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ABSTRACT Shoppers typically want to spend an amount of time at a destination that is proportional to the travel time required to arrive there; thus, the travel time can be considered the cost of their trip. This is likely to be the case across regions with different urban structures and cultures. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze the shopping behaviors contained in travel survey data from three metropolitan areas in Japan to identify common patterns and indicators based on travel time and stay time, thereby obtaining an understanding to inform future trade area analyses. Both the travel time and stay time associated with shopping behavior were found to be log-normally distributed regardless of metropolitan area, and four shopping behavior patterns common among the metropolitan areas were identified. The “stay coefficient” was then defined to express the elasticity of stay time according to travel time, and its values were similar according to shopping behavior pattern regardless of metropolitan area. The stay coefficient proposed in this study can therefore be applied to identify shopping behavior patterns in any urban area based on the relationship between travel time and stay time, realizing a novel approach to the analysis of and marketing for trade areas when planning the construction or renovation of commercial facilities. This approach can help inform the decisions of urban policy makers, marketing advisors, and commercial facility operators, and should be of interest to researchers and practitioners working with geospatial, shopping, and other human behavioral characteristics.

Macroscopic traffic models represent a promising tool to design strategies for ecological routing. To benefit from this tool, we must first characterize the relationship between path emissions and distance traveled or travel time on aggregated networks, i.e., a regional network. This paper investigates this relationship between two toy networks and a real urban network representing the city of Innsbruck (Austria). We utilize an accumulation-based model based on the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram to mimic the traffic dynamics in the network and utilize the COPERT IV model to estimate the travel emissions, focusing on the carbon dioxide $CO_{2}$ . We show that there is a linear relationship between the total emissions of $CO_{2}$ and the average travel time of internal paths, i.e., paths that take place completely within a single region. We also show that in some cases, there is a linear relationship between the total emissions and the average travel distance or travel time of paths that cross multiple regions in the network. However, the latter is not always true as traffic dynamics play an important role in path emissions. In other words, eco-friendly paths on regional networks do not necessarily follow the shortest paths in terms of distance or time.

Automated driving and the widespread use of large-scale communication infrastructure are expected to facilitate highly cooperative driving. Although considerable research has focused on developing efficient cooperative control methods for nonsignalized intersections, the effect of cooperative control for conflicting target vehicles on future traffic flow is yet to be investigated. Therefore, we aim to investigate whether the impact of such cooperative control on future traffic should be considered. We established a traffic simulator and several machine-learning methods to select the optimal cooperative method. The decision tree and deep neural network were trained on two indices that evaluate short-term/long-term predictive control: to minimize the travel time of the 1) conflicting vehicles and 2) all vehicles including future traffic flow. Simulation analysis results indicated that there were no significant differences in the total travel times between these indices. This finding indicates that efficient traffic flow, which includes future traffic flow, is achievable by short-term cooperative control methods that can be established easily.

Background: Maluku region is one of the vulnerable areas in Indonesia, and this region has extreme geographical conditions with thousands of islands. The study aims to analyze the role of travel time to a hospital in the Maluku region in Indonesia. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data. The research included 14,625 respondents by stratification and multistage random sampling. The study used hospital utilization as an outcome variable and the travel time to the hospital as an exposure variable. Moreover, the study employed nine control variables: province, residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, wealth, and health insurance. The study performed binary logistic regression to interpret the data in the final analysis. Results: The result shows a relationship between travel time and hospital utilization. Someone with a travel time of 30 min or less to the hospital has a 1.792 (95% CI 1.756–1.828) higher probability than those with a travel time of more than 30 min. The results of this analysis find that shorter travel time to the hospital has a better possibility of hospital utilization. In addition, the study also found eight control variables to have a significant relationship with hospital utilization. Conclusion: Shorter travel time to the hospital is more likely to be utilized in the Maluku region.

The differences in travel times of passenger cars, traffic stream, and trucks depend on the area type, temporal factors, reference speed, and traffic condition. These explanatory variables account for the effect of geometric conditions and variations in the traffic flow. The focus of this research is to examine the correlations and estimate truck travel time to passenger car or traffic stream travel time ratio of a road link (dependent variable) as a function of these explanatory variables. Travel time data for Mecklenburg County and Iredell County in North Carolina, USA were gathered for the year 2017 to examine correlations, develop generalized estimating equations (GEE) models, and identify explanatory variables influencing the ratios. Gamma log-link distribution-based models are the best-fitted models to estimate the average travel time (ATT) of trucks to the ATT of passenger cars or traffic stream ratios. Notable differences in the coefficients were observed when the ATT of trucks was compared with the ATT of passenger cars or traffic stream. The area type (urban or rural) was observed to influence the ratios differently. The influence of traffic condition, reference speed (or free-flow speed), day-of-the-week (DOW) and time-of-the-day (TOD) on the ratios also varied with the area type.

The heavy volume of vehicles arriving at toll plazas causes traffic congestion that contributes to longer travel time in toll roads. Utilizing the M/G/1 system under the queuing theory, a nonlinear programming model is developed to identify the appropriate speed limit to be imposed on the freeway of a toll road. The optimal speed limit minimizes the travel time of vehicles in the toll road while it maintains the queue length of vehicles waiting for payment within an arbitrarily set value. A formula solving for the optimal speed limit of a toll plaza operating a one type of tollbooth is developed by simplifying the constraints and observing the behavior of the objective function. The formula is tested using available traffic data.

This paper studies the effectiveness of the bus priority lane (BPL) for public transport buses in the city of Bengaluru in India. We use the travel times on the BPL corridor as a measure of the effectiveness of the BPL. We find that there is a significant improvement in the travel times after the introduction of the BPL; for the worst 10% of the travel times, we find an improvement between 4% and 28%. Our methodology involves extracting trips on the BPL and computing the travel times for these trips from a time series of GPS information. Our methodology is scalable and can be used to compute the travel times between any two given points in other similar studies. We supplement our results with a novel test (called the D-test) for comparing the levels of stressful driving in the following scenarios: (a) morning peak hours (IST 07:00 h to 11:00 h) versus evening peak hours (IST 17:00 h to 21:00 h), and (b) northward trips versus southward trips on the BPL. We are able to infer that the drivers are generally more stressed during the morning peak hours and during the southward trips on the BPL. Partitioning the BPL into segments, we show that a majority of the segments exhibit similar effectiveness and driver stress trends as the full BPL stretch. We anticipate that corrective measures for the betterment of travel times and driver stress levels (e.g., introducing additional buses subject to vehicle re-balancing constraints, carefully planning the bus schedules to regulate bus traffic throughout the day, etc.) in some segments can lead to further improvements in travel times and reduction in driver stress levels. • Implementation of the Bus Priority Lane can reduce travel times. • Segmented analysis helps identify traffic bottlenecks for targeted intervention. • Driver-stress hot-spots can be identified for targeted intervention. • A novel statistical test compares driving stress levels across a pair of routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that Connected Vehicles (CVs) can improve traffic mobility and safety while saving energy and reducing emissions. Due to the potential abilities of CVs to transform travel patterns through the creation of a safe, interoperable wireless communications network, this research follows three objectives. Initially, the gradual deployment of CVs and its effects on mobility were evaluated under 17 various CV penetration rates in the network during an incident with a 15-minute link blockage. Then, the system-wide effects of CV-equipped vehicles with route guidance features on travel time were analyzed by travel mode. Finally, the use of dynamic bus lanes (DBL) was tested through two scenarios of DBL activation intervals in the incident link to evaluate the effects of dynamic rerouting of CV cars on CV buses. A microscopic hybrid model was developed to simulate the driving behavior of CV guidance with various penetration rates of CVs. The study used travel time as a measure of service quality and the difference in travel time between CV and Non-CV cars and buses. The results showed that as the number of rerouting CV cars increases, the average travel time in rerouting paths decreases. In the network-wide analysis, 85% was found to be the optimum breakpoint of CV Market Penetration Rate (MPR) where the minimum average user's travel time could be obtained. However, under higher network travel demand level, the breakpoint occurred at 50% CV MPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing congestion levels and their elusive impact warrants the development of congestion mitigation strategies. Quantifying congestion and analyzing the spatiotemporal variations is imperative to achieve this target. Travel time is being explored as a measure of congestion with the advent of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and the deployment of related technologies. Researchers identified congested conditions when the average travel time exceeds 1.33 or 1.66 times free-flow travel time (FFTT). It is well known that travel time under congested conditions (T c) is more sensitive to land use, road geometry, and traffic control characteristics than the FFTT. Therefore, the extension of FFTT to derive T c may not be appropriate. This study focuses on developing a hazard-based model to derive T c. Travel time is modeled using a parametric accelerated failure time (AFT) model. The applicability of the proposed methodology is justified using empirical and simulated datasets. The T c derived from the AFT model is close to the travel time for the level of service (LOS F). Based on the T c , a new measure of congestion, termed congestion index (CI), is proposed. The proposed index can quantify the frequency and intensity of congestion on a link or network. The traffic states identified based on CI were mapped on the fundamental diagram (FD) and the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD). It was concluded that if travel times are uncertain and unstable under low-density conditions, then the ascending leg of the FD or MFD can be marked congested. Uncertain and unstable travel times indicate that traffic flow is unstable, and therefore, it can be concluded that traffic instabilities significantly affect congestion. • A hazard-based duration model is applied to model travel times to derive travel time under congested conditions. • Travel time corresponding to the inflection point of hazard function was considered as travel time under congested conditions. • Instabilities in travel times under low-density conditions mark the ascending leg of the fundamental diagram as congested. • The application of the study is demonstrated by evaluating the effect of traffic signal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective performance of arterial corridors is essential to community safety and vitality. Considering the dynamic nature of traffic demand, efficient management of these corridors require frequent updating of the traffic signal timings through various strategies. Agency resources for these activities are commonly scarce and are primarily by public complaints. This study provides a workflow using probe-based data to measure and compare different segments on arterial corridors in terms of the traffic signal performance measures that can capture travel time dynamics across signalized intersections. The proposed methodology identifies a group of dynamic days followed by evaluation of travel rate based upon remaining non-dynamic days. Dynamic days represent the variability of traffic on a segment. Consequently, a corridor having high number of dynamic segments along with poor performance during normal days would be a candidate for adaptive control. Further, to handle the large-scale data source collected from city-wide or statewide traffic signals, the study adopts parallel computation-based strategy using MapReduce technique. A case study was conducted on 11 corridors within Des Moines, Iowa, to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, which identified two arterial corridors, Merle Hay Road and University Avenue, to be suitable for adaptive traffic signal control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road authorities are committed to improving community infrastructure through Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) projects. Yet, these initiatives often disrupt traffic, as seen in the Amman BRT project. A study assessed traffic conditions during various stages to address these disruptions, including simulated BRT operations. The research collected data on traffic volume, travel time, delays, and transit ridership before, during, and after construction and after BRT operations began. As a case study, the study focused on the impact of Amman's first mass transit system at the Yajouz intersection. Traffic volumes decreased by 28% during construction, reducing delays significantly from 118.03 to 91.04 seconds. Although average speeds increased slightly (one km/h, on average), travel time doubled, negatively impacting 84% of businesses due to considering alternative routes for traveller destinations. However, delays significantly reduced after construction to 58 seconds per vehicle despite the higher traffic volume. Traffic simulations during construction underestimated observed delays (53.5 seconds per vehicle vs. 73.7 seconds per vehicle), still indicating a Level of Service (LOS) E. In BRT operation, modelled delays (55.8 seconds per vehicle) were lower than observed (63.8 seconds per vehicle), maintaining same LOS level. BRT minimally impacted ridership, an expected outcome given its trial phase. Environmental assessments revealed emissions peaking during construction, with a 25% modal shift to BRT yielding the lowest emissions. The study stresses sustainable urban mobility, advocating for meticulous planning, adaptable policies, and public awareness, emphasizing the need for detailed pedestrian research in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the planning process in public transport is represented through different measures, which are practically impossible to optimize simultaneously. This study defines a bi-objective optimization problem for the transit network design to analyze the trade-off between minimization of travel times and reducing monetary costs for passengers (which was not addressed in the literature) while considering a hard constraint for operational costs. Indeed, the minimization of monetary costs for passengers is relevant in transport systems without a complete integrated fare system, where passengers may pay for each trip-leg; thus, modeling monetary costs for users is essential when referring to the system's accessibility and route choice. To achieve our goal, we implement an epsilon-constraint algorithm capable of obtaining high-quality approximations of the Pareto front for benchmark instances in hours of computational time, which is reasonable for strategic planning problems. Numerical results show that the conflict between both objectives is evident, and it is possible to identify the more useful lines to optimize each objective, leading to relevant information for the decision-making process. Finally, we perform a sensitivity analysis on the budget parameter of our optimization problem, showing the classic trade-off between the operational costs and the level of service in terms of travel time and monetary cost. • Our study defines a bi-objective problem for the transit network design. • This study analyzes the trade-off in reducing travel times and monetary costs. • We identify the lines that have a more significant impact on each objective. • Our model is a flexible tool to obtain information about transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an approach for the simultaneous reconstruction of the electromagnetic and acoustic material parameters, in the given medium Ω where we want to image, using the photoacoustic pressure, measured on a single point of the boundary of Ω, generated by plasmonic nanoparticles injected inside Ω. As measurements, we use the generated pressure, that we denote by p* (x, z, s, ω ), depending on only one fixed point x ∈ ∂Ω, where we measure, the time variable s, in a large enough interval, and the incidence frequency ω, in a large enough band. These measurements are repeated while the location z of the nanoparticle is moved inside Ω to scan it. We show that these measurements (which are five-dimensional in terms of dimensionality) are enough to reconstruct both the sound speed, the mass density, and the permittivity inside Ω (i.e., 3 coefficients of three dimensions each in terms of dimensionality). Indeed, from the behavior of the measured pressure in terms of time, we can estimate the travel time of the pressure, for arriving points inside Ω, then using the eikonal equation we reconstruct the acoustic speed of propagation, inside Ω. In addition, we reconstruct the internal values of the acoustic Green's function. From the singularity analysis of this Green's function, we extract the integrals along the geodesics, for internal arriving points, of the logarithmic gradient of the mass density. Solving this (internal) integral geometric problem provides us with the values of the mass density function inside Ω. Finally, from the behavior of p* (x, z, s, ω) with respect to the frequency ω, we detect the generated plasmonic resonances from which we reconstruct the permittivity inside Ω. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation has an important role in people's lives, where the rate of population growth is getting higher, which results in an increase in people's need for transportation. This can increase the use of public transport transportation; this problem is closely related to the traffic flow network, especially in the city of Makassar in the Tamalanrea sub-district. The application of the feeder transport line in the city of Makassar is one form of solution to the problems that occur in the city of Makassar, namely the traffic flow network. Based on the results of the planning of the Feeder Transport Route Model, the route that has been researched can be a solution to reduce congestion on the main road, where public transportation types Metromini can be diverted to local routes with planned routes and road types, which can meet the type of public transport Metromini. For public perception, it is more dominant to agree if the feeder system is implemented in Makassar. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of feeder transport if applied in the city of Makassar. It can be seen from the number of conflicts that have occurred due to the increasing number of public transport vehicles on the main roads of the city of Makassar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the 'one ticket transfer' mode brings convenience to passengers, it also poses challenges to the passenger flow assignment. The current widely used multi‐path probability assignment model based on traffic cost realizes the passenger flow distribution from the macro‐perspective but lacks the consideration of passenger attributes and the time‐varying characteristics of passenger travel time. Here, a novel spatiotemporal path inference model is proposed for Urban Rail Transit (URT) passengers based on the travel time data and train operation information. In this study, the impact of passengers detained at the platform on passenger travel itinerary is considered by characterizing the passenger detention rate. The proposed method realizes the reverse inference of passenger path from the micro‐perspective, and can accurately describe the specific travel process of each passenger. Moreover, the real‐world data of Shenzhen Metro in China is taken to verify the rationality of the proposed model. The results show that the model is in good agreement with the existing clearance model and can accurately infer the passenger travel itinerary from the micro‐perspective. The proposed method provides a more refined solution for the spatial‐temporal assignment of URT passenger flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borehole shrinkage and collapse are likely to occur when downhole testing is conducted in soft or loose sandy soils, resulting in testing interruption. To prevent this situation from occurring, installing casing in the borehole is a common approach. However, in actual testing, the quality of the signal obtained from measuring points within the depth of the casing is often not ideal, and there is still no clear and unified justification for the causes of interference generated by the casing. Therefore, the team attempt to investigate and elucidate the impact of casing through on-site experiments and numerical simulations. Firstly, on-site tests on the impact of different materials of casing on the wave velocity test utilizing the downhole method are conducted, the waveform characteristics of the measurement points inside the PVC casing and steel casing boreholes are analyzed, and the usability of the test results are evaluated. Next, the contact state between shallow soil and casing is changed, and its impact on the waveform characteristics of signal at different depth measurement points is analyzed. Then, the ABAQUS finite element software is utilized to establish a three-dimensional finite element model for wave velocity testing using the casing method, and the dynamic response of the measuring points on the casing wall inside the hole under surface excitation is solved. By numerically simulating different casing materials, the contact state between the casing and the hole wall, and the presence of low wave velocity filling soil around the casing, the variation patterns of the affected measurement point signals in the time and frequency domains are investigated. Furthermore, combined with the measured data, the impact characteristics of the casing on the results of the wave velocity testing using the downhole method are systematically explored. This research can provide some insights for the application and data interpretation of signals in the downhole methods of cased wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convenience store chains are many people's top choice for dining and leisure and have logistics procedures that involve each store receiving multiple deliveries because of the varying delivery periods and suitable temperatures for different goods. The estimated arrival time for each delivery has a huge impact on the route arrangement and convenience store preparation for dispatchers to schedule future deliveries. This study collected global positioning system travel data from a fleet of one of the top convenience store chains in Taiwan between April 2021 and March 2022 and proposed machine learning to establish a model to predict travel times. For unavailable data, we proposed the nonlinear regression equation to fill in the missing GPS data. Moreover, the study used the data between April 2022 and September 2022 with mean absolute percentage error to validate the prediction effects exceeding 97%. Therefore, the proposed model based on historical data and the machine learning algorithm in this study can help logistics fleets estimate accurate travel times for their scheduling of future delivery tasks and arranging routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor recreation is one of the most widely recognized ecosystem services provided by forests and grasslands in the world. This paper examined the influence of factors not related to landscape values, such as ethnicity and gasoline prices, on individual participation in outdoor recreation in the southeastern region of the U.S. The model results showed that there were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between the race groups (Caucasians and non-Caucasians) for participation in the different activities either between racial groups or among National Forest (NF). This may be due to the very high proportion of Caucasian participants in the study. The results also revealed that travel costs negatively influence the number of NF visits. The number of NF visits decreases if the gasoline price increases by 20% and more. The results of this study have practical importance for different entities such as stakeholders, tourism operators, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, and local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The built environment is among the critical factors in older adults' travel behavior, and a favorable built environment can encourage them to travel and engage in various activities. Existing studies have mostly focused on exploring the correlation between the built environment and travel behavior, ignoring the heterogeneity between the two at different times of the day. In this study, we conducted structured, face-to-face interviews in the Nanjing (China) metropolitan area to investigate the time consumed per trip by older adults using various travel modes and used the structural equation and random forest models to explore the relationship between the built environment and older adults' travel time. The results demonstrated that older adults had different perspectives on travel during different time periods. Different environments and the convenience of destinations affected their overall satisfaction during travel. We found a nonlinear relationship between the built environment and travel time. Metropolitan street connectivity initially had a positive effect on travel time until a certain threshold or peak, whereafter a gradual decline ensued. This nonlinear relationship also existed between the proportion of green space and the distance to subway stations. These results can guide the retrofitting and construction of age-friendly metropolitan infrastructure facilities that promote older adults' mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The emergence and application of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) have played a positive role in improving the efficiency of urban transportation and achieving sustainable development. To improve the traffic efficiency at signalized intersections in a connected environment while simultaneously reducing energy consumption and ensuring a more comfortable driving experience, this study investigates a flexible and real-time control method to navigate the CAVs at signalized intersections utilizing reinforcement learning (RL). Initially, control of CAVs at intersections is formulated as a Markov Decision Process (MDP) based on the vehicles’ motion state and the intersection environment. Subsequently, a comprehensive reward function is formulated considering energy consumption, efficiency, comfort, and safety. Then, based on the established environment and the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm, a control algorithm for CAVs is designed. Finally, a simulation study is conducted using SUMO, with Lankershim Boulevard as the research scenario. Results indicate that the proposed methods yield a 13.77% reduction in energy consumption and a notable 18.26% decrease in travel time. Vehicles controlled by the proposed method also exhibit smoother driving trajectories.

Abstract Background The study aim was to analyse how mental health services are used in different parts of the Kainuu region in Finland and whether travel time to primary health care services is associated with the use of different contact types (in-person visits, remote contacts, home visits). Methods The study population included adults who had used mental health services under primary health care (N = 7643) between 2015 and 2019. The travel times to the nearest health centre in a municipality were estimated as the population-weighted average drive time in postal code areas. The Kruskal–Wallis test and pairwise comparisons with Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to assess the differences in mental health service use between health centre areas. A negative binomial regression was performed for the travel time categories using different contact types of mental health service use as outcomes. Models were adjusted for gender, age, number of mental health diseases and the nearest health centre in the municipality. Results Distance was negatively associated with mental health service use in health centre in-person visits and in home visits. In the adjusted models, there were 36% fewer in-person visits and 83% fewer home visits in distances further than 30 min, and 67% fewer home visits in a travel time distance of 15–30 min compared with 15 min travel time distance from a health centre. In the adjusted model, in remote contacts, the incidence rate ratios increased with distance, but the association was not statistically significant. Conclusions The present study revealed significant differences in mental health service use in relation to travel time and contact type, indicating possible problems in providing services to distant areas. Long travel times can pose a barrier, especially for home care and in-person visits. Remote contacts may partly compensate for the barrier effects of long travel times in mental health services. Especially with conditions that call for the continuation and regularity of care, enabling factors, such as travel time, may be important.

AbstractBackground Evidence is increasing for the use of faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for occult blood as diagnostic tools when colorectal cancer can be suspected. FITs have been used for this purpose in Swedish primary care since around 2005 despite absence of supporting guidelines. To our knowledge, the extent of this use has not been studied.Objective To investigate the use of FITs as diagnostic tools, and if the use was related to patient age, sex and travel time from primary care to diagnostic facilities in secondary care.Design Population-based retrospective study using data from electronic health records.Setting and subjects Patients ≥18 years that provided FITs in primary care in five Swedish health care regions during 2015. Driving times from their primary care centres to secondary care were calculated.Main outcome measures The proportion of patients that provided FITs was calculated for each region, different age intervals and grouped driving times.Results 18,913 patients provided FITs. The proportion of listed patients in the five regions that provided FITs increased with age: 0.86–1.2% for ages

All the available modes of travel and their respective travel parameters must be known to the commuters before their trip. Otherwise they may either spend more money or more time for the trip. In addition to this, recent pandemic, rapidly spreading novel corona virus is demanding a smart solution for contactless commuting. This paper suggests a practical solution to make both the above possible and it emphasizes the applicability of two developed android applications, one for travel data collection and another to predict travel time for a multimodal trip within the study area. If the whole trip is by a single mode, the user can get the corresponding travel time estimate from “Google maps”. But, if the trip is by multiple modes, it is not possible to get the total travel time estimate for the whole trip at a time from “Google maps”. A separate travel mode for “auto” is unavailable in “Google maps” alongside drive, two-wheeler, train or bus and walk alternatives. It is also observed that the travel time estimate of “Google maps” for the city buses is inaccurate. Hence, the two modes (Buses and Autos) were chosen for the study. Unless and until the travel times and stopping times of the two modes are known, it is not possible to predict their trip times. Hence, the mobility analysis was performed for the two modes in the study area to find their respective average travel rate at peak hours, across 15 corridors and the results were presented.

Spatial accessibility to health services influences service utilisation and eventually impacts the disease burden. This cross-sectional study analysed the spatial accessibility of schoolchildren to public oral health facilities and school dental services (SDS) and vice versa in Selangor. Overlay and proximity analysis from geo-mapping software was employed to map the primary dental clinics with SDS, the public schools, and the proximity between primary dental clinics with SDS and public schools by travelling distance (5 km, 10 km, 20 km) and travelling time (15 min, 30 min). Over half of the schoolchildren in Selangor are within 5 km of accessibility to primary dental clinics and SDS teams. Meanwhile, nearly half of the primary and secondary schools, particularly in rural areas, are located within a more than 5 km service area of public oral health facilities. The SDS teams have a travel burden of more than 20 km to the public schools in Selangor's northern and north-western districts of large geographical areas. Simultaneously, most public primary and secondary schools are within 15 min of driving time from primary dental clinics. Geo-mapping highlights the inequalities in spatial accessibility to public oral health facilities with SDS among schoolchildren in Selangor. It is time to prioritise the resources, SDS, and preventive programmes to reduce inequalities in oral health accessibility among schoolchildren in Selangor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tower crane is a type of vertical machine that has an attachment namely a boom, with the help of steel cables, and it is moved by a generator. Generally, tower cranes are used in multi-storey building constructions. The most commonly problems faced in the tower crane operations are the operating costs are quite expensive, both its rent and operational costs. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tower crane operations for casting works of Slab and Beam structures. In this research, the researcher will try to calculate the duration of the tower crane use based on the tower crane’s specifications, the tower crane’s distance from the destination location, the distance time and the cycle time. By considering that duration, it is expected to be able to estimate the whole operating times of the tower crane. This research will only focus on the casting work of Slab and Beam structure for one floor and one zone of Slab and Beam, due to the limited time for field The tower crane is a type of vertical machine that has an attachment namely a boom, with the help of steel cables, and it is moved by a generator. Generally, tower cranes are used in multi-storey building constructions. The most commonly problems faced in the tower crane operations are the operating costs are quite expensive, both its rent and operational costs. The purpose of this research is to analyze the tower crane operations for casting works of Slab and Beam structures. In this research, the researcher will try to calculate the duration of the tower crane use based on the tower crane’s specifications, the tower crane’s distance from the destination location, the distance time and the cycle time. By considering that duration, it is expected to be able to estimate the whole operating times of the tower crane. This research will only focus on the casting work of Slab and Beam structure for one floor and one zone of Slab and Beam, due to the limited time for field [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pre-slaughter risk factors was evaluated on the behavior of 2,124 batches of steers and 1,937 batches of females. The factors that caused excitable behavior in the batches were sex, handling practices, vehicle load density, travel time and carcass fat. Sex had the greatest influence on behavior, with the female batches being 70.7% more likely to display excitable behavior. In the overall analysis, the condition of the installations and the handling practices influenced the appearance of excitable behavior in the female batches, which increased by 31.1% and 38.8% when the conditions were regular and inappropriate, respectively, compared to when the handling was appropriate; behavior in the batches of steers was also affected. There was a greater chance of excitable behavior appearing in batches where the journey lasted longer than 360 min, when the batches were analyzed together or when separated by sex. Increases in load density (kg/m2) caused a greater chance of excitable behavior regardless of the sex of the cattle. In animals with a calmer behavior, the fat cover on the carcass was thicker. Appropriate handling on the farms, and care with animal welfare when loading and transporting the cattle, determine less-reactive behavior. • Travel time and load density modify cattle behavior. • Pre-slaughter behavior of beef cattle varies according to sex and environment. • Adaptations on farms and at slaughterhouses determine fewer losses in the beef production chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormal passenger behavior in rail transit has become a top priority, as it affects operational safety. Passenger travel time is the main basis for identifying abnormal behavior while considering the flexibility of travel time. Currently, the main method is to use absolute threshold discrimination based on the distribution of travel time. However, there is a problem of missing abnormal passenger behavior due to the large difference in travel time between the Origin-Destinations (ODs). Therefore, this paper proposes a method of setting corresponding thresholds for each OD. By analyzing the percentile curves of the overall and individual OD pairs, it was found that the turning point of the curve had a significant feature, and the difference between the two sides of the curve was obvious. This paper proposes a bilateral fitting method, and the results show that this method can calculate the relative threshold for different OD pairs. The significant advantages of this method are its low cost and wide coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closing delivery units increases travel time for some women. Whether increased travel time is associated with maternal outcomes is important for understanding the consequences of such closures. Previous studies are limited in measuring travel time and restricted to the outcome of caesarean section. Our population-based cohort includes data from the Swedish Pregnancy Register for women giving birth between 2014 and 2017 (N = 364,630). We estimated travel time from home to the delivery ward using coordinate pairs of actual addresses. The association between travel time and onset of labour was modelled using multinomial logistic regression, and logistic regression was used for the outcomes postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS). Over three-quarters of women had ≤30 min travel time (median 13.9 min). Women who travelled ≥60 min arrived to care sooner and laboured there longer. Women with further to travel had increased adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of having an elective caesarean section (31–59 min aOR 1.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.16; ≥60 min aOR 1.25; 95% CI 1.16–1.36) than spontaneous onset of labour. Women (at full term with spontaneous onset) living ≥60 min away had reduced odds of having a PPH (aOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76–0.94) or OASIS (aOR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.94). Longer travel time increased the odds of elective caesarean section. Women with furthest to travel arrived sooner and spent more time in care; although they had a lower risk of PPH or OASIS, they also tended to be younger, have a higher body mass index and were Nordic born. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Estimating accessibility gaps to essential health interventions helps to allocate and prioritize health resources. Access to blood transfusion represents an important emergency health requirement. Here, we develop geo-spatial models of accessibility and competition to blood transfusion services in Bungoma County, Western Kenya. Methods: Hospitals providing blood transfusion services in Bungoma were identified from an up-dated geo-coded facility database. AccessMod was used to define care-seeker's travel times to the nearest blood transfusion service. A spatial accessibility index for each enumeration area (EA) was defined using modelled travel time, population demand, and supply available at the hospital, assuming a uniform risk of emergency occurrence in the county. To identify populations marginalized from transfusion services, the number of people outside 1-h travel time and those residing in EAs with low accessibility indexes were computed at the sub-county level. Competition between the transfusing hospitals was estimated using a spatial competition index which provided a measure of the level of attractiveness of each hospital. To understand whether highly competitive facilities had better capacity for blood transfusion services, a correlation test between the computed competition metric and the blood units received and transfused at the hospital was done. Results: 15 hospitals in Bungoma county provide transfusion services, however these are unevenly distributed across the sub-counties. Average travel time to a blood transfusion centre in the county was 33 min and 5% of the population resided outside 1-h travel time. Based on the accessibility index, 38% of the EAs were classified to have low accessibility, representing 34% of the population, with one sub-county having the highest marginalized population. The computed competition index showed that hospitals in the urban areas had a spatial competitive advantage over those in rural areas. Conclusion: The modelled spatial accessibility has provided an improved understanding of health care gaps essential for health planning. Hospital competition has been illustrated to have some degree of influence in provision of health services hence should be considered as a significant external factor impacting the delivery, and re-design of available services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are a source of life. However, these past years, the sustainability of rivers around the world has been threatened by urbanization, industrialization, and rapid development. These activities put pressure on waterway systems and rivers, leading to the emergence of riverine litter. The lack of understanding of the migration of litter in rivers can affect the decision-making efficiency of policymakers when it comes to riverine litter management. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the travel time for different densities of Floatable Litter (FL) in rivers influenced by river flow velocity. The density of the selected FL was manually determined by assessing litter characteristics of mass, volume, and size. The Sg. Berkelah river in Pahang, Malaysia was used as the simulation medium for the sampling of FL travel time utilizing the extrapolation of the Time of Travel (ToT) approach. The ToT technique utilizes a 30 m distance. The sampling was done under three different river flow velocity conditions. In this study, a correlation analysis between these two variables was carried out and evaluated. The results revealed that magazine papers possess the fastest FL travel time, with T = 43.93 s when v = 0.230 m/s, while cloth possesses the slowest FL travel time, with T = 204.90 s when v = 0.167 m/s. The travel time of FL is not influenced by low-class density, p < 1000 kg/m3, but by other factors that have a stronger influence on the travel time of horizontally migrated litter. This study provides a basic understanding and overview of FL migrating characteristics in rivers for further reference by local authorities for litter monitoring and also future riverine litter studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this French population based study, travel time had an effect on cancer survival for ten of the eighteen tested combinations (sex/sites). Lower survival was observed in patients residing farthest from the referral center for half of the included cancer sites. The pattern of the effect of travel time was different according to tumor type, being either linear, reverse U-shape, non-significant, or better for more remote patients. Background: The impact of several non-clinical factors on cancer survival is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of travel time to the nearest referral center on survival of patients with cancer. Patients and methods: The study used data from the French Network of Cancer Registries that combines all the French population-based cancer registries. For this study, we included the 10 most common solid invasive cancer sites in France between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015, representing 160,634 cases. Net survival was measured and estimated using flexible parametric survival models. Flexible excess mortality modelling was performed to investigate the association between travel time to the nearest referral center and patient survival. To allow the most flexible effects, restricted cubic splines were used to investigate the influence of travel times to the nearest cancer center on excess hazard ratio. Results: Among the 1-year and 5-year net survival results, lower survival was observed for patients residing farthest from the referral center for half of the included cancer types. The remoteness gap in survival was estimated to be up to 10% at 5 years for skin melanoma in men and 7% for lung cancer in women. The pattern of the effect of travel time was highly different according to tumor type, being either linear, reverse U-shape, non-significant, or better for more remote patients. For some sites restricted cubic splines of the effect of travel time on excess mortality were observed with a higher excess risk ratio as travel time increased. Conclusions: For numerous cancer sites, our results reveal geographical inequalities, with remote patients experiencing a worse prognosis, aside from the notable exception of prostate cancer. Future studies should evaluate the remoteness gap in more detail with more explanatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Geographic access to cancer care is known to significantly impact utilization and outcomes. Longer travel times have negative impacts for patients requiring highly specialized care, such as for rare cancers, and for those in rural areas. Scant population‐based research informs geographic access to care for rare cancers and whether rurality impacts that access. Methods: Using Medicare data (2014‐2015), we identified prevalent cancers and cancer‐directed surgeries, chemotherapy, and radiation. We classified cancers as rare (incidence <6/100,000/year) or common (incidence ≥6/100,000/year) using previously published thresholds and categorized rurality from ZIP code of beneficiary residence. We estimated travel time between beneficiaries and providers for each service based on ZIP code. Descriptive statistics summarized travel time by rare versus common cancers, service type, and rurality. Findings: We included 1,169,761 Medicare beneficiaries (21.9% in nonmetropolitan areas), 87,399; 7.5% had rare cancers, with 9,133,003 cancer‐directed services. Travel times for cancer services ranged from approximately 29 minutes (25th percentile) to 68 minutes (75th percentile). Travel times were similar for rare and common cancers overall (median: 45 vs 43 minutes) but differed by service type; 13.4% of surgeries were >2 hours away for rare cancers, compared to 8.3% for common cancers. Increasing rurality disproportionately increased travel time to surgical care for rare compared to common cancers. Conclusions: Travel times to cancer services are longest for surgery, especially among rural residents, yet not markedly longer overall between rare versus common cancers. Understanding geographic access to cancer care for patients with rare cancers is important to delivering specialized care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maluku region is one of the vulnerable areas in Indonesia, and this region has extreme geographical conditions with thousands of islands. The study aims to analyze the role of travel time to a hospital in the Maluku region in Indonesia. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey data. The research included 14,625 respondents by stratification and multistage random sampling. The study used hospital utilization as an outcome variable and the travel time to the hospital as an exposure variable. Moreover, the study employed nine control variables: province, residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, wealth, and health insurance. The study performed binary logistic regression to interpret the data in the final analysis. Results: The result shows a relationship between travel time and hospital utilization. Someone with a travel time of 30 min or less to the hospital has a 1.792 (95% CI 1.756--1.828) higher probability than those with a travel time of more than 30 min. The results of this analysis find that shorter travel time to the hospital has a better possibility of hospital utilization. In addition, the study also found eight control variables to have a significant relationship with hospital utilization. Conclusion: Shorter travel time to the hospital is more likely to be utilized in the Maluku region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]