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Abstract The new plastic treaty, slated for 2024, represents a shift in the global fight to address environmental pollution and degradation. The international agreement, unlike previous resolutions, covers the lifecycle of plastics and represents a legally binding instrument for ending plastic pollution across all ecosystems. Plastic waste contamination poses significant challenges to African nations. It challenges food security, ecological variation and economic development. The African region has been identified with a high level of enactment of waste management policies but a deficiency of sustainable measures to adopt and implement these policies. The new treaty could provide an instrument for collaboration and innovation and set the stage for Africa to transition to a sustainable plastics environment that promotes zero‐waste.

Indigenous oral histories say that Treaty No. 6 (1876) was not only a legal transaction but rather a ceremony of adoption whereby incoming settler peoples became relatives. With Indigenous theories of relationality now informing many disciplines, how do white settler peoples take up the framework of kinship without using it only as a metaphor—and thereby as yet another tool of settler-colonial displacement? This essay examines this risk by considering the figurative use of kinship terms by Commissioner Alexander Morris at the negotiations for Treaty No. 6, in what is now Saskatchewan, Canada. Morris's reliance on a borrowed vocabulary of kinship was, like his participation in the ceremony of the sacred pipestem, an invocation of relationality as a rhetorical device aimed at securing the 'surrender' of the lands. While metaphor is a figure that can mislead, coerce, or yoke, however, it can also make relationships, make things akin. In light of the continued relevance of the Indigenous legal framework known as treaty, this discussion takes up the possibility of kinship metaphors as not only figurative but also as literal, binding, and central to the possibility of good relations in the prairies today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of RUMELI: Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Trakya University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indigenous veterans have been celebrated for their achievements in the two world wars, adding needed texture to Canada's half-century at war. However, Indigenous peoples on the home front have remained periphery to the study of Indigenous peoples' experiences of the world wars, leaving veterans and military eligible men as the main protagonists in the story. Those individuals left on reserve experienced the conditions of war, the mobilization of the Canadian state for war, and the enlistment of Indigenous men into the army differently than enlisted men. Analyzing Indigenous petitioners' political advocacy during the First World War and the Second World War offers a more textured and complex representation of Indigenous peoples' experiences during the world wars. By negotiating their place within the settler Canadian state, while also clearly defining their sovereignty and distinct political cultures, Indigenous peoples remained active participants in the political arena during the period from 1914 to 1945. Rather than "awakening" politically on the return of veterans in response to broken promises, Indigenous peoples on the home front deployed and evolved existing political tools and strategies to articulate their responses to wartime policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the characteristics of the law of the European Union the components of the acquis of the EU were analysed, including those enshrined in the legislation of Ukraine, in particular primary and secondary legislation. Chapters acquis during the fifth and sixth enlargement of the European Union were also characterized. As a result, the analysis showed that the changes in the acquis were made to make the balancing between chapters and clusters more understandable for the candidate state. In addition, some chapters of the acquis of the EU before the fifth and after the sixth enlargement were explained in more detail. While others have added chapters. It was found that the acquis of the EU consists of several legislative acts adopted in the European Union during more than 50 years of existence, and which contains 6 clusters and 35 chapters. In addition, it was determined that the clusters are formed into the following thematic blocks: the first cluster concerns fundamental rights and freedoms, the second - the internal market, the third - competitiveness and inclusive growth, the fourth - the «green» agenda and sustainable interconnection, the fifth - resources, agriculture, and unity, the sixth - foreign relations. Ukraine should implement the acquis of the EU into domestic legislation in accordance with 35 chapters. In addition, the article analyses the main clusters and provides a brief description of each chapter of acquis, including individual articles contained in the founding treaties of the European Union. It was determined that all candidate states must implement the acquis of the EU in their legislation before they can join the EU and from the moment of official accession to the European Union, the candidate states are obliged to use the acquis of the EU. In addition, because of the analysis, it was found that the implementation of some chapters of the EU acquis in the domestic legislation of the member state is optional, but some should be fully implemented. The latest results of the evaluation of the implementation of the EU acquis in Ukraine were also analysed, according to which the chapters in which significant progress has been achieved and in which it is necessary to continue work have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the promotion and protection of human rights, in general, has been gladdening. However, in instances where human rights are affected by business activity, efforts to uphold them meet certain obstacles. This is exacerbated when the business activity involves a complex and international dimension in it—i.e., in the case of multinational enterprises. This paper provides three arguments to support the establishment of international binding treaty on business and human rights. It examines the current Corporate Social Responsibility platform, state responsibility to protect human rights, and also the importance and benefits of legally binding treaty. This research found that the implementation of the current CSR platform fails to prevent business harm to human rights. Therefore, state responsibility is fundamental in this matter and should be enhanced by the duty to establish an international treaty. A legally binding treaty is important to protect human rights from irresponsible business activity and can be beneficial and relevant to the interest of parties involved in business and human rights.

The communication presented, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the enthronement of Alba Iulia, wishes a tribute and pious gratitude to King Ferdinand and the politician of deep patriotic resonance, who was for almost 15 years the president of the Conservative Party – Alexandru Marghiloman. Both the king and the true conservative politician were animated in the years of the First World War, by a special perseverance to fulfill the great desideratum of the full unification of all Romanian territories and the creation of Great România. The “unifying” king, closely advised by a competent chamberlain, I would say, who had at his top the incomparable liberal leader I.I.C. Brătianu and Queen Maria. Even if he did not excel in the specific skills of a true political leader, being more inclined to scientific and cultural concerns, King Ferdinand knew how to choose his advisers and engage them in the fulfillment of national ideals. Such was the case of Alexandru Marghiloman, who, due to his special abilities, was elected by I.I.C. Brătianu and proposed to the king to form a government that would treat and conclude peace with the Central Powers, when the country was in great danger, in the spring of 1916. In our paper, we insisted on the most realistic presentation of the way in which Alexandru Marghiloman and his team acted to save the country, but especially of those measures and actions taken under the conditions of concluding the armistice and signing the separate capitulation by the defeated Central Powers. I also insisted on a more realistic presentation of the two personalities of the time, who also left their mark on the front page of what would become, through the joint efforts of the sovereign, also of the president of the Conservative Party, Greater Romania.

The year 2022 marks 15 years since the entry into force of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Among its objectives, this treaty aims at acknowledging the specific nature – economic and cultural – of cultural activities, goods, and services, reaffirming the sovereign right of states to adopt or implement measures they deem appropriate for the protection and the promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions as well as reinforcing international cooperation for more balanced cultural exchanges. Since its adoption, this treaty has been criticized for its low level of constraint. However, data collected over the years show that parties rely extensively on the Convention to undertake diverse initiatives to achieve the treaty's objectives. Based on concrete examples, this article aims to show that the effectivity of a legal instrument does not only rely on its degree of constraint but also on other factors, including monitoring mechanisms put in place in the context of its implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Percy Cox played an influential role in defining the outcomes of various nations in the Middle East and protecting Britain's welfare throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Being a great negotiator, political agent, advisor and administrator, and having great competence in the different languages of the Gulf region, Cox served successfully in different countries in the Middle East, protecting British interests, and gained great success in the process. This article explores the role of Sir Percy Cox in the Middle East, focusing on the various positions that he assumed in different countries, including Muscat, Mesopotamia, Iraq and Kuwait. The article utilizes both primary and secondary sources and delves deeper to understand the influence of Sir Percy Cox's career in defining the politics and state of different countries across the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article advocates for a multidisciplinary approach to the challenges surrounding nuclear weapons and the implementation of the proportion and distinction IHL principles. It also examines the relationship between nuclear deterrence policies and IHL norms. To this end, it traces the historical development of IHL from the Roman law codification of jus ad bellum and jus in bello to the contemporary IHL institutions of the law of Hague and the law of Geneva. It also highlights the role of the Martens Clause as a safety net for humanitarian protection and reviews the existing legal instruments on nuclear weapons, such as the NPT, the TPNW and the ICJ advisory opinion. The study's outcome underlines the need for more comprehensive and binding legal mechanisms to regulate nuclear weapons in a way that is in accordance with IHL and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the coordinates of international life, the defeat of the Central Powers and the victory of the Entente opened a new stage in international political and diplomatic history, asserting new principles and orientations aimed at more or less democratic practices that were objectified in the peace treaties known generically under the name "Versailles System". For Romanian diplomacy, the fundamental strategic objective was that of the recognition of the new international status of the young independent national-unitary state, which came to confirm the historical decisions of the "great national assemblies", through which the Romanian people, by virtue of the historical right to self-determination, fulfilled the goal of centuries, that aimed at the political and territorial union of all Romanian provinces. Deep ethical principles and values are now being set in motion, all converging towards the creation of a climate of international peace and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]