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Irradiation of IR Free Electron Laser at Tokyo University of Science (FEL-TUS) to t-butyl isonitrile ((CH3)3CNC) in the gas phase induced the isomerization reaction to trimethylacetonitrile ((CH3)3CCN). From the kinetic analyses, the isomerization reaction was attributed to the IR multiphoton activated unimolecular process. The wide frequency tunability of FEL-TUS enabled us to reveal that the excitation of the NC as well as the CN stretching motion efficiently drove the isomerization.

Circadian blood pressure (BP) patterns are regulated mainly by autonomic nerve system. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) reveals that BP has circadian pattern over a 24 h period. The decline in nocturnal BP by 10-20% is considered to be normal (a dipper pattern). Non-dipper, riser, and extreme-dipper circadian patterns are considered to be abnormal because of their association with poor prognosis and end organ damage such as heart failure and cerebral vascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, end organ damage alters circadian BP patterns especially at night and people with CVD or heart failure have a high prevalence of abnormal circadian BP patterns.

Renal afferent arterioles (AFF) regulate glomerular capillary pressure through two main mechanisms: the myogenic response (MYO) and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). Because Rho-kinase and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are established factors that modulate vascular tone, we examined the role of these factors in pressure-induced AFF tone in Wistar-Kyoto rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) using an intravital CCD camera. Elevated renal perfusion pressure elicited marked AFF constriction that was partially inhibited by gadolinium, furosemide and fasudil, which inhibit MYO, TGF and Rho-kinase, respectively; however, this AFF constriction was completely blocked by combined treatment with fasudil+gadolinium or fasudil+furosemide. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (SMTC) partially reversed the fasudil-induced inhibition of TGF-mediated, but not that of MYO-mediated, AFF constriction. In SHR, the pressure-induced AFF response was enhanced, and MYO- and TGF-induced constriction were exaggerated. In the presence of gadolinium, SMTC partially mitigated the fasudil-induced inhibition of TGF-mediated AFF constriction. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated that both Rho-kinase activity and neuronal NOS were augmented in SHR kidneys. In conclusion, Rho-kinase contributes to MYO- and TGF-mediated AFF responses, and these responses are enhanced in SHR. Furthermore, neuronal NOS-induced nitric oxide modulates the TGF mechanism. This mechanism constitutes a target for Rho-kinase in TGF-mediated AFF constriction.

Brooding and nest-maintenance behaviors of the bagrid catfish Auchenoglanis occidentalis (Valenciennes, 1840) were studied in the southern end of Lake Tanganyika. We observed huge saucerlike nests, 1.2–3.8 m across, on the fine sand bottom of the littoral zone. The lowest parts of the nests were covered with an accumulation of coarse particles consisting mainly of gastropod and bivalve shells and shell-fragments, which the catfish sifted out from the sediment. Broods were buried within the shell accumulation and tended solely by males for up to two weeks until the juveniles were motile. Brooding males spent most of their time fanning the pectoral fins and undulating the posterior body. These movements resulted in water flow over the broods, which might serve to prevent oxygen deficiency. They did not act aggressively against intruding potential brood-predators. Nest distribution and relationships between nest size and shell content in the sediment suggest that nest site selection and nest size ar...

AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference, 9th, Norfolk, VA, Nov. 1-5, 1999, 資料番号: AC1000062000, レポート番号: AIAA-1999-4871

著者人数: 4名, 資料番号: AC1000023000

著者人数: 5名, 資料番号: AC1000022000

気液接触・泡沫分離処理, 硝化・固液分離処理, およびpH・水温調整のプロセスを組み合わせた閉鎖循環式の魚類飼育システム(泡沫分離・硝化システム)を用いて, 90日間にわたってヒラメの飼育実験を行い, 飼育水の水質変化と炭素(C), 窒素(N), リン(P)の物質収支を求めた。飼育水のDO飽和度は平均96%(範囲88a99%), 濁度3.1TU(0.4a11.5TU)であった。NH4-Nは1mg/l以下に維持されたが, NO3-Nは給餌量の累積に伴って増加した。総給餌量に含まれるCの63%はCO2として放出され, Nの28%はNO3-Nとして飼育水に蓄積し, Pの66%は懸濁物として硝化槽に沈殿した。

Computations of internal viscous flowfields of scramjet models were conducted at inflow Mach numbers of 3.4 and 5.45. A hybrid unstructured grid method was used to compute the scramjet models with and without a short strut. The numerical method to solve the Navier-Stokes equations on the hybrid unstructured grid was developed using a finite volume cell vertex scheme and the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) implicit time integration algorithm. The computational results revealed that a thick subsonic region did not exist in the combustor near the top wall at Mach number 5.45. It was a desirable feature to avoid unstarting the engine. With the use of a strut, the relatively low velocity regions increased and the downward flow toward the cowl behind the step became strong. An overconcentration of fuel toward the top wall during weak combustion was observed in the experiment. The reason for this was that the airflow near the injector was turned to the top wall due to the small influence of combustion in the experiment.

We report a case with portal systemic encephalopathy who presented with dressing and constructional apraxia and subtle weakness of the left hand. We initially suspected a cerebrovascular attack in the right cerebral hemisphere, but brain T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed high intensity in the basal ganglia and hyperammonemia was detected. We performed abdominal MR angiography, which visualized an intrahepatic portal systemic shunt. Cerebral blood flow, measured by xenon-enhanced computed tomography, was decreased in the bilateral, but more dominantly right-sided, parietal watershed regions. We speculate that these boundary territories might be susceptible to damage by toxic metabolites of hepatic encephalopathy.

Changes in blood gas levels, blood pressure and heart rate were studied in chronically cannulated mudskippers, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, subjected to air exposure (6 h), aquatic hypoxia with access to air (water Air exposure did not affect either blood O2 and had little effect on blood CO2 levels, but blood pH increased slightly, but significantly. Blood ammonia concentration was elevated sixfold during air exposure. Aquatic hypoxia caused no significant changes in blood gas levels. When the fish was forcibly submerged, blood O2 saturation decreased rapidly to approximately 30 %. Blood and total CO2 also decreased, but blood pH was unaffected by forcible submersion. Air exposure did not affect blood pressure or heart rate. Aquatic hypoxia did not affect blood pressure but transiently increased heart rate. In contrast, forced submersion significantly depressed heart rate throughout the period of submersion, while blood pressure decreased only transiently. Upon emersion, the heart rate immediately increased to above the control level when the fish took its first air breath. Key words: mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, blood gas, cardiac function, hypoxia, air exposure.

著者人数: 5名, 資料番号: AC1000021000

閉鎖循環式の泡沫分離・硝化システムと従来の流水式システムでヒラメを飼育し, 閉鎖循環式養殖の可能性を検討した。本閉鎖循環式システムは, 飼育水槽, 空気自吸式エアーレーターを設置した気液接触・泡沫分離槽, 硝化・固液分離槽, およびpH・水温調整槽からなる。ヒラメ幼魚200尾を収容(初期収容率2.8%)し, 90日間の飼育実験(実験終了時収容率5.0%)を行った。本閉鎖循環式システムと流水式システムを比較すると, 生残率はそれぞれ93.5%と98%であり, また, 飼料効率は, それぞれ117%と110%であった。本閉鎖循環式システムによって, 飼育水をほぼ完全に排水することなしに, 高密度飼育することができた。

著者人数: 5名, 資料番号: AC1000037000

In the small filefishRudarius ercodes inhabiting temperatre seaweed beds, 2–10 males follow a gravid female, in a line until spawning early in the morning. Formation of the spawning parade and change of male order were investigated in a large aquarium. Males competed for the position nearest to the female during the parade, while the female controlled the parade by her swimming speed and course. During the parade, male members and their order changed frequently. The male order in the parade was related with the intensity of nuptial coloration, which changed according to the social rank. The female sometimes tried to take a spawning posture but rejected spawning when male positioning was not good for her, for example, far different from parading order. The female spawned with 2–5 males on each side. The nearest mating positions to the female were usually occupied by two males that had been staying at an anterior position in the parade for a long time. During the spawning parade over a long distance and time, females ofR. ercodes can choose multiple suitable males in a variable environment like a temperate seaweed bed.

著者人数: 6名, 資料番号: AC1000020000

著者人数: 5名, 資料番号: AC1000019000

Rho-kinase plays an important role in hypertension and is reported to interfere with insulin signaling through serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. We therefore examined the role of Rho-kinase in the development of insulin resistance in Zucker obese rats. In skeletal muscles and aortic tissues of Zucker obese rats, activation of RhoA/Rho-kinase was observed. Long-term Rho-kinase inhibition by 4 wk treatment with fasudil (a Rho-kinase inhibitor) not only reduced blood pressure but corrected glucose and lipid metabolism, with improvement in serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and insulin signaling in skeletal muscles. Direct visualization of skeletal muscle arterioles with an intravital CCD videomicroscope demonstrated that both acetylcholine- and sodium nitroprusside-induced vasodilations were blunted, which were restored by the fasudil treatment. Furthermore, both fasudil and Y-27632 prevented the serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 induced by insulin and/or tumor necrosis factor-alpha in skeletal muscle cells. Collectively, Rho-kinase is responsible for the impairment of insulin signaling and may constitute a critical mediator linking between metabolic and hemodynamic abnormalities in insulin resistance.

Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a NAD[superscript +]-regulated deacetylase with numerous known positive effects on cellular and whole-body metabolism, is expressed in the renal cortex and medulla. It is known to have protective effects against age-related disease, including diabetes. Here we investigated the protective role of Sirt1 in diabetic renal damage. We found that Sirt1 in proximal tubules (PTs) was downregulated before albuminuria occurred in streptozotocin-induced or obese (db/db) diabetic mice. PT-specific SIRT1 transgenic and Sirt1 knockout mice showed prevention and aggravation of the glomerular changes that occur in diabetes, respectively, and nondiabetic knockout mice exhibited albuminuria, suggesting that Sirt1 in PTs affects glomerular function. Downregulation of Sirt1 and upregulation of the tight junction protein Claudin-1 by SIRT1-mediated epigenetic regulation in podocytes contributed to albuminuria. We did not observe these phenomena in 5/6 nephrectomized mice. We also demonstrated retrograde interplay from PTs to glomeruli using nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from conditioned medium, measurement of the autofluorescence of photoactivatable NMN and injection of fluorescence-labeled NMN. In human subjects with diabetes, the levels of SIRT1 and Claudin-1 were correlated with proteinuria levels. These results suggest that Sirt1 in PTs protects against albuminuria in diabetes by maintaining NMN concentrations around glomeruli, thus influencing podocyte function., Japan. Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Grant 22790800)

The role of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) in glucose metabolism is unknown. Here, we generated DDAH2 transgenic (Tg) mice. These mice had lower plasma glucose levels (60 min: 298±32 vs. 418±35 mg/dl; 120 min: 205±15 vs. 284±20 mg/dl) and higher insulin levels (15 min: 2.1±0.2 vs. 1.5±0.1 ng/ml; 30 min: 1.8±0.1 vs. 1.5±0.1 ng/ml) during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests when fed a high-fat diet (HFD) compared with HFD-fed wild-type (WT) mice. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was increased in Tg islets by 33%. Pancreatic asymmetrical dimethylarginine, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress levels were not correlated with improvements in insulin secretion in Tg mice. Secretagogin, an insulin vesicle docking protein, was up-regulated by 2.7-fold in Tg mice and in pancreatic MIN-6 cells overexpressing DDAH2. GSIS in MIN-6 cells was dependent on DDAH2-induced secretagogin expression. Pancreatic Sirt1, DDAH2, and secretagogin were down-regulated in HFD-fed WT mice by 70, 75, and 85%, respectively. Overexpression of Sirt1 overexpression by 3.9-fold increased DDAH2 and secretagogin expression in MIN-6 cells by 3.2- and 2.5-fold, respectively. DDAH2 overexpression improved GSIS in pancreas-specific Sirt1-deficient mice. In summary, the Sirt1/DDAH2/secretagogin pathway is a novel regulator of GSIS.

ASME, SAE, and ASEE, Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, 31st, San Diego, CA, July 10-12, 1995, 資料番号: AC1000101000, レポート番号: AIAA-1995-3141

著者人数: 4名, 資料番号: AC1000028000

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS) plays a crucial role in the regulation of physiological homeostasis and diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease and chronic renal failure. In this cascade, the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis induces pathological effects, such as vasoconstriction, cell proliferation and fibrosis. Recently the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis has been recognized as a negative regulator of the RAAS. ACE2 metabolizes Ang II into Ang(1-7), which has opposite properties of Ang II through Mas receptor activation. Both animal and human studies provide strong evidence that the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis is protective for end-organ damage. Therefore, the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor axis could be a therapeutic target for coronary artery disease and chronic renal failure.

Premetamorphosing larvae of Muraenesox cinereus (Muraenesocidae) and Conger myriaster (Congridae), caught and kept alive in aquaria, repeatedly bit pieces out of a lump of squid paste. By coloring the paste with Brilliant Red, ingestion and defecation were clearly seen through the transparent gut. The paste is not their natural food, but nevertheless a possible food item for rearing eels from eggs; most previous efforts have failed inasmuch as the larvae have starved.

A combined-cycle engine has two or more operating modes with a single flowpath. The motivation behind a combined-cycle engine is to extend the engine's operating envelope and attain higher average performance. Several combined-cycle engines and a combined engine system are presented. The rocket-based combined-cycle (RBCC) engine is a combination of a rocket engine and a ramjet engine. RBCC has wide operating range and structural simplicity, since there are no rotating parts. The drawback is a relatively lower specific impulse in the subsonic and transonic range. RBCC is suitable for the single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle due to its operability in low ambient pressure conditions and in space. The liquid air cycle engine (LACE) liquefies air using cryogenic propellants to reduce the onboard oxygen requirement. The advantages of LACE are reduced engine weight and wide operating conditions. However, owing to the low liquefaction efficiency of air, LACE suffers from low specific impulse and high fuel consumption. The turbo-ramjet (TRE) and the air-turbo-rocket (ATR) engines employ turbocompressors to compress the airflow like in turbojet engines. Despite the advantage of increased specific impulse, both engines have low thrust to weight ratios. The dual-mode scramjet engine like the RBCC has no moving parts. The combustion is subsonic in the ramjet mode and supersonic in the scramjet mode. The combination engine system, which mounts several engines on a vehicle, extends the operating range of the vehicle by operating appropriate engines according to the flight conditions. Keywords: rocket-based combined cycle; liquid air cycle; turbo-ramjet; air-turbo-rocket; dual-mode scramjet

The allometric relationships between resting metabolism (VO 2 ) and body mass ( M ), VO 2 = a i M b , are considered a fundamental law of nature. A distinction though needs to be made between the ontogeny (within a species) and phylogeny (among species) of metabolism. However, the nature and significance of the intraspecific allometry (ontogeny of metabolism) have not been established in fishes. In this study, we present experimental evidence that a puffer fish ranging 0.0008–3 g in wet body mass has four distinct allometric phases in which three stepwise increases in scaling constants ( a i , i = 1–4), i.e. ontogenetic phase shifts in metabolism, occur with growth during its early life stages at around 0.002, 0.01 and 0.1 g, keeping each scaling exponent constant in each phase ( b = 0.795). Three stepwise increases in a i accompanied behavioural and morphological changes and three peaks of severe cannibalism, in which the majority of predation occurred on smaller fish that had a lower value of a i . Though fishes are generally highly fecund, producing a large number of small eggs, their survivability is very low. These results suggest that individuals with the ability to rapidly grow and step up ‘ a i ’ develop more anti-predator adaptation as a result of the decreased predatory risk.

46th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Nashville, TN, July 25-28, 2010, 資料番号: AC1000092000, レポート番号: AIAA 2010-6727

Recently, a large number of high pressure equipments have been utilized in industry for high-pressure food processing, forming and sintering of powdered materials and many other purposes.In this paper, recent progress in industrial high pressure technology is reviewed. Among various high pressure equipments, cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is being utilized most in high-pressure food processing. The method and constitution of CIP are described together with its recent progress and applicability to food processing.

Oxygen consumption of the young striped mullet was measured by a constant flow method with cylindrical or disk-shaped respiratory chambers under conditions of isolated fish and groups of 2, 4, and 8 fish. There was no significant difference between oxygen consumption (μg/g•h) of isolated fish and fish in groups of 2 fish in the cylindrical chambers, but a significant difference between these was recognized in the disk-shaped chambers. Oxygen consumption of fish in groups of 4 or 8 fish was significantly lower than that of isolated fish in both chambers. Fish in groups of 4 or 8 fish in the disk-shaped chambers consumed less oxygen than those of the same num-ber in the cylindrical ones. The disk-shaped chamber was more useful for ?? O2 determina-tion of grouped fish than the cylindrical one, because fish became calmer in the former than in the latter. Distance of locomotion (cm/fish•min) of grouped fish was longer than that of isolated fish, although grouped fish consumed less oxygen. This implies that isolated fish consume more oxygen owing to higher activities than group-ed fish. These activities do not involve locomotion of the body, but movement of parts of the body and/or metabolic activity in the body.

Two groups (Groups I and II) of pike conger leptocephali caught in Nobeoka Bay, Miyazaki Prefecture were raised to juveniles without feeding, and the juveniles just after metamorphosis were reared with feeding to explore the possibilities of culture of the fish using its sea-caught leptocephali. Rearing period was 90 days in Group I and 50 days in Group II. The fish were fed solely on minced squid flesh during the first 30 (Group I) or 20 (Group II) days, then on a mixture of minced squid flesh and assorted feed for freshwater eel during the next 30 (Group I) or 20 (Group II) days, and then solely on the assorted feed during the last 30 (Group I) or 10 (Group II) days. Survival was more than 80% during 70 days between the 20th and 90th day after the start of feeding in Group I and during the whole period of 50 days in Group II. The highest daily growth rate was 9.55% in Group I and water temperature was 23.9±0.6°C during the period (30-40th day after the start of feeding), and 8.19% in Group II and water temperature was 24.2±0.6°C during the period (the first 10 days). These results imply that culture of the pike conger using sea-caught leptocephali is possible if distribution and settlement of the latest stage of the leptocephali were made clear and enough catches were maintained.

著者人数: 5名, 資料番号: AC1000012000

Although endothelial dysfunction, defined as abnormal vasoreactivity, is a common early finding in individuals with type 2 diabetes, the endothelium has not been known to regulate metabolism. As PPARgamma, a transcriptional regulator of energy balance, is expressed in endothelial cells, we set out to investigate the role of endothelial cell PPARgamma in metabolism using mice that lack PPARgamma in the endothelium and BM (gammaEC/BM-KO). When gammaEC/BM-KO mice were fed a high-fat diet, they had decreased adiposity and increased insulin sensitivity compared with control mice, despite increased serum FFA and triglyceride (TG) levels. After fasting or olive oil gavage, gammaEC/BM-KO mice exhibited significant dyslipidemia and failed to respond to the FFA and TG lowering effects of the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone. BM transplantation studies, which reconstituted hematopoietic PPARgamma, established that these metabolic phenotypes were due to endothelial PPARgamma deficiency. We further found that the impairment in TG-rich lipoprotein metabolism in gammaEC/BM-KO mice was associated with fatty acid-mediated lipoprotein lipase inhibition and changes in a PPARgamma-regulated endothelial cell transcriptional program. Despite their metabolic improvements, high-fat diet-fed gammaEC/BM-KO mice had impaired vasoreactivity. Taken together, these data suggest that PPARgamma in the endothelium integrates metabolic and vascular responses and may contribute to the effects of PPARgamma agonists, thus expanding what endothelial function and dysfunction may entail.

In a ubiquitous computing environment, small computers attached to physical objects are required to send sensor data to many other nodes on a narrowband wireless network to provide various types of context-aware services. To reduce the cost of sending sensor data, this paper proposes a notation to indicate a pair of objects to share data with each other, based on the 'contact' relation between objects. We call this notation, contact-based notation (CbN). In our method, because each node can send data only to nodes contacting the node physically based on the notation, we can reduce both the distance between nodes and the amount of nodes to which to send data. Moreover, this paper describes an experiment conducted to examine the communication costs on each sensor node described in our proposed notation. The results show that the cost of our method is lower than the cost of the simple broadcasting method.

26th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science (June 1-8, 2008.), Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan, 資料番号: AC1000130000, レポート番号: 2008-a-37

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as ligand-activated nuclear receptors involved in the transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism, energy balance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis are at the intersection of key pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Synthetic PPAR agonists like fibrates (PPAR-alpha) and thiazolidinediones (PPAR-gamma) are in therapeutic use to treat dyslipidaemia and diabetes. Despite strong encouraging in vitro, animal model, and human surrogate marker studies with these agents, recent prospective clinical cardiovascular trials have yielded mixed results, perhaps explained by concomitant drug use, study design, or a lack of efficacy of these agents on cardiovascular disease (independent of their current metabolic indications). The use of PPAR agents has also been limited by untoward effects. An alternative strategy to PPAR therapeutics is better understanding PPAR biology, the nature of natural PPAR agonists, and how these molecules are generated. Such insight might also provide valuable information about pathways that protect against the metabolic problems for which PPAR agents are currently indicated. This approach underscores the important distinction between the effects of synthetic PPAR agonists and the unequivocal biologic role of PPARs as key transcriptional regulators of metabolic and inflammatory pathways relevant to diabetes and atherosclerosis.

Recently, several studies have been made on techniques for the inference of contexts in indoor environments using sensor nodes attached to various objects. In existing systems, a sensor data server accumulates all data received from sensor nodes to infer contexts. However, when the number of nodes increases, the volume of the data concentrated on the server increases, and the calculation cost at the server often explodes. In order to solve this problem, we propose a distributed inference system on sensor nodes that infers the nodes' local contexts. The system has three remarkable features: 1) sensor nodes which can detect neighboring nodes, 2) inference engines on sensor nodes, which infer nodes' local contexts, and 3) sharing context data between neighbor nodes. This paper describes the implementation methods, composition, and operation examples of the system.

43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cincinnati, OH, July 8-11, 2007, 資料番号: AC1000093000, レポート番号: AIAA-2007-5389

This report presents recent research activities of the Combined Propulsion Research Group of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Aerodynamics and combustion of the scramjet engine and the rocket–ramjet combined-cycle engine, structure and material for the two engines and thermo-aerodynamic of a re-entry vehicle are major subjects. In Mach 6 condition tests, a scramjet engine model produced about 2000 N net thrust, whereas a model produced thrust almost equal to its drag in Mach 12 condition. A flight test of a combustor model was conducted with Hyshot-IV. A rocket–ramjet combined-cycle engine model is under construction with validation of the rocket engine component. Studies of combustor models and aerodynamic component models were conducted for demonstration of the engine operation and improvement of its performances. Light-weight cooling panel by electrochemical etching examined and C / C composite structure was tested. Thermo-aerodynamics of re-entry vehicle was investigated and oxygen molecular density was measured also in high enthalpy flow.

Within the nervous system, estradiol was originally characterized through its critical role in sexual maturation and reproduction. However, it is now firmly established that estradiol affects a diverse array of brain functions including learning and memory, fine motor control, pain perception and mood. In parallel with this increased scope, new mechanisms of estradiol action are being elucidated. Traditionally, estradiol was known to work through intracellular estrogen receptors (ERalpha and ERbeta, which regulate transcription by binding to estrogen response elements (EREs). These functions, critical for sexual behavior, are termed "genomic" and are distinct from "nongenomic" effects whereby estradiol produces rapid changes in neuronal function by processes initiated at the membrane surface. Recent advances have demonstrated that these nongenomic effects are also mediated by classical estrogen receptors that are localized to the plasma membrane. Further, stimulation of estrogen receptors on the membrane surface by estradiol activates G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, which can lead to both short- and long-term changes in neuronal excitability. Related, the brain itself synthesizes estrogens, allowing for localized signaling by the steroid that is less dependent on gonadal secretion. This review outlines highlights from both established and recent findings of estrogen action, how these diverse mechanisms act in concert to regulate nervous system function, and outlines several questions that still remain regarding the effects of estrogen in brain.

44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, Jan. 9-12, 2006, 資料番号: AC1000085000, レポート番号: AIAA-2006-0224

44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, Jan. 9-12, 2006, 資料番号: AC1000084000, レポート番号: AIAA-2006-0223

資料番号: AC1000041000