunism. Findings: The paper makes several propositions and proposes a three-stage framework for effective governance adaptation for controlling partner opportunism. The study proposes that governance adaptation begins with the iterative process of discovering governance needs, followed by the dynamic interaction between governance mechanisms shaping the adaptation process. The process ends with two-dimensional alignment–alignment of partner's goal and alignment of governance mix with governance needs resulting in effective governance. Research limitations/implications: The paper contributes to the existing debates on governance mix and its effectiveness in PPP by proposing two-dimensional alignment for optimal governance adaptation leading to effective PPP governance. Originality/value: Existing research presents contradictory findings about the effectiveness of governance mechanisms to control partner opportunism. The proposed process-view of governance adaptations tries to address this conundrum to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]