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Temperature and moisture belong to the most important environmental factors affecting the growth and development of fungi. However, the effect of temperature on the mycelia of the edible Morchella mushrooms has not been determined. Here, a comprehensive analysis was performed to determine the influence of culture temperature on 13 strains of mycelia of three Morchella species (Morchella sextelata, Morchella septimelata, and Morchella importuna) at 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C. The mycelial branching and growth rate data showed that 15–20 °C was a suitable temperature range for the mycelial growth of the 13 Morchella strains. RNA sequences revealed that a total of 2843, 2404, 1973, 1572, and 1866 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C compared with 20 °C. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis further indicated that the purine nucleotide and tyrosine metabolism pathways were crucial for mycelium development. Moreover, the enrichment of autophagy of mitochondria, regulation of cell morphogenesis, and piecemeal microautophagy of the nuclei at 25 °C (vs. 20 °C) indicated the damage caused by heat stress in Morchella mycelia. Notably, a total of four unique module eigengenes (MEs) were identified through a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Among them, 2293 genes in the turquoise module were significantly positively correlated with temperature (r = 0.946, p < 0.001), whereas 739 genes in the blue module were significantly negatively correlated with temperature (r = −0.896, p < 0.001), suggesting that the effect of high temperatures on mycelial genes was significantly greater than that of low temperatures. Moreover, the coexpression network indicated that high culture temperatures accelerated the oxidative stress response and energy metabolism in mycelia, while upregulation of purine nucleotide catabolism and ribosomal protein-related genes were improved by low-temperature tolerance. In addition, the upregulated expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and heat shock protein (HSP) genes in mycelia was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage at high temperatures. Overall, this study provides an important theoretical basis and application value for optimizing Morchella cultivation techniques.

Recognizing the crop and region-specific irreversible effects of climate change on agriculture is unavoidable. The Southeastern United States region (SE-US) contributes significantly to the United States (US) economy through its diverse agricultural productivity. Climatically, this region is more vulnerable than the rest of the country. This study was designed to quantify the effect of changing climate, i.e., daily maximum temperature (Tmax), daily minimum temperature (Tmin), and precipitation, on oats (Avena sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in SE-US. The panel data approach with a fixed effects model was applied by creating a production function on a panel dataset (1980–2020) of climate and yield variables. The required diagnostic tests were used to statistically confirm that the dataset was free of multi-collinearity, unit root (non-stationarity), and auto-correlation issues. The results revealed asymmetric warming (Tmin increase > Tmax increase) over the region. Tmax and Tmin significantly increased during the oats growing season (OGS) and sorghum growing season (SGS). Precipitation increased during OGS and decreased during SGS. The growing season average values of Tmax, Tmin, and Tavg (daily average temperature) have shifted by 1.08 °C (0.027 °C/year), 1.32 °C (0.033 °C/year), and 1.20 °C (0.030 °C/year) in OGS and by 0.92 °C (0.023 °C/year), 1.32 °C (0.033 °C/year), and 1.12 °C (0.028 °C/year) in SGS. However, precipitation had shifted by 23.2 mm (0.58 mm/year) in OGS and shifted (decreased) by −5.2 mm (−0.13 mm/year) in SGS. Precipitation had a non-significant effect on oats and sorghum yields. With every 1 °C increase in Tmin and Tmax, oats yield was reduced by (−5%) and (−4%), respectively, whereas sorghum yield was increased by (+13%) and decreased by (−7%), respectively. Taken together, a 1 °C net rise in overall temperature reduced oats yield (−9%) while increased sorghum yield (+6%).

Agricultural areas exhibiting numerous abiotic stressors, such as elevated water stress, temperatures, and salinity, have grown as a result of climate change. As such, abiotic stresses are some of the most pressing issues in contemporary agricultural production. Understanding plant responses to abiotic stressors is important for global food security, climate change adaptation, and improving crop resilience for sustainable agriculture, Over the decades, explorations have been made concerning plant tolerance to these environmental stresses. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their phytohormones are some of the players involved in developing resistance to abiotic stress in plants. Several studies have investigated the part of phytohormones in the ability of plants to withstand and adapt to non-living environmental factors, but very few have focused on rhizobacterial hormonal signaling and crosstalk that mediate abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The main objective of this review is to evaluate the functions of PGPR phytohormones in plant abiotic stress tolerance and outline the current research on rhizobacterial hormonal communication and crosstalk that govern plant abiotic stress responses. The review also includes the gene networks and regulation under diverse abiotic stressors. The review is important for understanding plant responses to abiotic stresses using PGPR phytohormones and hormonal signaling. It is envisaged that PGPR offer a useful approach to increasing plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. However, further studies can reveal the unclear patterns of hormonal interactions between plants and rhizobacteria that mediate abiotic stress tolerance.

SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors) are engines for almost all of the membrane fusion and exocytosis events in organism cells. In this study, we identified 84 SNARE genes from banana (Musa acuminata). Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of MaSNAREs varied a lot in different banana organs. By analyzing their expression patterns under low temperature (4 °C), high temperature (45 °C), mutualistic fungus (Serendipita indica, Si) and fungal pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense Tropical Race 4, FocTR4) treatments, many MaSNAREs were found to be stress responsive. For example, MaBET1d was up-regulate by both low and high temperature stresses; MaNPSN11a was up-regulated by low temperature but down-regulated by high temperature; and FocTR4 treatment up-regulated the expression of MaSYP121 but down-regulated MaVAMP72a and MaSNAP33a. Notably, the upregulation or downregulation effects of FocTR4 on the expression of some MaSNAREs could be alleviated by priorly colonized Si, suggesting that they play roles in the Si-enhanced banana wilt resistance. Foc resistance assays were performed in tobacco leaves transiently overexpressing MaSYP121, MaVAMP72a and MaSNAP33a. Results showed that transient overexpression of MaSYP121 and MaSNPA33a suppressed the penetration and spread of both Foc1 (Foc Race 1) and FocTR4 in tobacco leaves, suggesting that they play positive roles in resisting Foc infection. However, the transient overexpression of MaVAMP72a facilitated Foc infection. Our study can provide a basis for understanding the roles of MaSNAREs in the banana responses to temperature stress and mutualistic and pathogenic fungal colonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Germination is an important starting point of plant life. Abiotic stresses during the germination stage in seeds can threaten the development process of a plant species. Abiotic factors such as temperature and salt concentration influence the germination process of various crop seeds, including leguminous species. The aim of this study is to determine the germination rate and seedling growth of leguminous cover crops under two different temperatures and four levels of salt stress. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), red clover (Trifolium pratense), and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) were studied in this in vitro trial. The study results showed that the increase in sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration suppressed the growth of the germinated seedlings. At the same time, the increase in temperature reduced the germination rate of red clover and chickpea at higher salt concentrations. The data also showed a significant relationship between salt concentration and temperature on shoot and radicle growth in all three leguminous species. These data may benefit farmers and growers trying to cultivate these crops in unfavorable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two groups of the same batch of European seabass were used in an industrial-scale trial in sea cages in Vorios Evoikos, Greece. For about one month, one of the two cages was oxygenated by use of compressed air injected in seawater through an AirX frame (Oxyvision A/S, Norway) at 3.5 m depth, while oxygen concentration and temperature were monitored every 30 min. The liver, gut, and pyloric ceca samples were taken from fish of both groups for measurement of gene expression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and for histological analysis at the middle and end of the experiment. Real-time qPCR was performed with housekeeping genes ACTb, L17, and EF1a. The expression of PLA2 increased in pyloric caeca samples from the oxygenated cage, suggesting that aeration improved the absorption rate of dietary phospholipids (p < 0.05). Expression of HSL increased significantly in liver samples from the control cage, in comparison with the aerated cage (p < 0.05). Histological examination of sea bass samples revealed an increased fat accumulation in the hepatocytes of fish in the oxygenated cage. The results of the present study showed increased lipolysis induced by low DO levels in farmed sea bass in cages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improvements in genetics, technology, and agricultural intensification have increased soybean yields; however, adverse climate conditions may prevent these gains from being fully realized in the future. Higher growing season temperatures reduce soybean yields in key production regions including the US Midwest, and better understanding of the developmental and physiological mechanisms that constrain soybean yield under high temperature conditions is needed. This study tested the response of two soybean cultivars to four elevated temperature treatments (+1.7, +2.6, +3.6, and +4.8 °C) in the field over three growing seasons and identified threshold temperatures for response and linear versus non-linear trait responses to temperature. Yield declined non-linearly to temperature, with decreases apparent when canopy temperature exceeded 20.9 °C for the locally adapted cultivar and 22.7°C for a cultivar adapted to more southern locations. While stem node number increased with increasing temperature, leaf area index decreased substantially. Pod production, seed size, and harvest index significantly decreased with increasing temperature. The seasonal average temperature of even the mildest treatment exceeded the threshold temperatures for yield loss, emphasizing the importance of improving temperature tolerance in soybean germplasm with intensifying climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malus baccata Borkh., an apple rootstock, is found to be damaged by oxidation at sub-low root-zone temperature. In previous studies, we have found that exogenous sucrose could alleviate oxidative damage and increase the indole acetic acid (IAA) in roots under sub-low temperature (L). However, the role of IAA in sucrose-induced tolerance to L remains unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous sucrose and IAA synthesis/transport inhibitors (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, TIBA; 4-biphenylboronic acid, BBo) on growth, IAA levels, sugars, and the antioxidant system of M. baccata under L. The results showed that the L treatment decreased IAA contents by 23.69% (48 h) and induced significant increases in root contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen (ROS), along with increasing catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activities first increased (24 h) and then decreased (48 h), and glutathione reductase (GR) and peroxidase (POD) activities significantly decreased. The L treatment also decreased ascorbate/oxidized ascorbate (AsA/DHA), glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and coenzyme II/oxidized coenzyme II (NADPH/NADP+) ratios. Furthermore, the L treatment increased the contents of sucrose, fructose, glucose and sorbitol in the roots and suppressed plant growth. Sucrose pretreatment significantly increased IAA contents (12.42%, 24 h and 14.44%, 48 h) and decreased MDA and ROS contents, which improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes other than APX and increased the contents of AsA, GSH, and NADPH, and increased sucrose, fructose, and sorbitol contents and promoted plant growth. However, the sucrose + TIBA or BBo treatments decreased IAA contents and attenuated or almost abolished the positive effects of exogenous sucrose under sub-low temperature. Our findings indicate that IAA is involved in the sucrose-induced regulation of the antioxidant system in M. baccata roots under sub-low temperature and we provided theoretical references for further study on the adaptability of apple roots to low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After light, temperature is the most relevant environmental parameter in outdoors cultivation of microalgae. Suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures negatively impact growth and photosynthetic performance with a subsequent effect on lipid accumulation. It is generally recognised that lower temperatures trigger an increase in fatty acid desaturation while higher temperatures trigger the opposite reaction. The effect of temperature on lipid classes has been less studied in microalgae and in certain cases, the effect of light cannot be completely excluded. In this research, the effect of temperature on growth, photosynthesis, and lipid class accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica was studied at a fixed light gradient with a constant incident light intensity (670 μmol m-2 s-1). A turbidostat approach was used to achieve temperature acclimated cultures of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Optimal growth was found at 25-29°C, while growth was completely arrested at temperatures higher than 31°C and lower than 9°C. Acclimation to low temperatures triggered a decrease in absorption cross section and photosynthesis rates with a tipping point at 17°C. Reduced light absorption was correlated with a decrease in content of the plastid lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. The increase of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomo-serine content at lower temperatures indicated a relevant role of this lipid class in temperature tolerance. Triacylglycerol content increased at 17°C and decreased at 9°C emphasising a metabolic switch in stress response. Total and polar eicosapentaenoic acid content remained constant at 3.5 and 2.4% w/w, despite the fluctuating lipid contents. Results show an extensive mobilisation of eicosapentaenoic acid between polar lipids classes at 9°C to ensure cell survival under critical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation seaweed species are experiencing widespread declines and localized extinctions due to increased instability of sea surface temperature. Characterizing temperature thresholds are useful for predicting patterns of change and identifying species most vulnerable to extremes. Existing methods for characterizing seaweed thermal tolerance produce diverse metrics and are often time‐consuming, making comparisons between species and techniques difficult, hindering insight into global patterns of change. Using three kelp species, we adapted a high‐throughput method – previously used in terrestrial plant thermal biology – for use on kelps. This method employs temperature‐dependent fluorescence (T–F0) curves under heating or cooling regimes to determine the critical temperature (Tcrit) of photosystem II (PSII), i.e., the breakpoint between slow and fast rise fluorescence response to changing temperature, enabling rapid assays of photosynthetic thermal tolerance using a standardized metric. This method enables characterization of Tcrit for up to 48 samples per two‐hour assay, demonstrating the capacity of T–F0 curves for high‐throughput assays of thermal tolerance. Temperature‐dependent fluorescence curves and their derived metric, Tcrit, may offer a timely and powerful new method for the field of phycology, enabling characterization and comparison of photosynthetic thermal tolerance of seaweeds across many populations, species, and biomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regulation of microsomal (e.g., FAD2) and plastidial (e.g., FAD6) oleate desaturases by cold, heat and salt stress were investigated. Gene expression levels and fatty acid compositions were determined in the roots, stems and leaves of safflower following stress treatments. A safflower plastidial oleate desaturase gene, CtFAD6, was cloned, and oleic acid desaturation was confirmed in Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. The results showed that temperature regulated oleate desaturation at the transcriptional level, and this regulation pattern was tissue-specific. CtFAD2-1, CtFAD2-2 and CtFAD6 were significantly induced under cold and heat stress in young leaves, and CtFAD2-2 and CtFAD6 were slightly induced in young stems. In contrast, CtFAD2-1, CtFAD2-11 and CtFAD2-10 were sensitive to salt stress in all safflower tissues (roots, stem and leaves). CtFAD6 was insensitive to salt and was slightly induced in leaves only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature-stress state of the concrete facade wall with a window opening, which is the external enclosing structure of the room with a steel heating device, was investigated by the method of numerical modeling. Estimated studies were performed for winter period when the heating system of the building is functioning. According to the results of solving the system of equations of thermal stress and equation of thermal conductivity, the temperature distribution over the wall volume and distribution of normal and tangential stresses were determined. Areas of the wall where these stresses are maximum were identified. The research was performed for cases of both, absence and presence of a heat-insulating layer on the outer surface of the facade wall. From comparison of the results obtained for these two options, it follows that the external thermal insulation coating not only helps to reduce dissipative heat loss through the facade wall, but also reduces the absolute values of stresses in the concrete wall arising resulting from temperature deformations. In some cases, the sign of stresses changes from stretching (wall without external insulation) to compressive (wall with insulation).

The natural environment of crops is exposed to a complex collection of biotic and abiotic pressures. Abiotic stresses cover a diversity of environmental elements that cannot be avoided, such as temperature, drought, salinity, cold, heat, light, and water stress. Biotic stress is caused by living organisms with which plants coexist and interact. Pathogens and herbivores are examples of biotic stressors that can threaten food security and result in significant economic losses. Agricultural production systems differ in the extent of stress towards cultivated crops; agroforestry is considered to provide a protective function against environmental stress. The concept of this review was to assess the impact of environmental change and the atmospheric variability on the plants in agroforestry systems. The application of trees in field crop production has become more and more involved in practice, especially in areas with an extreme climate and unfavorable soil conditions. The main reasons for the rising interest are the effects of climate change, soil degradation, and erosion. Most of the trees are used as hedgerows or farm boundaries, or as scattered planting on the farm to control soil erosion as well as to improve farm productivity, which requires a thorough understanding of each stress element.

The effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (e[CO 2 ]) and temperature (e°T) on various traits of oat (Avena sativa L.) varieties using open-top chambers (OTC) were investigated. A simulated environment was created for the experiment i.e., ambient temperature and CO 2 (a°T + a[CO 2 ]); elevated temperature (3 °C > ambient temperature) (e°T); elevated CO 2 (550 ± 50 ppm) (e[CO 2 ]); and a combination of ambient temperature with elevated CO 2 (a°T + e[CO 2 ]), for accessing the effect of e°T and e[CO 2 ] on oats. a°T + e[CO 2 ] increased plant height to 121 cm compared to 114 cm in a°T + a[CO 2 ] and 111 cm in e°T + e[CO 2 ]. Seed weight was highest in a°T + e[CO 2 ] (3.09 g) compared to 2.53 g in a°T + a[CO 2 ] and 2.60 g in e°T + e[CO 2 ]. Leaf number and tillers were significantly higher in a°T + e[CO 2 ] (61.4 leaves, 10 tillers) than in a°T + a[CO 2 ] (27.6 leaves, 5.6 tillers) and e°T + e[CO 2 ] (44.3 leaves, 6.93 tillers). Chlorophyll content was highest in a°T + e[CO 2 ] (5.13 mg/g) compared to 3.61 mg/g in a°T + a[CO 2 ] and 1.47 mg/g in e°T + e[CO 2 ]. In contrast, germination rate was best in a°T + a[CO 2 ] (81.6 %) compared to e°T + e[CO 2 ] (60.3 %) and a°T + e[CO 2 ] (63.1 %). Malondialdehyde (MDA), a stress marker, was significantly higher in e°T + e[CO 2 ] (1.35 nmol/g) compared to a°T + a[CO 2 ] (0.299 nmol/g). Membrane stability index (MSI) was lowest in e°T + e[CO2] (13.2) compared to 20.9 in a°T + a[CO 2 ], indicating greater stress under e°T + e[CO 2 ]. Starch content in a°T + e[CO 2 ] (14.6 %) was more than double that of a°T + a[CO 2 ] (7.09 %). Microbial activity also showed significant differences. Dehydrogenase was highest in e°T + e[CO 2 ] (13.86 µg/g/day) compared to a°T + a[CO 2 ] (8.80) and a°T + e[CO 2 ] (12.62). Total bacterial count (TBC) increased in e°T + e[CO 2 ] (72) compared to a°T + a[CO 2 ] (61). Similarly, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and fungi (PSF) were highest in e°T + e[CO 2 ] (PSB: 104.5, PSF: 8.5) compared to a°T + a[CO 2 ] (PSB: 75.0, PSF: 4.0). Rhizobium and Azotobacter counts were elevated in a°T + e[CO 2 ] (95 and 94) compared to a°T + a[CO 2 ] (72.5 and 42.0), showing a strong positive impact of e[CO 2 ] on microbial populations. Specific oat varieties such as JHO-2000–4 and JHO-99–2 performed best under these conditions, showing higher yields and better stress tolerance. While e[CO 2 ] offers substantial benefits to oat plant growth and soil microbial activity, the additional stress from e°T complicates these benefits. [Display omitted] • e[CO 2 ] enhanced photosynthesis, growth, and yield in oat plants. • Elevated temperature and e[CO 2 ] improved microbial activity and soil enzyme functions. • Combined stress of e[CO 2 ] and temperature caused mixed outcomes in oat traits. • Specific oat varieties showed higher yields and better stress tolerance under stress. • Study aids in developing climate-resilient oat varieties for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal marine ecosystems are under increasing threat from environmental shifts associated with climate change, particularly increasing temperatures, as temperature influences the physiology, distribution, and abundance of marine organisms. Sediment temperatures on soft sediment intertidal flats are highly variable in space and time due to intermittent exposure to air and seawater. Surface sediment layers may have greater temperature variation relative to deeper layers, and local physical and biological characteristics as well as oceanic and atmospheric temperature conditions are expected to influence the temperatures experienced by sediment dwelling fauna. However, there is little reporting of the dynamics of sediment temperatures in these ecosystems and the local conditions that drive them. We focused on measuring estuarine intertidal sediment temperatures to describe the conditions that resident intertidal macroinvertebrates, including infauna, are being exposed to. Monitoring of sediment temperatures in intertidal ecosystems during summer revealed that sandy intertidal flats had greater temperature fluctuations than muddy intertidal flats. Local weather conditions were important drivers of both low and high tide sediment temperatures, and satellite derived sea surface temperature (SST) data for the study area were sparse and poorly matched sediment temperatures, revealing limitations of satellite SST for predicting site-specific intertidal sediment temperatures in nearshore areas. This study demonstrates the need for long term monitoring of intertidal sediment temperatures across large spatial scales and environmental gradients to understand and predict the potential impacts of climate change. • Temperature dynamics are important for assessing climate change vulnerability. • Intertidal soft sediment temperatures are highly variable and site dependent. • Atmospheric conditions are better predictors of sediment temperature than SST. • Temperatures are also influenced by sediment type, depth, and tidal patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DFP1 & DFP2 are highly expressed in D. farinae but their functions are unknown. • DFP1 & DFP2 were expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami 2 & BL21, respectively. • After temperature stress, recombinant strains grow better than controls. • DFP1 recombinant strains grow better under cold stress than heat stress. • DFP1 & DFP2 have been shown response to temperature stress for the first time. The functions of highly expressed genes DFP1 and DFP2 in Dermatophagoides farinae remain unknown. DFP1 and DFP2 have been abundantly annotated and were up-regulated under temperature stress at 43 °C and –10 °C in our previous RNA-seq study, indicating that DFP1 and DFP2 may have temperature stress response function. Here, we amplified, cloned, and sequenced to obtain the complete coding sequences of DFP1 and DFP2 and predicted their protein characteristics using bioinformatics analysis. Then, prokaryotic expression systems were constructed and found that DFP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta-gami 2 (DE3) but not BL21 (DE3); DFP2 was expressed in both BL21 (DE3) and Rosetta-gami 2 (DE3), with higher expression in BL21 (DE3). Finally, the growth curves of bacteria were drawn and indicated that the DFP1 - and DFP2 -pET32a carrying recombinant bacteria grew better than the respective only pET32a carrying control bacteria after heat and cold stress. This study confirms for the first time that DFP1 and DFP2 respond to temperature stress at the protein level. The constructed prokaryotic expression systems will provide an experimental foundation for future antibody preparation for western blotting detection to confirm the temperature-stress response functions of DFP1 and DFP2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we found that both heat and cold stresses significantly affected the survival and reproduction of both sexes in Spodoptera frugiperda adults, with larvae showing relatively higher extreme temperature tolerance. Further transcriptomic analysis in adults found remarkable differences and similarities between sexes in terms of temperature stress responses. Metabolism-related processes were suppressed in heat stressed females, which did not occur to the same extend in males. Moreover, both heat and cold stress reduced immune activities in both sexes. Heat stress induced the upregulation of many heat shock proteins in both sexes, whereas the response to cold stress was insignificant. More cold tolerance-related genes, such as cuticle proteins, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1, were found upregulated in males, whereas most of these genes were downregulated in females. Moreover, a large number of fatty acid-related genes, such as fatty acid synthases and desaturases, were differentially expressed under heat and cold stresses in both sexes. Heat stress in females induced the upregulation of a large number of zinc finger proteins and reproduction-related genes; whereas cold stress induced downregulation in genes linked to reproduction. In addition, TRPA1-like encoding genes (which have functions involved in detecting temperature changes) and sex peptide receptor-like genes were found to be differentially expressed in stressed moths. These results indicate sex-specific heat and cold stress responses and adaptive mechanisms and suggest sex-specific trade-offs between stress-resistant progresses and fundamental metabolic processes as well as between survival and reproduction.

Temperature is a critical environmental factor that plays a vital role in plant growth and development. Temperatures below or above the optimum ranges lead to cold or heat stress, respectively. Temperature stress retards plant growth and development, and it reduces crop yields. Jasmonates (JAs) are a class of oxylipin phytohormones that play various roles in growth, development, and stress response. In recent years, studies have demonstrated that cold and heat stress affect JA biosynthesis and signaling, and JA plays an important role in the response to temperature stress. Recent studies have provided a large body of information elucidating the mechanisms underlying JA-mediated temperature stress response. In the present review, we present recent advances in understanding the role of JA in the response to cold and heat stress, and how JA interacts with other phytohormones during this process.

Carbon fiber heating technology has been widely used in pavement surfaces in practical engineering projects as an environmentally friendly, efficient, and safe ice melting technique. However, the current design of carbon fiber-heated pavement focuses primarily on the ice melting effect while neglecting the crucial mechanical performance evaluation. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the temperature and thermal strain distributions of concrete pavement through model tests and develop a corresponding three-dimensional numerical model to analyze the temperature stress field distribution of carbon fiber-heated pavement. The accuracy of the numerical model is verified by comparing the model test results with the numerical analysis results. The numerical model test results indicate that the maximum compressive stress near the carbon fiber wire is 4 MPa, while the maximum tensile stress between the two carbon fiber wires is 1 MPa. According to the design standard for highway cement concrete pavement, the temperature stress induced by temperature change is significantly lower than the design value of the material’s inherent strength. In addition, a linear relationship between the depth and temperature gradient affecting temperature stress is observed after establishing a correlation between the temperature gradient and temperature stress. The findings of this study can provide valuable insight into the design of carbon fiber-heated concrete pavements.

Polygonum cuspidatum is a traditional medicinal plant enriched with resveratrol and polydatin. However, low temperatures reduce the medicinal component contents of P. cuspidatum, and prolonged low temperatures also affect the growth and survival of P. cuspidatum at the seedling stage. It is unclear whether a culturable endophytic fungus Serendipita indica is able to enhance P. cuspidatum’s low-temperature tolerance and medicinal components. The objective of this study was to examine the biomass, leaf gas exchange, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline levels, medicinal constituent levels, and the expression of the resveratrol synthase (PcRS) and resveratrol-forming stilbene synthase 11 (PcRS11) genes of potted P. cuspidatum plants inoculated with S. indica at low temperatures (10 °C/6 °C, 12 h/12 h, day/night temperature). The six-week low-temperature treatment significantly reduced the root fungal colonization, biomass production, and leaf gas exchange variables, whereas S. indica inoculation significantly increased shoot and root biomass, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate at low temperatures. S. indica inoculation significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity as well as proline levels in leaves at low temperatures. The magnitude of root chrysophanol, emodin, polydatin, and resveratrol levels decreased by low temperatures was greater in uninoculated plants than in inoculated plants. Inoculation of S. indica, on the other hand, significantly increased the four medicinal component levels in roots at low temperatures, with a greater magnitude rise in chrysophanol, polydatin, and resveratrol at low temperatures than at suitable temperatures. The low-temperature treatment down-regulated the expression of PcRS and PcRS11 genes in roots, while S. indica up-regulated the expression of PcRS and PcRS11 genes at low temperatures. This implies that S. indica acts as a powerful microbial stimulant on P. cuspidatum to promote low-temperature resistance and medicinal component levels.

The effect of the pre-growth temperature of bacterial cultures on their subsequent survival kinetics in fresh-cut produce during refrigerated storage was investigated in this study. Three-strain cocktails of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica, cultured at different growth temperatures (4, 21, and 37 °C) were inoculated on fresh-cut mixed salad and on individual produce in the mixed salad. The inoculated samples were stored at 4 °C and 80 ± 2% relative humidity (RH) for up to 72 h and the growth, survival, or death kinetics were determined at regular intervals. The results indicate that depending upon the type of pathogen tested, the pre-growth temperature(s) and the type of produce showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on the survival kinetics. Among the tested produce, mixed salad showed the highest reduction in L. monocytogenes pre-grown at 37 °C (1.33 log CFU/g) followed by red cabbage (0.56 log CFU/g), iceberg lettuce (0.52 log CFU/g), and carrot (−0.62 log CFU/g), after 72 h, respectively. In the case of Salmonella, carrot showed the highest reduction (1.07 log CFU/g for 37 °C pre-grown culture) followed by mixed salad (0.78 log CFU/g for 37 °C pre-grown culture), cabbage (0.76 log CFU/g for 21 °C pre-grown culture), and lettuce (0.65 log CFU/g for 4 °C pre-grown culture), respectively. Among the tested ComBase predictive models, the Baranyi–Roberts model better fitted the experimental data. These findings indicate that the appropriate selection of pre-growth environmental conditions is critical to better understand the kinetics of foodborne pathogens.

Glyptosternum maculatum (G. maculatum) is a species of endemic fish to the aquatic ecosystem of Tibetan Plateau and has been listed as a critically endangered species in the Red List of China’s Vertebrates. The change in water temperature due to global warming may induce plasticity in G. maculatum to adapt to temperature stress. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis to characterize the genes and pathways involved in temperature stress response in the liver of G. maculatum. Compared with group A (habitat temperature = 12 °C), changes in expression profiles were more significant in C (habitat temperature = 24 °C) group than that in B (habitat temperature = 4 °C) group. These results suggest the possible lack of reponse to cold stress in G. maculatum. A total of 1247 annotated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between groups A and C. Based on enrichment analysis, 17 candidate genes with potential roles in heat stress were identified. Additionally, eight important heat-stress-reducing pathways were identified and classified into folding, sorting and degradation, endocrine system, signal transduction, translation, infectious diseases (bacterial), glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and digestive system. This study also showed that heat stress-regulated DEGs are not only related to intracellular biochemical reactions, metabolism, immune response, and protein folding, but also to the response to heat stress in the liver of G. maculatum. In conclusion, our present results revealed the response of G. maculatum to heat stress at the transcriptional level, which is beneficial for further research and conservation of G. maculatum.

An increasing frequency of heat events can affect key organisms related to ecosystem functions. Soil saprobic fungi have important roles in carbon and nutrient cycling in soils, and they are clearly affected by heat events. When tested individually, saprobic soil fungi showed a variety of growth responses to a series of two heat events. However, in nature, these fungi rarely grow alone. Coexistence theory predicts that diversity in the response to stressors can influence the outcome of species interactions and growth. This means that the co-cultivation of different fungi may affect their growth response to heat events. To test if recurring heat events affect fungal growth in small synthetic communities, we evaluated fungi previously known to respond to recurring heat events in experimental small communities composed of two and three species. For the fungi growing in pairs, surprisingly, most of the responses could not be predicted by how the isolates responded individually. In some cases, facilitation or increased competition was observed. For the three fungi growing together, results were also not predicted by the individual or pair responses. Both the heat events and the small communities influenced the growth of the fungi and growth properties emerged from the interactions among isolates and the heat stress. We show that not only do environmental conditions influence fungal interactions and growth rates but also that the co-cultivation of different fungi affects the fungal response to recurring heat events. These results indicate that more complex experimental designs are needed to better understand the effects of recurring heat events and climate change on soil fungi.

After light, temperature is the most relevant environmental parameter in outdoors cultivation of microalgae. Suboptimal and supraoptimal temperatures negatively impact growth and photosynthetic performance with a subsequent effect on lipid accumulation. It is generally recognised that lower temperatures trigger an increase in fatty acid desaturation while higher temperatures trigger the opposite reaction. The effect of temperature on lipid classes has been less studied in microalgae and in certain cases, the effect of light cannot be completely excluded. In this research, the effect of temperature on growth, photosynthesis, and lipid class accumulation in Nannochloropsis oceanica was studied at a fixed light gradient with a constant incident light intensity (670 μmol m-2 s-1). A turbidostat approach was used to achieve temperature acclimated cultures of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Optimal growth was found at 25-29°C, while growth was completely arrested at temperatures higher than 31°C and lower than 9°C. Acclimation to low temperatures triggered a decrease in absorption cross section and photosynthesis rates with a tipping point at 17°C. Reduced light absorption was correlated with a decrease in content of the plastid lipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. The increase of diacylglyceryltrimethylhomo-serine content at lower temperatures indicated a relevant role of this lipid class in temperature tolerance. Triacylglycerol content increased at 17°C and decreased at 9°C emphasising a metabolic switch in stress response. Total and polar eicosapentaenoic acid content remained constant at 3.5 and 2.4% w/w, despite the fluctuating lipid contents. Results show an extensive mobilisation of eicosapentaenoic acid between polar lipids classes at 9°C to ensure cell survival under critical conditions.

Environmentally induced DNA methylation variants may mediate gene expression responses to environmental changes. If such induced variants are transgenerationally stable, there is potential for expression responses to persist over multiple generations. Our current knowledge in plants, however, is almost exclusively based on studies conducted in sexually reproducing species where the majority of DNA methylation changes are subject to resetting in germlines, limiting the potential for transgenerational epigenetics stress memory. Asexual reproduction circumvents germlines, and may therefore be more conducive to long‐term inheritance of epigenetic marks. Taking advantage of the rapid clonal reproduction of the common duckweed Lemna minor, we hypothesize that long‐term, transgenerational stress memory from exposure to high temperature can be detected in DNA methylation profiles. Using a reduced representation bisulphite sequencing approach (epiGBS), we show that temperature stress induces DNA hypermethylation at many CG and CHG cytosine contexts but not CHH. Additionally, differential methylation in CHG context that was observed was still detected in a subset of cytosines, even after 3–12 generations of culturing in a common environment. This demonstrates a memory effect of stress reflected in the methylome and that persists over multiple clonal generations. Structural annotation revealed that this memory effect in CHG methylation was enriched in transposable elements. The observed epigenetic stress memory is probably caused by stable transgenerational persistence of temperature‐induced DNA methylation variants across clonal generations. To the extent that such epigenetic memory has functional consequences for gene expression and phenotypes, this result suggests potential for long‐term modulation of stress responses in asexual plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transfer–purge chamber (TPC) is a double-steel-plate, heavy-concrete, curved-surface composite structure composed of steel plates, heavy concrete, and shear connectors. It is an important facility in the external refueling system of a nuclear power plant (NPP), providing a safe and reliable biological shielding space for reactor refueling operations. Temperature load is one of the most important factors that must be considered in the design of NPP structures. The temperature loads experienced by the TPC during its life cycle include those encountered in both normal and abnormal operation, which are distinct. In this study, we investigated the steady state and transient-state temperature fields and stresses of a TPC structure under normal operation and after 48 h of abnormal operation, respectively, which were calculated using Abaqus finite element software and the directly coupled method. During normal operation, the temperature field of the structure shows relatively uniform changes, and the temperature gradient of the internal concrete in the direction of its thickness has a constant value of 0.245 °C/cm. At the junction between the transfer and purge sub-chambers of the TPC, under the influence of wall curvature and deformation constraints, the maximum tensile strain of heavy concrete is 8.84 × 10−3, the maximum compressive strain is 2.04 × 10−3, the peak stress of the steel plate is 98.305 MPa, and the peak stress of the stud is 306.725 MPa. After 48 h of abnormal operation, the temperatures of the inner surface of the heavy concrete of the wall, the inner steel plate of the wall, the outer surface of the heavy concrete of the wall, and the inner steel plate of the wall increased by 8.12, 8.11, 0.31, and 0.30 °C, respectively. The tensile strain of the heavy concrete of the wall increased significantly by 52.64%, and the compressive strain of the concrete increased by 67.33%, whereas the stresses of the studs and steel plates increased by only 1.57% and 6.79%, respectively. These results show that the change in the temperature field greatly influences the stress and strain on the TPC structure. As measures for mitigating the development of this unfavorable situation of temperature stress concentration, the temperature operating range should be rationally controlled or the junction structure between the transfer and purge sub-chambers of the TPC optimized accordingly. The results of our study can provide basic data for a dynamic analysis of the TPC under conditions of combined earthquake and temperature loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability studies are a fundamental requirement to obtain the Sanitary Registration of a new drug. Within them, the study of temperature stress is of great importance, which provides information on the behavior of the product during storage and distribution; since the stability can be affected when a failure occurs in the cold chain. For this reason, it was established to evaluate the product Gemcitabine injectable solution through a temperature stress study. For this, the product Gemcitabine injectable solution was exposed to two extreme temperatures: two days at -20 °C and two days at 40 °C, repeating the cycle three times; with a total trial duration of 12 days. The fundamental physical-chemical properties of the product (organoleptic characteristics, pH, assay and organic impurities) were evaluated, with the objective of determining the affectation that it could suffer outside the storage temperature, 2-8 °C, set for its stability, during its useful life. The results demonstrated that the sudden changes of temperature did not affect the description, the pH and the assay; but the non-specific impurities do from cycle 1. This suggested a degradation of the product. With these evidences, it was concluded that Gemcitabine solution is affected by sudden changes in temperature that could occur during the interruption of the cold chain in its storage and distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) can cause severe disease in koi and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Currently, no effective treatment is available against CyHV-3 infection in koi. Both LSD1 and JMJD2 are histone demethylases (HD) and are critical for immediate-early (IE) gene activation essential for lytic herpesvirus replication. OG-L002 and ML324 are newly discovered specific inhibitors of LSD1 and JMJD2, respectively. Here, HD inhibitors were compared with acyclovir (ACV) against CyHV-3 infection in vitro and in vivo. ML324, at 20–50 µM, can completely block ~1 × 103 PFU CyHV-3 replication in vitro, while OG-L002 at 20 µM and 50 µM can produce 96% and 98% inhibition, respectively. Only about 94% inhibition of ~1 × 103 PFU CyHV-3 replication was observed in cells treated with ACV at 50 µM. As expected, CyHV-3 IE gene transcription of ORF139 and ORF155 was blocked within 72 h post-infection (hpi) in the presence of 20 µM ML324. No detectable cytotoxicity was observed in KF-1 or CCB cells treated for 24 h with 1 to 50 µM ML324. A significant reduction of CyHV-3 replication was observed in ~6-month-old infected koi treated with 20 µM ML324 in an immersion bath for 3–4 h at 1-, 3-, and 5-days post-infection compared to the control and ACV treatments. Under heat stress, 50–70% of 3–4-month-old koi survived CyHV-3 infection when they were treated daily with 20 µM ML324 in an immersion bath for 3–4 h within the first 5 d post-infection (dpi), compared to 11–19% and 22–27% of koi in the control and ACV treatments, respectively. Our study demonstrates that ML324 has the potential to be used against CyHV-3 infection in koi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is a widely cultivated cereal throughout the world and stress caused by low temperatures significantly affects all stages of wheat development. Seed priming is an effective method to produce stress-resistant plants. This work was carried out to determine whether different priming methods (hormo-, halo-, osmo-, and hydropriming) can increase the resistance of wheat to low-temperature conditions (10 °C). The effect of priming on growth, as well as the biochemical and physiological performance of wheat seedlings were monitored. In general, priming had a significant stimulatory effect on the monitored characteristics. Hormo- and halopriming had a positive effect on the growth, vigor index, and total soluble protein content of wheat seedlings. Additionally, hormopriming reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat seedlings compared to unprimed seeds. A dominant effect on antioxidant enzymes (superoxide-dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and pyrogallol peroxidase) was recorded after seed priming with KNO3. The effectiveness of priming was also confirmed through the increased content of phenolic compounds (including flavonoids), and total antioxidant activity. The HPLC analysis showed increased content of chlorogenic acid, catechin, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid, sinapic acid, rutin, naringin, and quercetin in primed wheat seedlings compared to unprimed grown seedlings under low-temperature conditions with the best effects achieved by hormo- and hydropriming. It is concluded that seed priming can be regarded as a promising approach for increasing the resistance of wheat seedlings to low-temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stress is one of the main factors affecting the growth and yield of vegetable crops worldwide. Therefore, how to improve the stress resistance of vegetables has become a research hotspot. As the largest vegetable planted in China, hot pepper（Capsicum annuum L.） has high nutritional value and economic value. Therefore, it is of great social benefit to cultivate hot pepper varieties with strong resistances. Based on this, this study focuses on the responses of hot pepper to temperature stress, saline-alkali stress, water stress and heavy metals stress that caused changes in plant morphological status, physiological, biochemical and molecular level. The improvement measures were firstly integrated, and the pepper to future research direction was analyzed, which would provide references for the development and utilization of resources and resistant variety breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review summarizes current notions about biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of respiratory pathways to the elevation of atmospheric СО2 concentration (eCO2) and associated factors (high temperature and drought). Direct and indirect, as well as brief and long-term, effects of climatic changes on individual stages of respiration and its functional components were analyzed. It was ascertained that energy-efficient (EE) pathways of respiration (glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and cytochrome ETC pathway) are highly variable depending on the intensity, duration, and nature of the climatic agents and on the species and age of plants. An important role in adaptation to climatic changes and the maintenance of energy balance is performed by energy inefficient (EI) components of respiration. They comprise glucose-6-phosphate shunt of oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, alternative oxidase (АОХ), type II NADPH dehydrogenases, and photorespiration. It is assumed that their stimulation upon climatic changes (except for photorespiration at eCO2) is related to a rise in expenditures on the maintenance of antioxidant mechanisms and depends on dissipation of excess metabolites and energy necessary for protection and normal operation of the photosynthetic apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea can solve the problem of concrete cracking due to temperature stress. However, its effect is affected by temperature. The influencing mechanism of temperature on urea-doped cement pastes is still unclear. This paper explores the effect of different temperatures on the hydration kinetics of urea-doped cement pastes. The isothermal calorimeter (TAM Air) was used to test hydration at three constant temperatures (20 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C). The effects of the urea admixture and temperature on the hydration process and hydration kinetics parameters were investigated. The hydration mechanism was analyzed, and the changes in macroscopic mechanical compressive strength and porosity were tested. The results show that, as the urea content (UC) increases, the rate of hydration gradually decreases, and the increase in temperature promotes the inhibitory effect of urea. At 60 °C, UC of 8% can be reduced by 23.5% compared with the pure cement (PC) group's hydration rate. As the temperature increases from 20 °C to 60 °C, the Krstulovic–Dabic model changes from the NG-I-D process to the NG-D process. The effect of urea on the compressive strength of the cement is mainly shown in the early stage, and its effect on later strength is not obvious. In addition, urea will increase its early porosity. The porosity will gradually decrease in the later stage. The results of the study clarify the effect of temperature on urea-doped cement pastes. The optimal content of urea in cement is about 8%, which will provide theoretical guidance for solving the cracking problem of large-volume concrete due to temperature stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Climate change is a universal challenge that threatens the very existence of life on planet Earth. One of the most sensitive areas to climate change is agriculture. Climate change affects precipitation, cyclones, clouds, temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. All these factors affect plant productivity which poses another grave concern in feeding the everincreasing population. The productivity in terms of crop yield is reduced due to a direct correlation between phenology and climate change. The reproductive organs of a plant and other parameters that define good fertility of a species are all affected by the increasing temperatures during their vegetative and reproductive phases of growth and development. Thus, this review is an attempt to understand the effect of climate change on the reproductive structures of plants and discuss the short-term and long-term adaptations in plants and agriculture as mitigation measures to combat the significant yield loss in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitivity of reproductive stage to high temperature was investigated in twenty wheat genotypes (three tall traditional-C ones, seven elite-PBW ones, nine advanced-BWL ones and one landrace-Himachal Local 1) using various biochemical indices under high-temperature stress. Effect of high temperature on activities of antioxidant enzymes and contents of phenolic compounds in relation to transformation of free sugars to starch in developing grains of wheat genotypes was studied by raising the crop under timely sown (November) and late planting (December) conditions. During metabolomic profiling, it was confirmed that sugars, amino acids and proteins accumulated in different wheat genotypes under high temperature with decrease in starch content. Disruption of starch biosynthesis resulted in their favored utilization in nitrogen metabolism leading to higher amino acid and protein accumulation as depicted by the negative correlation between starch and proteins (p ≤ 0.05) under heat stress. Phenolic compounds, viz. total polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, were increased under stress conditions. Increase in polyphenolic content could be associated with the activation of phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme involved in shikimic acid pathway in wheat grains. A significant correlation (p ≤ 0.01) of total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins was observed with the activity of catalase (r = 0.59) and polyphenol oxidase (r = 0.27), respectively. Advanced lines, namely BWL 1664, 3504 and 6250, performed better with less decrease in yield under heat stress which was attributed to low reduction in starch content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs) are not only the key regulators of dephosphorylating and inactivating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), but play a crucial role in the immune response. However, the role of DUSP genes in Japanese flounder (PoDUSPs) is still unclear. In this study, 28 DUSP genes in Japanese flounder were identified and classified based on the whole genome database. Phylogenetic analysis and protein structure analysis revealed that DUSPs had highly conserved domains in teleosts. Molecular evolution analysis indicated that the PoDUSP genes were conservative during evolution and were functional-constrained. Meanwhile, PoDUSP genes were found to express in different embryonic and larval stages which might play the role of sentinel in healthy organisms. Furthermore, PoDUSP genes' expression profiles after temperature stress and Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) infection were determined in Japanese flounder without precedent, and the results demonstrated that Podusp1 , Podusp2 and Podusp16 were more respective to temperature variation whereas Podusp1 and Podusp6 were more respective to E. tarda infection. In summary, our results provide useful resources for understanding the immune responsibilities of DUSP genes in flatfish. • 28 dusp genes were identified and characterized in Japanese flounder. • Spatiotemporal and tissue expression patterns of Podusps were investigated. • Podusps were significantly induced after temperature stress and E. Tarda infection. • Podusp genes might participate in immune response by regulating MAPK signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and extremely high temperatures affect insect survival and distribution. In this study, we characterized the gene expression profiles of red (PAR) and green (PAG) morphs of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) at three high temperatures (30 °C, 36 °C, and 38 °C) and three treatment durations (6 h, 12 h, and 24 h) by high-throughput sequencing. Both PARs and PAGs increased the number of significantly differentially expressed genes as temperature and treatment duration increased, particularly for genes associated with stress resistance, lipid metabolism, cuticular protein expression, and the initiation of various regulatory mechanisms. However, the response mechanisms and their intensities varied between the morphs. More cuticular protein genes were down-regulated in PAGs, while more stress resistance genes up-regulated in PARs. JAK-STAT, MAPK, Estrogen, Insulin signaling, and Longevity-regulating pathways were enriched in PARs, whereas AMPK, Insulin signaling, and Circadian rhythm pathways were enriched in PAGs. These results suggested that PARs possesses greater adaptability than PAGs under extreme high temperatures. The different temperature adaptability between morphs may represent an ecological strategy developed by A. pisum to adapt to global warming. This research enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect survival in high-temperatures environments and provides guidance for the development of control strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene family comprises some of the most critical transporter proteins in plants, playing vital roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and adapting to environmental changes. While ABC transporters have been extensively characterized in various plant species, their profile in C. mollissima remains less understood. In this study, 164 ABC genes were identified and characterized within the C. mollissima genome, and subsequently classified into eight subfamilies. Collinear analysis suggested that dispersed duplication was the primary mechanism driving the expansion of the CmABC gene family. The study also examined morphological and physiological changes in C. mollissima under temperature stress, highlighting significant decreases in photosynthetic indicators and SOD enzyme activity, while other indicators varied. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct expression patterns of various CmABC genes under temperature stress, identifying CmABCG29c and CmABCB11e as key candidates for responding to temperature stress. This was based on their expression patterns, correlation with physiological indicators, and WGCNA analysis. The expression levels of CmABC genes measured in RT-qPCR experiments were consistent with those observed in RNA-seq analysis. This research provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the physiological and gene expression responses of C. mollissima to temperature stress., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

The commercialization of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) latifolicide in 1945 marked the beginning of the selective herbicide market, with this active ingredient playing a pivotal role among commercial herbicides due to the natural tolerance of monocots compared with dicots. Due to its intricate mode of action, involving interactions within endogenous auxin signaling networks, 2,4-D was initially considered a low-risk herbicide to evolve weed resistance. However, the intensification of 2,4-D use has contributed to the emergence of 2,4-D-resistant broadleaf weeds, challenging earlier beliefs. This review explores 2,4-D tolerance in crops and evolved resistance in weeds, emphasizing an in-depth understanding of 2,4-D metabolic detoxification. Nine confirmed 2,4-D-resistant weed species, driven by rapid metabolism, highlight cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in Phase I and glycosyltransferases in Phase II as key enzymes. Resistance to 2,4-D may also involve impaired translocation associated with mutations in auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) co-receptor genes. Moreover, temperature variations affect 2,4-D efficacy, with high temperatures increasing herbicide metabolism rates and reducing weed control, while drought stress did not affect 2,4-D efficacy. Research on 2,4-D resistance has primarily focused on non-target-site resistance (NTSR) mechanisms, including 2,4-D metabolic detoxification, with limited exploration of the inheritance and genetic basis underlying these traits. Resistance to 2,4-D in weeds is typically governed by a single gene, either dominant or incompletely dominant, raising questions about gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations that confer resistance. Future research should unravel the physiological and molecular-genetic basis of 2,4-D NTSR, exploring potential cross-resistance patterns and assessing fitness costs that may affect future evolution of auxin-resistant weeds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.)