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The problematics of installation of sulphur oxides (SOx) scrubber becomes much relevant for today due to the new Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78 requirements, which sets 0.1% SOx limits by 2015 in Emission Control Area (ECA) and globally to 0.5% in 2020. The research in this field becomes more significant for ship-owners. SOx scrubber is most promising alternative because of lower operating costs and suitability to existing ships. Despite the fact that exhausts gas scrubbing is a common and proven technology on land, the conditions on ships differ significantly and still there are not enough practical knowledge of installation of mentioned equipment. In addition, speaking about existing ships there are some limitation factors of SOx scrubber installation on-board, which will be discussed in the paper. Taking into account the size and mass of the SOx scrubber, it can be assumed that the recalculation of ship stability will be required for most ships. Therefore, the most important task for equipment designers is selection of scrubber system location with the minimum impact on ship stability and identification of necessary changes (deadweight, additional space, etc.) in accordance with ship safety requirements. For this reason, the research was carried-out in order to create the algorithm of ship stability assessment and selection of optimal scrubber location on-board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship listing and motion affects the movement pattern of passengers on board, thus pedestrian traffic and evacuation dynamics would be significantly different from those on level ground. To quantify the influence of ship listing and motion on passenger evacuation, we designed a ship corridor simulator, with which we performed single-file pedestrian movement experiments considering the effect of trim and heeling. Results indicated that density is not the only factor that affects pedestrian speed under ship trim or heeling conditions, for that both individual walking speed and group walking speed would be greatly attenuated due to the influence of the trim angles. However, heeling angles show less impact on speed when compared with trim angles. In addition, the speed correlation coefficient between the adjacent experimental subjects would be higher with larger angles and lower speed. Moreover, both female and male experimental subjects need similar distance headway for walking in different trim or heeling conditions. Furthermore, experimental subjects with lower individual walking speed need longer time headway to keep enough distance headway. This work will provide fundamental guidance to the development of evacuation models and the design of evacuation facilities on board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical method has been developed for predicting ship squat, with the goal of providing guidance to ship operators for avoidance of grounding in shallow water. The method assumes potential flow, and computations are sufficiently fast to allow evaluation for large numbers of conditions within practical time scales. Boundary conditions on the hull, free surface, and canal walls are satisfied using planar Rankine sources on solid boundaries and point Rankine sources placed a nominal distance above the calm waterline or free surface. Four different models of the free surface boundary condition have been implemented, ranging from a nominally flat free surface to fully nonlinear. For ships with a transom stern, the influence of flow separation is modelled using a virtual stern, which extends afterward from the transom to a location with zero width. The numerical method is generally robust, except for in the vicinity of critical flow conditions. Validation with model tests has been used to develop an envelope for over-prediction of bottom clearance, which can be considered when developing guidance for ship operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restriction factors are a collection of antiviral proteins that form an important aspect of the innate immune system. Their constitutive expression allows immediate response to viral infection, ahead of other innate or adaptive immune responses. We review the molecular mechanism of restriction for four categories of restriction factors; TRIM5, tetherin, APOBEC3G and SAMHD1 and go on to consider how the TRIM5 and TRIMCyp proteins in particular, show promise for exploitation using gene therapy strategies. Such approaches could form an important alternative to current anti-HIV-1 drug regimens, especially if combined with strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs. Autologous CD4+ T cells or their haematopoietic stem cell precursors engineered to express TRIMCyp restriction factors, and provided in a single therapeutic intervention could then be used to restore functional immunity with a pool of cells protected against HIV. We consider the challenges ahead and consider how early clinical phase testing may best be achieved.

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The focused ion beam (FIB) technique has established itself as an indispensable tool in the material science community, both to analyze samples and to prepare specimens by FIB milling. In combination with digital image correlation (DIC), FIB milling can, furthermore, be used to evaluate intrinsic stresses by monitoring the strain release during milling. The irradiation damage introduced by such milling, however, results in a change in the stress/strain state and elastic properties of the material; changes in the strain state in turn affect the bonding strength, and are hence expected to implicitly influence irradiation damage formation and sputtering. To elucidate this complex interplay between strain, irradiation damage and sputtering, we perform TRIM calculations and molecular dynamics simulations on silicon irradiated by Ga + ions, with slab and trench-like geometries, whilst simultaneously applying uniaxial tensile and compressive strains up to 4%. In addition we calculate the threshold displacement energy (TDE) and the surface binding energy (SBE) for various strain states. The sputter rate and amount of damage produced in the MD simulations show a clear influence of the strain state. The SBE shows no significant dependence on strain, but is strongly affected by surface reconstructions. The TDE shows a clear strain-dependence, which, however, cannot explain the influence of strain on the extent of the induced irradiation damage or the sputter rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of the implantation process of the hydrogen ions into diamond is of great technological interest for the fabrication of the color centers required for quantum computing and sensing applications. Here, the hydrogen range and defect-depth distribution in (1 1 1) HPHT diamond irradiated with 10–350 keV/proton H + and H 2 + ions in non channeling direction are experimentally measured by means of cross-section transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy. It is found that the proton ranges at energies below 100 keV are significantly (more than 50%) underestimated in TRIM simulations whereas measured profiles coincide well with simulated ones at ion energies above 100 keV. The difference at low energies is due to approximations used in TRIM code. First is overestimation of electron energy losses. In addition, binary collision approximation and/or ZBL potential in this energy range are not suitable for proton stopping in diamond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the effectiveness of the Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling software SHIPFLOW, in determining different hydrodynamic values such as resistance, sinkage and trim for a container ship. This ship was simulated in deep water at different Froude number including service speed. The viscous, wave and total resistance were calculated for speeds ranging from 8.0 to 10.0 knots. The model scale was simulated to obtain the resistance, sinkage and trim values for these corresponding speeds. Finally, CFD values compared with the experimental values carried out in Towing Tank facilities. Experimental investigation appears to provide agreement with computed values and showing that CFD methods may adequately deal with the problem of wave interference produced by the container ship hull. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of various biological functions including immune responses. Ubiquitination is induced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions by E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reversed by deubiquitinases. Depending on the enzymes, specific linkage types of ubiquitin chains are generated or hydrolyzed. Because different linkage types of ubiquitin chains control the fate of the substrate, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ubiquitin enzymes is central. In this review, we highlight the most recent knowledge of ubiquitination in the immune signaling cascades including the T cell and B cell signaling cascades as well as the TNF signaling cascade regulated by various ubiquitin enzymes. Furthermore, we highlight the TRIM ubiquitin ligase family as one of the examples of critical E3 ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations of human MID1 are associated with X-linked Opitz G Syndrome ( XLOS), which is characterized by midline birth defects. XLOS-observed mutations within the MID1 B-box1 domain are associated with cleft lip/palate, wide-spaced eyes and hyperspadias. Three of the four XLOS-observed mutations in the B-box1 domain results in unfolding but the structural and functional effects of the P151L mutation is not characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the P151L mutation does not disrupt the overall tertiary structure of the B-box1 domain and the adjacent domains. In fact, MID1 E3 ligase activity is slightly enhanced. However, the P151L mutation disrupted the ability of MID1 to catalyze the poly-ubiquitination of alpha4, a novel regulator of PP2A. This observation is consistent with results observed with the other three structure-destabilizing B-box1 mutations in targeting alpha4 but not PP2A. Alpha4 is shown to bind and sequester the catalytic subunit of PP2A and protect it from MID1-mediated ubiquitination and as a result, an increase in alpha4 can contribute to an increase in PP2A, playing a greater role in midline development during embryogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The N60 method currently mandated by regulatory bodies in North America for routine testing of beef trim for Escherichia coli O157:H7 requires that 60 slices of beef, up to 375 g, be removed from combo bins containing up to 10,000 lb of beef trim. The objective of this study was to design and test a prototype automatic trim sampler that would reduce the resource demands of, and result in more representative sampling than, N60. Ten commercial combo bins were each sampled at five locations of each of four levels, by swabbing an area of 1000 cm 2 and by excision of up to five meat pieces with a total area of 100 cm 2 . The samples were enriched in modified Tryptone Soy Broth supplemented with novobiocin at 20 mg/L, and tested for generic E . coli using real-time PCR. A prototype trim sampler was constructed and tested for recovery of aerobes, coliforms and E . coli and was compared to manual swabbing, using beef trim artificially contaminated with E . coli . Overall, 21.5% of excision samples and 38.0% of swab samples from combo bins were positive for E . coli . Of the 40 levels that were sampled, 50.0% were positive by excision, 70.0% were positive by swabbing. The sampler, designed based on swab sampling, could process trim of ≤1 kg. Of the 12 pairs of manual sampling and automatic sampling compared, ≥ 8 were not significantly different for recovering each of the three groups of indicator organisms (P > 0.05). The findings of this study show that swab sampling can be more sensitive and representative than excision sampling for recovering small numbers of E . coli from beef trim and the prototype sampler can have efficacy comparable to manual swabbing for recovering all three groups of indicator organisms from beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood and blood-component therapy triggers immunological reactions in recipients. Transfusion-related immunomodulation [TRIM] is an important complex biological immune reaction to transfusion culminating in immunosuppression. The mechanisms underlying TRIM include the presence of residual leukocytes and apoptotic cells, the transfusion of immunosuppressive cytokines either present in donor components or generated during blood processing, the transfer of metabolically active growth factor-loaded microparticles and extracellular vesicles and the presence of free hemoglobin or extracellular vesicle-bound hemoglobin. TRIM variables include donor-specific factors as well as processing variables. TRIM may explain, at least in part, the controversial negative clinical outcomes observed in cancer patients receiving transfusion in the context of curative-intent surgeries. The use of novel technologies including metabolomics and proteomics on stored blood may pave the way for a deeper understanding of TRIM in general and its impact on cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is present in more than half of cancer patients and appears to be an independent prognostic factor of short- and long-term adverse outcomes. It increases in the advanced period of cancer and perioperatively, in patients with solid tumors who undergo surgery. As a result, allogeneic red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is an indispensable treatment in cancer. However, its safety remains controversial, based on several laboratory and clinical data reporting a linkage with increased risk for cancer recurrence, infection and cancer-related mortality. Immunological, inflammatory and thrombotic reactions mediated by the residual leukocytes and platelets, the stored RBCs per se , the biological response modifiers and the plasticizer of the unit may underlie infection and tumor-promoting effects. Although the causality between transfusion and infection has been established, the effects of transfusion on cancer recurrence remain confusing; this is mainly due to the extreme biological heterogeneity that characterizes RBC donations and cancer context. In fact, the functional interplay between donation-associated factors and recipient characteristics, including tumor biology per se , inflammation, infection, coagulation and immune activation state and competence may synergistically and individually define the clinical impact of each transfusion in any given cancer patient. Our understanding of how the potential risk is mediated is important to make RBC transfusion safer and to pave the way for novel, promising and highly personalized strategies for the treatment of anemia in surgical cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the use of acoustic absorbent materials specifically felt to mitigate tire cavity resonance noise is presented. The inclusion of a trim in the tire cavity is represented by the addition of the acoustic damping loss factor into the sound pressure response function. In addition, the possible solution of using multilayer trim materials to mitigate the cavity mode effect is presented using the sound absorption coefficient values from the impedance tube experiments and by adopting other empirical models. Moreover, the sound absorption coefficient calculated from the method of electrical-analogy is compared with that from the experimental data and found to be reasonable. Experimental modal analysis was performed to show the effect of inserting an absorbent material (polyfelt) onto the inside surface of the tire where reduction in both the inside cavity sound pressure level and the wheel hub acceleration was observed. A Taguchi analysis is also done to rank the effectiveness of varying trim thickness and mass density as well as adding air gap to suppress tire cavity resonance noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on rigid-body slung-load hypothesis, a nonlinear dynamical model of the helicopter and slung-load system is presented. As for helicopter and slung-load system, the introduction of the rigid-body slung-load results in several extra degrees of freedom and constraints, and this makes the nonlinear equations of helicopter and slung-load motion transfer from 9 orders to 19 orders. The nonlinear equations are linearized by small perturbation hypothesis for stability analysis and they are trimmed by the continuation method. First, the simulation trimmed results are compared with the helicopter flight test data without slung-load and the calculation results of helicopter with mass-point slung-load in the literature. Then, the differences among trimmed states of the helicopter with a rigid-body slung-load, a mass-point slung-load, and without slung-load are studied. The motion modes of helicopter with rigid-body slung-load are calculated in different cases, and the effects of extra slung-load to the helicopter stability are analyzed at the same time. Results showed that the rigid-body slung-load added five new motion modes to the whole helicopter and slung-load system, two of which concerning cable swinging motion are stable, while the others concerning slung-load attitude motion are unstable. At the same time, the introduction of rigid-body slung-load makes the short-period mode and the roll mode of helicopter unstable, which has a strong impact on the flight quality of helicopter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins, most of which have E3 ubiquitin ligase activities, have various functions in cellular processes including intracellular signaling, development, apoptosis, protein quality control, innate immunity, autophagy, and carcinogenesis. The ubiquitin system is one of the systems for post-translational modifications, which play crucial roles not only as markers for degradation of target proteins by the proteasome but also as regulators of protein–protein interactions and of the activation of enzymes. Accumulating evidence has shown that TRIM family proteins have unique, important roles and that their dysregulation causes several diseases classified as cancer, immunological disease, or developmental disorders. In this review we focus on recent emerging topics on TRIM proteins in the regulation of autophagy, innate immunity, and carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical method to account for the influence of sinkage and trim on the drag of a freely floating (free to sink and trim) common monohull ship at a Froude number F ≤ 0.45 is considered. The sinkage and the trim are estimated via two alternative simple methods, considered previously. The drag is also estimated in a simple way, based on the classical Froude decomposition into viscous and wave components. Specifically, well-known semiempirical expressions for the friction drag, the viscous pressure drag and the drag due to hull roughness are used, and the wave drag is evaluated via a practical linear potential flow method. This simple approach can be used for ship models as well as full-scale ships with smooth or rough hull surfaces, and is well suited for early ship design and optimization. The method considered here to determine the sinkage and the trim, and their influence on the drag, yields theoretical predictions of the drag of the Wigley, S60 and DTMB5415 hulls that are much closer to experimental measurements than the corresponding predictions for the hull surfaces of the ships in equilibrium position at rest. These numerical results suggest that sinkage and trim effects, significant at Froude numbers 0.25 < F , on the drag of a typical freely floating monohull ship can be realistically accounted for in a practical manner that only requires simple potential flow computations without iterative computations for a sequence of hull positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) rolled out a set of new regulations that limit the sulfur content in the fuel oil used by ships, which came into effect from 2020. This study aims to explore the operational decisions of vessels inside and outside emission control areas (ECAs) under uncertain weather conditions and scrutinizes the economics of two types of ships: fuel-switching and scrubber installation. Such operational decisions include speed, trim, and path decision. We construct a navigation grid system, in which each grid contains weather parameters and sea condition. This navigation grid system can be applied to other type of ships due to the well-established cost structure. To improve fuel consumption estimation, we train fuel consumption estimation functions with respect to weather parameters, sea conditions, and operational decisions. This study then develops a stochastic dynamic programming model to optimize the path decisions, vessel speed, and trim. To evaluate the efficiency of the developed stochastic dynamic programming model, we further conduct a case study on a Post-Panamax container vessel that operates westbound from Hamburg to Houston. We identify the path decision, speed and trim under ECAs and the uncertain weather conditions. Surprisingly, this case study demonstrates that the ship utilizing fuel-switching takes a detour trip; in contrast, the ship with a scrubber chooses the shortest path by maximizing the speed. Additionally, we observe a knock-on effect — scrubber installation lifts carbon dioxide emissions due to increased vessel speed outside the ECA region. Rich managerial insights and potential policy implications are discussed. • This study considers a joint optimization of speed, trim, and path decisions. • The model accounts for uncertain weather conditions. • A navigation grid system is to model routes between any two ports of a voyage. • This study draws managerial insights by exploring fuel-switching and scrubber installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pork substantially contributes to salmonellosis, and processors are increasingly interested in antimicrobials. This study applied antimicrobials using commercial equipment and parameters to reduce Salmonella in pork. Skin-on carcasses inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail (ca. 5 log CFU/cm2) were treated in a commercial Chad cabinet using a low-volume spray [3% lactic acid (l LA), 400 ppm peracetic acid (l PAA), or acidified 400 ppm peracetic acid (l aPAA)] or high-volume wash [ambient water (h AW), 400 ppm PAA (h PAA), 400 or 600 ppm hypobromous acid (h DBDMH), or 71 °C water (h HW)]. Chilled subprimals and trim were inoculated and treated with AW, 400 ppm PAA, 400 ppm aPAA, 400 or 600 ppm DBDMH, 2% LA, or modified LA (mLA)] in a subprimal spray cabinet or ribbon mixer (trim). On the skin-on carcass, h PAA, h DBDMH 600 , and h HW achieved larger (P ≤ 0.05) Salmonella reductions (2.8–3.1 log CFU/cm2) compared to AW (1.5 log CFU/cm2). Other antimicrobial treatments provided 2.0–2.4 log reductions. Chemical interventions reduced Salmonella by 0.7–0.9 and 0.1–0.3 logs on butt and trim, respectively, in comparison to the respective 0.3 and 0.1 achieved by h AW. Thiobarbituric acid test (TBARS) data indicate no negative impact on subprimal quality. Carcass interventions reduced Salmonella ; however, Salmonella control was less evident on chilled subprimals and trim. • Interventions reduced Salmonella by 2.0–3.1 logs on pork carcass skin. • Interventions reduced Salmonella by 0.5–1.7 logs on pork carcass inside cavity. • Salmonella control less evident on chilled pork subprimals and trim. • TBARS data indicate interventions did not impact quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space radiation environment has concerned about proper performance of electronic systems and equipment used in the space due to a variety of space radiations. The radiation hardening techniques are required to all parts of the system in such environment. Therefore careful studies should be done on the mechanism of radiation damage in these systems. Shielding is one of radiation hardening technique. The radiation effects on electronic components can be done using radiation simulating softwares. In this work, displacement damage, vacancies and ionization values in silicon and gallium arsenide with layers of metal as a shield have been calculated using TRIM software. The results showed that the more thickness and more elements with high atomic number of shield made more resistance to radiation. Thus, damage in electronic devices would be less. Also, the damages resulted from the incident beam of helium ions is much higher than that of hydrogen ions.