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Background: Perforated peptic ulcer disease (PPUD) has a prevalence of 0.004–0.014% with mortality of 23.5% (Tarasconi et al. in World J Emerg Surg 15(PG-3):3, 2020). In this single center study, we examined the impact associated with patient transfer from outside facilities to our center for definitive surgical intervention (exploratory laparotomy). Methods: Using EPIC report workbench, we identified 27 patients between 2018 and 2021 undergoing exploratory laparotomy with a concurrent diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease, nine of which were transferred to our institution for care. We queried this population for markers of disease severity including mortality, length of stay, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and readmission rates. Manual chart reviews were performed to examine these outcomes in more detail and identify patients who had been transferred to our facility for surgery from an outside hospital. Results: A total of 27 patients were identified undergoing exploratory laparotomy for definitive treatment of PPUD. The majority of patients queried underwent level A operations, the most urgent level of activation. In our institution, a Level A operation needs to go to the operating room within one hour of arrival to the hospital. Average mortality for this patient population was 14.8%. The readmission rate was 40.1%, and average length of ICU stay post-operatively was 16 days, with 83% of non-transfer patients requiring ICU admission and 100% of transfer patients requiring ICU admission, although this was not found to be statistically significant. Average length of hospital stay was 27 days overall. For non-transfer patients and transfer patients, LOS was 20 days and 41 days, respectively, which was statistically significant by one-sided t-test (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Patients transferred for definitive care of PPUD in a population otherwise notable for high mortality and high readmission rates: their average length of stay compared to non-transfer patients was over twice the length, which was statistically significant. Transferred patients also had higher rates of ICU care requirement although this was not statistically significant. Further inquiry to identify modifiable variables to facilitate the care of transferred patients is warranted, especially in the context of improving quality metrics known to enhance patient outcomes, satisfaction, and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes course withdrawal behaviors in the Texas public higher education institutions and examines the predictors of course withdrawal by using statewide administrative datasets. The findings showed that two-thirds of the college students in the sample withdrew from at least one course, highlighting course withdrawal as a prevalent issue among college students. Community college transfer students experienced the highest rate of course withdrawal (three-fourths) throughout their education, surpassing those who remained at a community college or initially enrolled in a public university. Moreover, this study's findings revealed that various student and course characteristics are related to course withdrawals, such as cumulative college grade point average, summer enrollment, taking 15 semester credit hours, taking online courses, paid employment, and Pell Grant recipient status. Implications for practice, policy, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In educational research, there is the general trade-off that empirical evidence should be generalizable to be applicable across contexts; at the same time, empirical evidence should be as specific as possible to be localizable in subject-specific educational interventions to successfully transfer the empirical evidence to educational practice. This trade-off is further increased by the fact that the diverse instructional contexts, such as school or student characteristics constrain the applicability of empirical evidence. Several approaches have been proposed to address this issue, however, emphasized the different problems (i.e., localization, generalization, transferability) rather in an isolated manner. To this end, in this article, we introduce a synergistic approach, the LoGeT (localize, generalize, transfer) model, which systematically integrates co-design (localization strategies) and ManyClasses principles (generalization strategies) with co-constructive transfer activities, to generate empirical evidence that may be applicable in educational practice. To illustrate the LoGeT model, we present three long-term projects, covering different granularities and durations of educational interventions across different fields of education (teacher education, adaptive teaching, non-interactive teaching) that successfully applied the LoGeT approach. Finally, we outline further directions for future iterations of the LoGeT model. We hope that the LoGeT approach may be a stimulus to guide researchers as well as practitioners alike to design generalizable and evidence-based educational interventions that are rooted in localized instructional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extinction of a response in the presence of one stimulus in an equivalence class can transfer to other related stimuli, but difficulties in establishing extinction can compromise analyses. The present study evaluated the transfer of avoidance extinction with two extinction procedures. In particular, avoidance or nonavoidance was always (Experiment 1) and never (Experiment 2) followed by point loss in the crucial extinction test phase. Both experiments began with the establishment of two equivalence classes with four abstract figures in each (A1-B1-C1-D1 and A2-B2-C2-D2). Clicking a button to avoid loss of points was trained with B1 and subsequently observed without direct training in the presence of C1 and D1. Extinction was then conducted with one group of participants with stimuli that underwent avoidance training (direct extinction with B1 and B2) and with another group with stimuli who did not undergo avoidance training (derived extinction with C1 and C2). Finally, the transfer of extinction was evaluated with stimuli from both classes. In Experiment 1, 10 of 14 participants met the avoidance extinction criteria, and the transfer of extinction occurred for 2 (1 in the direct and 1 in the derived extinction group). In Experiment 2, 10 of 13 participants met the avoidance extinction criteria, and the transfer of extinction occurred for 6 (5 in the direct and 1 in the derived extinction group). Overall, the transfer of extinction occurred only with the combination of an extinction procedure without aversive events and direct extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epistaxis is a common reason for emergency department (ED) visits, accounting for approximately 1 of every 200 ED visits in the United States annually and up to one-third of all otolaryngology (ENT)-related ED encounters. Objectives: To detail reasons for ENT consultation for epistaxis in the ED, understand how consultation impacts patient care, assess follow-up patterns after emergency care, and study patient care after transfer or referral into the ED. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 592 adult patients with epistaxis managed in a tertiary care ED setting between 2017 and 2018. Patients with known follow-up, ENT consult in the ED, or admission were included, while patients with trauma, recent head and neck surgery, or abnormal anatomy were excluded. Results: The most common reasons for ENT consultation for epistaxis were for advanced management, referral to the ED from an outside facility or provider, and recent head and neck surgery. In total, 48.2% of patients treated for epistaxis in the ED received an ENT consultation. ENT consultation was associated with a higher likelihood of receiving absorbable or nonabsorbable packing (92.4% vs 36.1%). In total, 40.4% of patients referred into the ED from an outside facility or provider had no change in their management after receiving an ENT consult. Patients referred to the ED and White patients were significantly more likely to receive an ENT consult. Secondary analyses revealed that more White patients had an established outpatient ENT provider than patients of other races. On multivariate analysis, patients who received an ENT consult spent 75.2 min longer in the ED. Conclusion: The high percentage of patients referred or transferred to the ED for epistaxis management with no change in interventions after ENT consultation indicates a continued need to develop more precise clinical care pathways. Additionally, there may be gaps between White and non-White patients in access to ENT care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the generalization of participation in parkour from physical education to parkour recess in two different elementary school classes taught by the same teacher. One class of 2nd grade (n = 19) and one class of 3rd grade (n= 26) elementary school children were taught a seven-lesson parkour unit during physical education. The teacher and the children were new to parkour, and the teacher taught each lesson first to the second-grade class followed by the third-grade class. The voluntary participation and MVPA of children from both classes in six parkour recess sessions connected with seven physical education lessons were recorded. In physical education, MVPA, lesson context, and teacher's physical activity promotion in both classes were investigated. Results indicated that more time was spent in management in grade 2 (50%) compared to grade 3 (45%). In grade 3, children had more skill practice and achieved more MVPA compared to second graders during physical education (38% versus 35%, p<.001). There was more in class physical activity promotion in third grade (15%) compared to second grade (7%). More children from 3rd grade participated in parkour recess (74%) compared to children from 2nd grade (43%, p=0.001), although both groups achieved similar mean MVPA levels (70%). The generalization of participation in parkour from physical education to recess varied between classes taught by the same teacher. This might be the result of teaching the content to two classes, which enabled the teacher to adapt the content and refine teaching strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent increase in off-season crop cultivation in greenhouses requires prediction of crop reference evapotranspiration (ETo) to quantify size of irrigation equipments and water scheduling. Currently, estimating the reference crop evapotranspiration for a greenhouse crop is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith formula which requires large set of external greenhouse input climatic data that is not usually available. Moreover, the prediction of ETo is difficult because the wind speed inside a greenhouse is low or approximate zero and the external greenhouses climate data differ markedly from inner greenhouse data. In order to calculate ETo from inside greenhouse a Penman-Monteith modified and simplified procedure was proposed as main objective of this study. The procedure is based on two steps that are to use the heat transfer approach to predict inside the greenhouses temperature, and secondly to employ the predicted temperature data to estimate ETo as suggested by FAO -- irrigation and drainage paper 56. However, the relative humidity and radiation are to be estimated from data on temperature differences. The model was validated using meteorological data measured within Quonset type (20 x 9 x 3) greenhouse in Shambat - Khartoum North area in 2022. Prediction of temperature by heat transfer model was verified with greenhouse data reported by Hadi and Ahmad (2019). The model statistical verification shows that the fitted value of the model agreed with the calculated value by the formulas. The model was applied with data collected in nine houses located in three sites in Khartoum North for three seasons. The results indicated the possibility of using the proposed procedure to predict ETo for design and operation purposes for erecting new greenhouse in a new area because less meteorological factors are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: When facing a task, children must analyze it precisely to fully identify what its goal is. This is particularly difficult for young children, who mainly rely on environmental cues to get there. Research suggests that training children to look for the most relevant perceptual cues is promising. Furthermore, as transferring skills to a new task is difficult, the question of whether young children are able to transfer such training remains open. The aim of this study was to test the extent to which two strategies of goal self-cueing--labeling and pointing--can help 4-year-old children to identify the relevant cues to clearly identify the goal of the task. The effects of explicit strategy training were tested in a near transfer task. Method: Ninety-nine typically developing 4 year olds took part in the study. They were divided into three groups: two were trained collectively in one of the two strategies and the third group as a control group with no strategy training. All children performed a cued card-sorting task four times: Pre-test, Collective training, Post-test, and Transfer with new cards. Results: Results confirmed the beneficial effect of strategy training on goal identification, particularly after training (Post-test). In the transfer phase, all three groups performed equally well. Discussion: This study contributes to our understanding of how young children seek information when they look for the most relevant cues for identifying the goal of a task, and the benefits they may derive in a transfer task. It seems that the use of visual cues and self-cueing strategies helps preschoolers to clearly identify the goal of a task. Results are discussed in the light of the self-regulated learning framework. Some possible classroom applications are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sources of difficulty in insight problem-solving have been identified, but current theories are less successful at explaining discovery of solution ideas. Here, we explore the role of expertise in promoting insight. In Experiment 1, experienced designers and financiers solved visual and verbal problems. Expertise did not influence solution rates for verbal problems, but designers solved more visual problems than financiers, despite similar incorrect initial attempts. In Experiment 2, experienced and novice designers attempted problems either unconstrained, prevented from drawing, or sitting on their hands to prevent drawing and gesture. Hand and drawing constraints removed the positive benefits of expertise. Experienced designers appear to solve visual problems by using strategies to explore the visuo-spatial environment in search of new representations. The results indicate that expert strategic knowledge can be a source of insight. They also show that strategic transfer of expertise to far domains can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic events, in their aftermath, often induce feelings of injustice or exclusion due to the hierarchies of survivor/non-survivor, religion, race, gender, and so forth, as well as the apathy of governance. However, the transfer of trauma and healing from survivors to their next generation is conceptualized around the past traumatic event and post-traumatic stress disorder. A constructivist grounded theory analysis of the voices of parent survivors and their next generation associated with the 1984 anti-Sikh violence in India is utilized to explore a potential bidirectional transfer of social suffering and healing within the parent–child dyad. The categories suggesting a bidirectional transfer of social suffering are (a) "child inundated," due to the inadequacy of resources or support, and (b) "parent's remorse" over being incapacitated and unable to care. The findings do not clearly indicate parent-to-child transfer of healing, yet there are indications of parents' healing being contributed to by children's positive and uplifting experiences in the category "parent's satisfaction through child's growth and happiness." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidable transfers (AT) in pediatric trauma can increase strain on healthcare resources and families. We sought to identify characteristics of patients and their injuries that are associated with AT. A multicenter retrospective cross-sectional study of the regional Trauma Registry was conducted from 1/1/10–12/31/21 of children <18 years-old who experienced an interfacility transfer. AT was defined as receiving hospital length of stay (LOS) < 48 hrs without procedure or intervention performed. Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, and arrival time were analyzed with descriptive statistics. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to analyze demographic and clinical factors associated with AT. We included 5438 trauma transfers, of which 2187 (40.2%) were AT. Patients experiencing AT had a median [IQR] age of 5 years [1–12] and most were male (67%) and Hispanic/Latino (46.3%). The odds of experiencing AT decreased as age increased and were less likely in females and Non-Hispanic Black children. Injuries from falls (ground level (OR = 2.48; 95%CI = 1.89–3.28) and >10 ft (OR = 3.20; 95%CI = 2.35–4.39)), sports/recreational activities (OR = 2.36; 95%CI = 1.78–3.16), MVCs (OR = 1.44; 95%CI = 1.05–1.98), and firearms (OR = 1.74; 95%CI = 1.15–2.62) were associated with an increased odds of AT. Time of arrival at the receiving facility in early hours (00:00–07:59) (OR = 1.48; 95%CI = 1.24–1.76) and evening hours (17:00–23:59) (OR = 1.75; 95%CI = 1.47–2.07) were associated with an increased odds of AT. Younger patients, injuries from falls, sports/recreational activities, MVCs, and firearms as well as arrival time outside of standard work hours are more likely to result in AT. Knowing these results, we can begin working with our referral centers to improve communication and strengthen institutional transfer criteria for pediatric trauma patients. Further investigation will then be needed to determine if the changes implemented have influenced care and lowered rates of avoidable transfer. Level III. • AT of pediatric trauma patients contributes to unnecessary use of resources and prolongs length of stay. • The factors associated with AT include patient and injury characteristics. An arrival time at the receiving hospital beyond standard work hours has an increased association with AT in pediatric trauma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the reflections on tempo-aspectual morphology in Italian expressed by undergraduate multilingual learners with previous knowledge of Swedish and a Romance language (N = 22). The reflections of the participants, who were divided into four groups depending on a combination of proficiency in their background Romance language and in Italian, were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. From the analysis categories and subcategories emerged, and their occurrences served to display group tendencies. Four categories (explicit rules, intuition, other languages and uncertainty/unknown), and seven subcategories were found and their occurrence was differently distributed across groups. Further, the reflections of the learners became more sophisticated as proficiency in Italian increased. In fact, the reflections progressively incorporated different layers of information connected to explicit knowledge about tenses: temporal, aspectual and, finally, lexical, that is, the inherent semantics of the predicates. Finally, while the reflections of low-proficiency learners referred to different L2s (e.g. English and French), high-proficiency learners made comparisons with Swedish more consistently, regardless of their proficiency level in the Romance language. These results are discussed in the light of research on second/additional language learning of aspectual distinctions in Romance languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Perceptual learning of facial expression is shown specific to the train expression, indicating separate encoding of the emotional contents in different expressions. However, little is known about the specificity of emotional recognition training with the visual search paradigm and the sensitivity of learning to near-threshold stimuli. Methods: In the present study, we adopted a visual search paradigm to measure the recognition of facial expressions. In Experiment 1 (Exp1), Experiment 2 (Exp2), and Experiment 3 (Exp3), subjects were trained for 8 days to search for a target expression in an array of faces presented for 950 ms, 350 ms, and 50 ms, respectively. In Experiment 4 (Exp4), we trained subjects to search for a target of a triangle, and tested them with the task of facial expression search. Before and after the training, subjects were tested on the trained and untrained facial expressions which were presented for 950 ms, 650 ms, 350 ms, or 50 ms. Results: The results showed that training led to large improvements in the recognition of facial emotions only if the faces were presented long enough (Exp1: 85.89%; Exp2: 46.05%). Furthermore, the training effect could transfer to the untrained expression. However, when the faces were presented briefly (Exp3), the training effect was small (6.38%). In Exp4, the results indicated that the training effect could not transfer across categories. Discussion: Our findings revealed cross-emotion transfer for facial expression recognition training in a visual search task. In addition, learning hardly affects the recognition of near-threshold expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skill training aims to improve the performance of the task at hand and aims to transfer the acquired skill to related tasks. Both skill training and skill transfer are part of our everyday lives, and essential for survival, and their importance is reflected in years of research. Despite these enormous efforts, however, the complex relationship between skill training and skill transfer is not yet portrayed completely. Building upon two theories, we probed this relationship through the example of bimanual learning with a large cross‐sectional design (N = 450) using an online framework. We designed five training tasks which differed in the variance of the training material (schema theory) and three transfer tasks differing in their similarity to the training task (identical elements theory). Theoretically, the five training tasks and the three transfer tasks varied approximately linearly from each other. Empirical data, however, suggested merely the presence of three statistically different training tasks and two significantly different transfer tasks, indicating a nonlinear relationship. Against our expectation, Bayesian statistics suggested that the type of skill training was not related to the type of skill transfer. However, the amount of skill training was positively related to the amount of skill transfer. Together, we showed that motor learning studies can be conducted online. Further, our results shed light on the complex relationship between skill training and skill transfer. Understanding this relationship has wide‐ranging practical implications for the general population, particularly for musicians, athletes and patients recovering from injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the transfer of material culture made by the Jesuits from Europe to the province of Paraguay during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and its impact on social, economic and religious life on the indigenous people of the Guarani-Jesuit reductions, and the creation of new knowledge, composed of indigenous wisdom with European technologies in the workshops of the manual craft introduced in these reductions. This study is based on the results of a research project on the materiality of the polychrome wooden sculptures of these reductions and on the analysis of documents from different archives in Latin America and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks are the backbone of the economy and its main engine; Because it preserves money and facilitates its circulation, and the transfer process is one of the usual services that no country is free of, and it is a process that provides a service to people at home and abroad, and the banking process is a form of financial transactions, authentic and contemporary, and given its reality and the benefits and advantages it provides, it turns out that it Consistent with the spirit of Islamic law. The research adopted inductive methodology. This research will study the nature of the bank transfer, its legitimacy and its divisions, then the jurisprudential adaptation of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of money finds its basis in the commercial codification of countries, as they regulate it within the contract for the transport of goods or things. This was stipulated in the Omani Trade Law in Article (169) and also stipulated in the Yemeni Commercial Law in Article (177). Due to the specificity of the place of transport represented by money, it is often fraught with disputes more than other transportable things, and due to the importance of this specificity, the Omani Trade Law and the Yemeni Commercial Law did not regulate this contract as an independent contract with its own provisions due to its practical importance in the field of transport via regular means of transport. Or transfer it via electronic means. All the special provisions stipulated in these two laws are reduced to only one article related to the responsibility of the money carrier, so that the rest of the legal provisions related to the transport of goods or things apply to him. The transfer of money differs depending on the means through which the money is transferred, and for this reason it is important to clarify the purpose of the transfer of money and its legal nature, and whether it is consistent with the nature of its transfer through financial institutions, with the aim of measuring it in the rest of the provisions, especially those related to the obligations incurred by the sender and the carrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test effects of German on anticipation in Vietnamese, we recorded eye-movements during comprehension and manipulated i) verb constraints (different vs. similar in German and Vietnamese) and ii) classifier constraints (absent in German). In each of two experiments, participants listened to Vietnamese sentences like "Mai mặc một chiếc áo." ('Mai wears a [classifier] shirt.'), while viewing four objects. Between experiments, we contrasted bilingual background: L1 Vietnamese–L2 German late bilinguals (Experiment 1) and heritage speakers of Vietnamese in Germany (Experiment 2). Both groups anticipated verb-compatible and classifier-compatible objects upon hearing the verb/classifier. However, when the (verb) constraints differed (e.g., Vietnamese: mặc 'wear (a shirt/#earrings)' – German: tragen 'wear (a shirt/earrings)'), the heritage speakers were distracted by the object (earrings) compatible with the German (but not the Vietnamese) verb constraints. These results demonstrate that competing information in the two languages can interfere with anticipation in heritage speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Producing triggers to switch between modes of myoelectric prosthetic hands has proven to be difficult. We evaluated whether digital training methods were feasible in individuals with an upper limb defect (ULD), whether myosignals in these individuals differ from those of non-impaired individuals and whether acquired skills transfer to prosthesis use. Two groups participated in a 9-day pre-test–post-test design study with seven 45-minute training sessions. One group trained using a serious game, the other with their myosignals digitally displayed. Both groups also trained using a prosthesis. The pre- and post-tests consisted of an adapted Clothespin Relocation Test and the spherical subset of the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure. After the post-test, the System Usability Scale (SUS) was administered. Clinically relevant performance measures and myosignal features were analysed. Four individuals with a ULD participated. SUS-scores deemed both training methods feasible. Three participants produced only a few correct triggers. Myosignals features indicated larger variability for individuals with a ULD compared to non-impaired individuals (previously published data [1]). Three participants indicated transfer of skill. Even though both training methods were deemed feasible and most participants showed transfer, seven training sessions were insufficient to learn reliable switching behaviour. Trial registration: The study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the University Medical Center Groningen (METc 2018.268). Switching between pre-programmed modes of a myoelectric prosthetic hand can be learned, however it does require training. Serious games can be considered useful training tools for trigger production in early phases of myoelectric prosthesis control training. In order to evoke transfer of skill from training to daily life both task-specificity and focus of attention during training should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onset of mental health disorder peaks during adolescence making continuity of care during this period of life crucial both to ensure a smooth treatment course and high quality of mental health services for adolescents. We aimed to examine which clinical and sociodemographic features predict transfer from child and adolescent mental health services to adult mental health services and if transfer is associated with prognosis. A Danish register study including all 16–17-year-olds with an outpatient contact in child and adolescent mental health services, who were discharged in the period of 1/1/06–10/05/15. Out of 27,170 Danish adolescents, 16% transferred to adult mental health services. Transfer was predicted by schizophrenia (OR 6.16; 95% CI 5.51–6.90) and personality disorders (OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.84–2.34), while hyperkinetic (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.49–0.59) and pervasive developmental disorders (OR 0.42; 95% CI 0.31–0.58) decreased likelihood of transfer. Transfer was also substantially predicted by inpatient admission (OR 3.37; 95% CI 3.14–3.61) and psychiatric medication (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.92–2.23). Transfer was associated with higher rates of inpatient admission to adult mental health services (IRR 5.83; 95% CI 4.37–7.77), more psychiatric emergency contacts (IRR 12.0; 95% CI 10.7–13.4), more convictions (IRR 1.40; 95% CI 1.23–1.59) and suicide attempts (IRR 5.70; 95% CI 4.72–6.90). Policy-makers and clinicians should push for improvements and open a discussion of how to ensure continuity of care for adolescents with psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During mirror meetings, professionals were confronted with the experiences of young people (YP) with inflammatory bowel disease to encourage them to improve their transitional care arrangements. The mirror meetings were held under guidance of an independent moderator. YP conversed about their transition experiences, while health care providers listened without interfering. Meetings were audio‐recorded and summarized. Qualitative thematic analysis was conducted. Thirty‐two YP participated in six mirror meetings with 26 professionals from paediatric and adult care. Professionals received concrete suggestions for improving their transitional care arrangements. These were about holistic care, tailored to individual needs and preferences, attention for mental health and the role of parents and peers. Advice given by YP matched transitional care guidelines' recommendations. Mirror meetings are a powerful tool to enhance professionals' awareness of YP's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backward transfer is defined as the influence that new learning has on individuals' prior ways of reasoning. In this article, we report on an exploratory study that examined the influences that quadratic functions instruction in real classrooms had on students' prior ways of reasoning about linear functions. Two algebra classes and their teachers at two comprehensive high schools served as the participants. Both schools drew from low-socioeconomic urban populations. The study involved paper-and-pencil assessments about linear functions that were administered before and after a four- to five-week instructional unit on quadratic functions. The teachers were instructed to teach the quadratic functions unit using their regular approach. Qualitative analysis revealed three kinds of backward transfer influences and each influence was related to a shift in how the students reasoned about functions in terms of an action or process view of functions. Additionally, features of the instruction in each class provided plausible explanations for the similarities and differences in backward transfer effects across the two classrooms. These results offer insights into backward transfer, the relationship between prior knowledge and new learning, aspects of reasoning about linear functions, and instructional approaches to teaching functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music training is generally assumed to improve perceptual and cognitive abilities. Although correlational data highlight positive associations, experimental results are inconclusive, raising questions about causality. Does music training have far-transfer effects, or do preexisting factors determine who takes music lessons? All behavior reflects genetic and environmental influences, but differences in emphasis—nature versus nurture—have been a source of tension throughout the history of psychology. After reviewing the recent literature, we conclude that the evidence that music training causes nonmusical benefits is weak or nonexistent, and that researchers routinely overemphasize contributions from experience while neglecting those from nature. The literature is also largely exploratory rather than theory driven. It fails to explain mechanistically how music-training effects could occur and ignores evidence that far transfer is rare. Instead of focusing on elusive perceptual or cognitive benefits, we argue that it is more fruitful to examine the social-emotional effects of engaging with music, particularly in groups, and that music-based interventions may be effective mainly for clinical or atypical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a review of the existing literature on the topic of bike-transit combination. The aim is two-fold: (i) to identify factors that influence its successful uptake, and (ii) to discuss the potential of the bike-transit combination and its impact on urban transport systems. The review showed that the bike-transit integration is complex and can be influenced by a variety of factors. These factors are mainly related to the quality of public transport, the cycling network and the integration of these two. Improving them can have a positive impact on bike-transit uptake. Land use and built environment characteristics also play an important role, suggesting that the local context plays a significant role on its successful uptake. In general, the review reveals that bike-transit has shown potential in improving the performance of existing public transport systems, by expanding catchment areas and improving accessibility, but its impacts on car use have not been explicitly studied. The review concludes that the bike-transit combination shows a promising path to sustainable urban mobility and is a topic worth further investigation. However, it also calls for more integrated research approaches and an explicit focus on which types of travel behaviour are substituted by the bike-transit combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staff and faculty have influential roles in the success of students transferring from associate’s- to bachelor’s-degree programs (vertical transfer students). Our survey compared the reported views on transfer of 607 staff and faculty with transfer responsibilities in associate’s or bachelor’s programs at 19 City University of New York colleges. The findings included: (1) Staff reported feeling more confident in their responsibilities than did faculty. (2) Participants working with associate’s-degree students were more likely to report their colleges had sufficient transfer-service resources. (3) Associate’s-degree faculty were the least likely participant group to respond that the biggest barrier to the transfer process was GPA decline (transfer shock), and the most likely that it was credit transfer, whereas for bachelor’s-degree faculty, it was the reverse. These findings can inform policy and practice. For example, to work together towards a common goal of transfer student success and higher education equity, faculty may need more support in performing transfer-related duties and bridging their differing views across college sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We investigate the acquisition of adverb placement in Spanish among school-age child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US by Mexican parents. We examine frequency and manner adverbs with negative and positive polarity and the potential role of cross-linguistic influence, dominance, and experience in the path and rate of development. Fourteen child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US and twenty-five Spanish monolingual children from Mexico completed an elicited production task. Results showed that the heritage children produced significantly fewer verb-raising structures compared to the monolingual children, leading to a higher proportion of pre-verbal adverb use and adverb-final use. The heritage children treated manner and frequency adverbs with negative and positive polarity significantly differently. We also found a strong correlation between dominance and experience in the probability of producing specific adverbial positions. In other words, common adverbial positions in English were more likely to be produced with higher dominance and experience in English; likewise, Spanish adverbial positions were more likely to be used with higher dominance and experience in Spanish. We argue for differential outcomes in child heritage grammar due to differences in the path and rate of language development as well as the role of dominance and experience in child heritage language acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the features of the chronotope in the autobiographical novel "The Words" by the famous French writer Jean-Paul Sartre. The center of the analysis is the ways in which Sartre creates a complex and multi-layered domain of actions for his heroes, where time and space become not only physical but also philosophical realities. Particular attention is paid to how Sartre uses the chronotope to develop ideas of freedom, responsibility and existence. Through the analysis of everyday situations and the inner monologue of the main characters, the article reveals how the chronotope becomes an integral part of the concept of human existence in Sartre's world. The article also analyzes the transformation of the classic chronotope in an autobiography, new manifestations of the spatiotemporal concept, as well as the chronotope of retrospective depiction through the author's personal memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship between language, identity and immigration in the Andreea Simionel' case with her debut book, Male a est (Italo Svevo Edizioni, 2022). The author was born in 1996 in Botoşani, Romania, and in 2007 moved with her family to Turin, in Italy. The linguistic analysis presents some aspects of interference between Romanian and Italian in the language of the novel (borrowings, calques, linguistic stereotypes, xenisms), highlighting the author's creative operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of Chinese film director Feng Xiao Gang’s The Banquet in 2006 declares the first Chinese Hamlet film adaptation. Feng chooses to sinicize the play and interweaving cultural elements by framing the play into a Chinese martial art film and by applying Chinese Nuo mask and its variation in his filmic interpretation of the play. The frame of martial art film is heavily featured as the Chinese cultural touch deployed by the director in the transformation of a western play into a Chinese film, which proves to be an effective tool for displacing the western cultural elements with Chinese cultural ideology and principles. The use of the Nuo mask motif throughout the film is discussed with the following examples: 1. The director’s choice of using the Chinese Nuo mask in his adaptation of the play-within-the-play scene in the film, displacing the Mousetrap with its Nuo drama counterpart. 2. The director’s re-interpretation of Hamlet’s hesitation and madness, his representation of the Ghost and his symbolic approach to the building of characters by adopting a white paper mask. 3. The director’s transfer from the Ghost of Old Hamlet to copper carved mask symbolization. 4. The director’s building of characterization by using one’s own face as the mask. The framing of martial art film and the adoption of Nuo mask are the tools of sinicization in the process of the intercultural film adaptation of the western classic. The success of the film has explored the connections between the two cultures and challenged the transfer of Chinese culture into a western play.

Hand hygiene is broadly recognized as a critical intervention in reducing the spread of disease-causing pathogens in both professional and personal uses. In this study, the impact of antibacterial (AB) or nonantibacterial soaps on the removal and postwash transfer of E. coli following the handling of raw poultry was assessed. Baseline bacterial contamination ranged between 107 and 109 CFU per hand. Hands were washed for 30 s in 40°C ± 2°C tap water using 2 mL of AB soap (0.5% and 1.0% Chloroxylenol, 0.5% Benzalkonium Chloride, or 4.0% Chlorhexidine Gluconate), non-AB soap (cosmetic/plain soap), or water. Postwash, water, and non-AB soap had a mean 3.63 and 3.65 Log10 reduction of E. coli on hands. AB treatments had a mean 4.19–4.35 Log10 reduction. Rinse water had mean bacterial counts of 8.62 and 8.88 Log10 CFU/mL for non-AB soap and water and 5.37–6.90 Log10 CFU/mL for AB treatments. Bacterial transfer was assessed by following the test subject’s handling of a sterile polymer knife handle for 30 s postwash. E. coli transfer ranged from 263 to 903 CFU/handle for AB soaps and 1572 or 1709 CFU/handle for water and non-AB soap. Differences between AB and non-AB treatments were statistically significant (p

The probability of influencing the skin microbiome for addressing skin disorders opens a novel aisle of therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of skin microbiota transplantation (sMt) for cutaneous adverse food reactions (caFr) in dogs. Ten client-owned dogs with caFr were included in the study. Unenriched heterologous sMt was performed using Nivea Skin Refining Clear-Up Strips (N-cUs). The bacterial microbiota of skin samples was analysed by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Other relevant biomarkers were involved in VAS (visual analogue scale of pruritus score), CADESI-04 (canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index) and epidermal corneometric analysis. Increased Faecalibacterium (0 to 1.9 %), Peptoclostridium (5.49 % to 9.11 %) and Collinsella (0.65 % to 8.91 %), and decreased Fusobacterium (19.16 % to 9.06 %), Porphyromona (8.75 % to 0.13 %), Streptococcus (1.63 % to 0.14 %) and Staphylococcus (1.09 % to 0.49 %) was evidenced before and after sMt, respectively. Treatment with sMt effectively controlled clinical signs and drastically reduced median VAS pruritus (6.5 vs. 2) and CADESI-04 scores (74.50±22.62 to 19.30±11.30) (p

Queuosine (Q) is a conserved hypermodification of the wobble base of tRNA containing GUN anticodons but the physiological consequences of Q deficiency are poorly understood in bacteria. This work combines transcriptomic, proteomic and physiological studies to characterize a Q-deficient Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 mutant. The absence of Q led to an increased resistance to nickel and cobalt, and to an increased sensitivity to cadmium, compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. Transcriptomic analysis of the WT and Q-deficient strains, grown in the presence and absence of nickel, revealed that the nickel transporter genes (nikABCDE) are downregulated in the Q- mutant, even when nickel is not added. This mutant is therefore primed to resist to high nickel levels. Downstream analysis of the transcriptomic data suggested that the absence of Q triggers an atypical oxidative stress response, confirmed by the detection of slightly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the mutant, increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, and a subtle growth phenotype in a strain prone to accumulation of ROS.

The development of next-generation antimalarials that are efficacious against the human liver and asexual blood stages is recognized as one of the worlds most pressing public health challenges. In recent years, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including prolyl-tRNA synthetase, have emerged as attractive targets for malaria chemotherapy. We describe the development of a single-step biochemical assay for Plasmodium and human prolyl-tRNA synthetases that overcomes critical limitations of existing technologies and enables quantitative inhibitor profiling with high sensitivity and flexibility. Supported by this assay platform and co-crystal structures of representative inhibitor-target complexes, we develop a set of high-affinity prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors, including previously elusive aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase triple-site ligands that simultaneously engage all three substrate-binding pockets. Several compounds exhibit potent dual-stage activity against Plasmodium parasites and display good cellular host selectivity. Our data inform the inhibitor requirements to overcome existing resistance mechanisms and establish a path for rational development of prolyl-tRNA synthetase-targeted anti-malarial therapies.

Translation initiation defines the identity and quantity of a synthesized protein. The process is dysregulated in many human diseases1,2. A key commitment step is when the ribosomal subunits join at a translation start site on a messenger RNA to form a functional ribosome. Here, we combined single-molecule spectroscopy and structural methods using an in vitro reconstituted system to examine how the human ribosomal subunits join. Single-molecule fluorescence revealed when the universally conserved eukaryotic initiation factors eIF1A and eIF5B associate with and depart from initiation complexes. Guided by single-molecule dynamics, we visualized initiation complexes that contained both eIF1A and eIF5B using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The resulting structure revealed how eukaryote-specific contacts between the two proteins remodel the initiation complex to orient the initiator aminoacyl-tRNA in a conformation compatible with ribosomal subunit joining. Collectively, our findings provide a quantitative and architectural framework for the molecular choreography orchestrated by eIF1A and eIF5B during translation initiation in humans.

The variegated toad-headed agama, Phrynocephalus versicolor, lives in the arid landscape of the Chinese Gobi Desert. We analyzed populations from three different locations which vary in substrate color and altitude: Heishankou (HSK), Guazhou County (GZ), and Ejin Banner (EJN). The substrate color is either light-yellow (GZ-y), yellow (EJN-y), or black (HSK-b); the corresponding lizard population colors largely match their substrate in the degree of melanism. We assembled the P. versicolor genome and sequenced over 90 individuals from the three different populations. Genetic divergence between populations corresponds to their geographic distribution. We inferred the genetic relationships among these populations and used selection scans and differential expression to identify genes that show signatures of selection. Slc2a11 and akap12, among other genes, are highly differentiated and may be responsible for pigment adaptation to substrate color in P. versicolor.

MicroLED displays require device placement accuracies that meet the dimensional restrictions of the contact pads. We will report on accuracies achieved by a laser forward transfer (LIFT) system with dies in the 5μm size range over gap distances around 10‐20 times the thickness of the devices and discuss the implications thereof. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz nimmt das Aufeinander-Verwiesen-Sein von Organisation und Profession im Handeln zum Ausgangspunkt und fokussiert die professionellen Kompetenzen. Er fragt, ob und wenn ja, wie professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehrenden in der Hochschule organisational variieren. Dabei werden zwei Zielrichtungen verfolgt: Theoretisch und forschungsmethodisch gilt es exemplarisch an einem Forschungsprojekt darzustellen, wie Professions- und Organisationsforschung in Theorieanlage und Methode miteinander verbunden sind. Aufbauend darauf weisen empirisch ausgewählte Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass professionelle Kompetenzen von Lehrenden und die Wahrnehmung der Hochschule als unterstützenden versus hemmenden Kontext organisationsbezogen variieren. Auf diese Weise werden der theoretische, methodische und empirische Mehrwert einer Verbindung beider Stränge sichtbar.

Devin M Howell,1,2 Timmy Li,1 Elizabeth Quellhorst,2 Jeffrey M Katz,3 Rohan Arora,3 Jonathan Berkowitz2 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; 2Center for Emergency Medical Services, Northwell Health, Syosset, NY, USA; 3Department of Neurology, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USACorrespondence: Devin M Howell, Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA, Email dhowell6@northwell.eduBackground: Door-in to door-out (DIDO) time for large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke is an emerging stroke performance measure. Initial presentation at a non-Comprehensive Stroke Center (CSC) requires a transfer process that minimizes delays. Our objective was to assess whether DIDO time for stroke patients was reduced after implementation of an AutoLaunch protocol for interfacility transfers.Methods: This was a pre-post analysis of an AutoLaunch protocol for all acute stroke patients transferred to a CSC for mechanical thrombectomy. The distribution of DIDO times between patients transferred via the AutoLaunch and traditional dispatch protocols were compared.Results: We evaluated 92 interfacility transfers, with 22 utilizing the AutoLaunch protocol and 70 utilizing traditional dispatch. Among AutoLaunch transfers, the median DIDO time was 85 minutes (IQR: 71, 133), while the median DIDO time among the traditional transfers was 109 minutes (IQR, 84, 144) (p=0.044).Conclusion: Implementation of an AutoLaunch protocol for patients with suspected LVO was associated with a reduction in DIDO time to CSCs. Further studies should evaluate patient outcomes based on transfer strategies.Keywords: AutoLaunch, interfacility, transfer, EMS, stroke

Teachers in Germany are not adequately prepared to teach in a linguistically responsive way. To change that, multiple development and research projects in this area have been established over the past decade. Recent studies show that pre-service teachers still have few opportunities to learn (OTLs) in the field of linguistically responsive teaching (LRT). This study aimed to transfer the theoretical model and the DaZKom test into pre-service teacher training and evaluate LRT-relevant OTLs at nine different universities across Germany with 1649 pre-service teachers. We focused on how LRT-relevant OTLs were perceived by pre-service teachers, how LRT-related OTLs and pre-service teachers’ academic backgrounds (course of studies and experience) were related, and how OTLs impacted LRT competence. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the teacher training and evaluations were conducted digitally. We found that pre-service teachers report a relatively low number of LRT-relevant OTLs in their studies. In particular, LRT-relevant activities have so far been taught very rarely at universities. Also, different emphases still prevail at universities regarding the qualitative and quantitative offer of LRT-relevant OTLs, because of differences among the nine participating universities. Based on these findings, we recommend that universities offer LRT-relevant learning opportunities in the curriculum.

The cellular response to stress is an important determinant of disease pathogenesis. Uncovering the molecular fingerprints of distinct stress responses may identify novel biomarkers and key signaling pathways for different diseases. Emerging evidence shows that transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tDRs) play pivotal roles in stress responses. However, RNA modifications present on tDRs are barriers to accurately quantifying tDRs using traditional small RNA sequencing. Here, AlkB-facilitated methylation sequencing is used to generate a comprehensive landscape of cellular and extracellular tDR abundances in various cell types during different stress responses. Extracellular tDRs are found to have distinct fragmentation signatures from intracellular tDRs and these tDR signatures are better indicators of different stress responses than miRNAs. These distinct extracellular tDR fragmentation patterns and signatures are also observed in plasma from patients on cardiopulmonary bypass. It is additionally demonstrated that angiogenin and RNASE1 are themselves regulated by stressors and contribute to the stress-modulated abundance of sub-populations of cellular and extracellular tDRs. Finally, a sub-population of extracellular tDRs is identified for which AGO2 appears to be required for their expression. Together, these findings provide a detailed profile of stress-responsive tDRs and provide insight about tDR biogenesis and stability in response to cellular stressors.

Although key tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive factors have been unveiled over the last several decades, cancer remains the most life-threatening disease. Multiomic analyses of patient samples and an in-depth understanding of tumorigenic processes have rapidly revealed unexpected pathologic associations of new cellular factors previously overlooked in cancer biology. In this regard, the newly discovered activities of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthases (ARSs) deserve attention not only for their pathological significance in tumorigenesis but also regarding diagnostic and therapeutic implications. ARSs are not only essential enzymes covalently linking substrate amino acids to cognate tRNAs for protein synthesis but also function as regulators of cellular processes by sensing different cellular conditions. With their catalytic role in protein synthesis and their regulatory role in homeostasis, functional alterations or dysregulation of ARSs might be pathologically associated with tumorigenesis. This review focuses on the potential implications of ARS genes and proteins in different aspects of cancer based on various bioinformatic analyses and experimental data. We also review their diverse activities involving extracellular secretion, protein-protein interactions, and amino acid sensing, which are related to cancers. The newly discovered cancer-related activities of ARSs are expected to provide new opportunities for detecting, preventing and curing cancers.

Metazoan organisms have many tRNA genes responsible for decoding amino acids. The set of all tRNA genes can be grouped in sets of common amino acids and isoacceptor tRNAs that are aminoacylated by corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Analysis of tRNA alignments shows that, despite the high number of tRNA genes, specific tRNA sequence motifs are highly conserved across multicellular eukaryotes. The conservation often extends throughout the isoacceptors and isodecoders with, in some cases, two sets of conserved isodecoders. This study is focused on non-Watson-Crick base pairs in the helical stems, especially GoU pairs. Each of the four helical stems may contain one or more conserved GoU pairs. Some are amino acid specific and could represent identity elements for the cognate aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. Other GoU pairs are found in more than a single amino acid and could be critical for native folding of the tRNAs. Interestingly, some GoU pairs are anticodon-specific, and others are found in phylogenetically-specific clades. Although the distribution of conservation likely reflects a balance between accommodating isotype-specific functions as well as those shared by all tRNAs essential for ribosomal translation, such conservations may indicate the existence of specialized tRNAs for specific translation targets, cellular conditions, or alternative functions.