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This article examines the political violence deployed in Spain during 1936 using the province of Guadalajara as a case study. Its objective is to clarify whether collective actions before and after the military rebellion of the 18th of July were connected. Firstly, it recounts and analyses the social and political mobilization that took place during the first half of the year. Then, it describes and studies the political violence deployed during the rest of the year. The article argues that political violence was not a determining factor in the political process during the first six and a half months of 1936, that there was not any continuity between political violence before and after the beginning of the war, and that the social and political unrest prior to that war was only one of the various reasons which explain the political violence subsequent to the military insurrection.; Este artículo examina la violencia política desplegada en España durante 1936 usando la provincia de Guadalajara como ejemplo. El objetivo consiste en averiguar si hubo conexiones o no entre las acciones colectivas anteriores y posteriores a la rebelión militar del 18 de julio. Primero, relata y analiza la movilización social y política desarrollada durante la primera mitad del año. Después, describe y estudia la violencia política del resto del año. Las tesis principales del artículo sostienen que a violencia política no fue un factor determinante del proceso político durante los primeros seis meses y medio de 1936, que no hubo continuidad alguna entre la violencia política anterior y posterior al inicio de la guerra y que la conflictividad social y política previa a la guerra fue solo uno de los varios factores que explican la violencia política que siguió a la insurrección militar.

In the wake of the global civil unrest following the brutal killings of Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd, Tony McDade, Atatiana Jefferson, Aura Rosser, Elijah McClain, and so many others...

The Pacific is often characterized as a subregion of relative peace because the absence of inter-State conflicts, but episodes of violence, political unrest and instability have hampered development in these island States; a “business as usual” approach to development does not guarantee that the Pacific will remain peaceful in the future. The link between peace and development is a central tenet of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, presenting an opportunity to expand on traditional concepts of development and security.

Throughout the late 1960s, the African American working classes in cities across the United States erupted in mass rebellions as an escalation of their historically informed resistance to racial oppression. Although state sponsored surveillance and violence and economic exploitation were the prime catalysts for the mass unrest, de jure and de facto barriers to housing, particularly redlining, also proved instrumental in African American disillusionment with the American political system. Cons...

The article situates, centre stage, the process by which temporary labour regimes utilize culturally specific masculine norms of undocumented migrant men to enforce labour docility and accumulate greater capital. It draws upon the example of undocumented Pakistani and Bangladeshi men working in orange orchards and strawberry fields in Greece, who pit their masculinity against one another through fruit-picking contests. South Asian male migrants, emasculated and marginalised by their illegality and precarity of work, attempt to rework their masculine status through such self-exploitative contests. These competitions, predicated on the neoliberal individualizing of workers and their success, displace exploitation by linking piece-rate earnings to muscular masculinity and individual capacity. Fruit-picking contests are an efficient and creative labour management practice wherein fluid masculine subjectivities are harnessed to weed out “inefficient” workers, subdue labour unrest, erode worker solidarity, and maximise labour extraction without adopting overt labour disciplinary mechanisms.

This idea is about the instructive interaction that imparts moral principles to make more thoughtful and popularity based social orders. Values schooling in this manner advances resilience and figuring out far in excess of our political, social and strict contrasts, putting extraordinary accentuation on the guard of basic liberties, the assurance of ethnic minorities and the most weak gatherings, and the protection of the climate.Values instruction is the obligation of all and not simply of schools. The family, colleges, organizations and game, for instance, are ideal settings to show those moral standards. All things considered, for various years at this point, nations like Australia and the UK have really been pondering including values instruction as a feature of necessary schooling. Training or education without values resembles a bloom without scent. Character building is similarly significant as vocation building. There is an expression that values are, "preferable got over educated", yet truly esteems are both gotten and instructed. The barrage of new innovative gadgets and data blast has made it exceptionally important to show the qualities to this current age. Accordingly esteem based training should be granted in the present instructive establishments. Training is a strong instrument of social change and human advancement, it is likewise an amazing asset to develop values in a person. In this manner, every one of the instructive organizations have more noteworthy obligation to bestow learning and development of values through schooling. This paper endeavours to examine the work of significant value-based schooling according to the humanistic point of view and to survey various conclusions given by various instructive commissions. The exploration philosophy incorporates applicable information gathered from the books and different sources., {"references":["Bhattacharya, S. (2006) Philosophical foundation of education (1 ed) New Delhi: Nice Printing Press","Chakrabarthi, M. (1997) Value-education : changing perspectives (1 ed.).New Delhi:Kanishka Publishers","Sharma, Y. (2001) Foundations in sociology of education (1 ed.) New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.","Taylor, M. (2006). The development of values through the school curriculum. R.H.M. Cheng, J.C.K. Lee & L.N.K. Lo (Eds.), Values education for citizens in the new century. pp. 107–31. Sha Tin: The Chinese University Press. Taylor, M. (1994)"]}

Social disturbances due to socioeconomic and political factors were present in the media during 2019, including places like France, Hong Kong, Chile, Nigeria, Sudan, Haiti, and Lebanon. In October 2019, Chile saw massive demonstrations in the capital city of Santiago. As a result, the cost of damage to infrastructure during the first month of unrest is estimated at US$ 4.6 billion, and the cost to the Chilean economy was about US$ 3 billion, 1.1% of its Gross Domestic Product. This study aims to analyze how the topology of the public transport network affected the locations of the 2019 riots in Santiago. On average, we find a clear association between proximity to the subway network and riot density. This association is significant only in neighborhoods with residents in the highest and lowest income quartiles. When analyzing social unrest and the critical role of public transport, policymakers should consider the crucial role of income in the previous relationship.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of how disasters, natural and human induced disasters, terrorist attacks, civil and political unrest and other crises affect tourism positively and negatively. Design/methodology/approach This paper briefly analyzes case studies to establish the underpinnings of tourism disruption in the midst of disasters and crises. Findings This paper outlines how various crises and disasters affect the tourism industry and what processes can be used to enhance or restructure the industry through communication plans, the media and stakeholder collaborative efforts. Originality/value While disasters and crises are not new, this paper offers a series of recommendations and insights to help quickly restore a normal state of tourism and hospitality functioning and build a more resilient path for tourism for generations to come.

Social movement scholars have long been interested in how violence impacts movements. A primary route to that impact is through public opinion. We examine changes in public opinion – in aggregate a...

Most of the areas of Bangladesh face a wide range of threats, ranging from terrorism and civil unrest to kidnapping, rape and murder. To reduce the impact of these threats, it is critical for the authorities to capture real-time information onwhat is happening in and around the city. Therefore, there is a growing requirement for utilizing the new and emerging technologies to make our cities safer. The development of the monitoring system in the technological field has become a blazing topic in the milieu of scholars and AI techniques have become an essential part of the future era. With the help of AI & deep learning, we can evaluate the social behavior (Action Recognition) of people, and by implementing the social credit score system, we can mark the citizen’s activities & analyze them. To detect and recognize the actions of a human we used YOLOV2 architecture and also incorporated the SQL database (SQLite) to record the social credit score. A citizen can visualize their credit score from an HTML based website.

The present article represents the most operational and implacable indicators for the transformation of peace in the universities of Pakistan. The main objective of the study is to find out the major hurdles that educational institutions are facing in the way of the development peace culture. Furthermore, this study provides the highlights for the peace development in the universities. The qualitative analysis was used to collect the opinions of the respondents. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was designed for the public university heads/chairman of different social sciences departments. Moreover, the data were analyzed with NVIVO that used for the in-depth thematic analysis and presents in the form of a word cloud (MADQDA 18). The study findings, however, show that the universities are facing different dimensions that are related to teacher competency, student behaviors, and social influences. The study further recommended, that according to the indicators there is a need to plan flexible and operational strategies to overcome the hurdles that are creating unrest in the educational institutions, there is space to work on teachers and students relationship, develop moral and valued based class environment and involve students in creative and productive activities for the peaceful setting in the present phenomena.

Although the events of the past year are in many ways unprecedented, they have resulted in circumstances that are common throughout history. The rise of a global pandemic has led to suffering in many forms, political powers shifting, militant coups rising, and countries facing protests as civil unrest becomes more prevalent. In these uncertain times, political leaders and the role of militaries have been even more scrutinized, revealing flaws that might have remained undetected if it was not for circumstances going awry. These current events have caused us to reflect upon incidents of the past when commanders have faced the uncertainty of how to complete their mission. History is wrought with instances in which the commander, despite having a “Plan B,” still fails to succeed in his role, thus resulting in hundreds of thousands of unnecessary lives lost. Specifically, this article focuses on three death marches—The Long Walk of the Navajo, The Bataan Death March, and Holocaust Death Marches—and the international law of command responsibility. In comparing and contrasting these three historic events through the lens of this law, we analyze the imposition of a commander’s criminal liability when unexpected events occur and he or she is called upon to make difficult decisions. In doing so, we also provide a historical backdrop of each commander’s ethical, moral, and tactical decisions, allowing us to explore what else could have been done, and who should be held liable for the actions of the commander’s soldiers. Ultimately, we call on national leaders and military commanders alike to evaluate our uncomfortable contemporary reality, look back in history, and ask themselves one question: am I truly prepared to make the right decisions when things go wrong?

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought increased attention to the critical mathematical literacy of citizens in the United States and around the world. A statistically and mathematically literate society is crucial for ensuring that citizens are able to sift through political rhetoric to maintain life-saving procedures such as social distancing and other infection dampening efforts. Additionally, recent civil unrest due to the disproportionate killings of Black men by police provokes investigation into the public’s mathematical literacy. In this paper, we investigate adolescent students’ critical mathematics consciousness and mathematics literacy as they reason through two interview tasks on the coronavirus and police shooting data. Drawing on Frankenstein’s program of Critical Mathematics Education, we introduce an analytic framework for documenting the critical mathematics consciousness of adolescent students. We interviewed fifteen 14- to 16-year-old students as they solved five tasks designed to elicit their critical and ethical mathematical awareness. Our findings indicate that students exhibit very little critical mathematics consciousness in the context of the police problem but show awareness that data can be presented in ways that manipulate the public’s emotions in the coronavirus problem. We conclude the paper with a discussion of implications for designing future instruction to support students’ growth in critical mathematics consciousness.

The objective of this article is to amplify the stories of female doctoral students and their passage through role conflicting periods of uncertainty and trauma. Specifically, this article highlights how the COVID-19 pandemic and racial unrest in the U.S. have impacted women pursuing doctorates in education. In addition to sharing personal reflections and experiences, the authors have outlined resources and recommendations for those who support doctoral students. Through the diverse perspectives of five students and one faculty member in the EdD in Higher Education Leadership program at Regis College, this article explores the lived experiences of second-year doctoral students during an incredible period of uncertainty. Douglas T. Hall’s model of coping serves to frame content around the many conflicting roles these students have been navigating and found to be exacerbated during the year 2020. This article seeks to empower leaders to re-envision approaches to support doctoral students through future crises and periods of uncertainty.

This History of Education Society Presidential Address comes at the society's sixtieth anniversary and provides a new conceptual framework that foregrounds recognizing a “racist-blind,” and not a color-blind, ideology in the intentional and unequal design our educational past and present. It highlights systemic racism brought on by the dual pandemic moments of COVID-19 and global racial unrest, with a call to action for educational historians to lead in promoting systemic, institutional changes.

The crisis of identity is one of the major issues of mankind.It does not confine to any single country, region, religion or ethnic group. Identity crisis prevails all over the world. It is also not confined to any particular age group people though the identity problem is predominantly visible in the life of younger generation. When we concentrate on the crisis of identity in Indian context, it has become the major problem of current educated youth. So far, many writers of fiction have focused on the identity problem and Chetan Bhagat is no exception on this list. Since identity crisis, mostly, seems to be the major problem of the age group people between 18 to 30, Bhagat has appropriately dealt with it in his fiction. The educated younger generation, in general, face problems to get well settled in life after completion of their education.The students, now-a-days, have been facing numerous problems in their academic career itself to beat the crisis. Chetan Bhagat as a young entertainer, attempts to depict all their problems in his fiction. The problems include Mindless mugging (No room for creativity and Innovativeness), lack of Disciplinary Ethics, Rigidity, Monotony in Academic work, Students’ Unrest, Fear, Insecurity, Controlled Stress and Suicide under Parental and Academic Pressure etc. For the purpose of my paper, I have chosen to study the identity problem crisis in youth of contemporary Indian Society and its portrayal in Chetan Bhagat’s maiden novel, Five Point Someone-What not to do at IIT.

The Cold War triggered the appearance of U.S.-sponsored re-distributive policies in Latin America with the goal of decreasing the influence of the Soviet Union. We study how organized groups of workers increased the intensity of one of the largest programs of the time, Salvador Allende’s land reform in Chile (1970–1973). Using original data in an event study research design, we find that the local political actions of workers—proxied by land invasions—affected the intensity and location of expropriations. We argue this result can be explained by a threat of political unrest.

The intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and the BLM movement led to a historic moment for American society. Illness, death, and civil unrest provided a shared historical experience for all Americans, and provided an opportunity for educators to capitalize on the multitude of teachable moments these historical events provided. For educators, like myself, who were the product of CPED Ed.D. programs that emphasized social justice in education, the historical events of COVID-19 and the BLM movement were immediately recognized as an opportunity to bring social justice to the forefront in the online classroom. The purpose of this manuscript is to reflect on the impact that my CPED Ed.D. experience had on my awareness of social justice in education and how this awareness translates to online learning opportunities in light of the COVID-19 pandemic to provide students with experiences that emphasize the need to understand and overcome social injustices, through science.

The Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TET FUND) was established by the Federal Government of Nigeria to tackle the problem of inadequate funding of tertiary institutions which had been a major source of industrial unrest and disharmony in these institutions. This study therefore examined the impact of TET FUND interventions on industrial peace in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ogun State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted and qualitative data were collected using a questionnaire to elicit information from a total number of 250 respondents from total population of 1,723 staff of the university. From the sample size, 128 (56%) were male while 122 (54%) were female. Data collected were analyzed using regression analysis to test all the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that TET FUND interventions have significant impact on infrastructural development, staff development and industrial peace in Olabisi Onabanjo University. It is therefore recommended that the Federal Government should step up efforts to ensure that tertiary institutions (federal and state owned) are adequately funded through TET FUND so that staff salaries and other staff related matters which have been a major source of industrial conflict and disharmony is addressed.

This paper examines the impact of import competition on industrial disputes in Indian manufacturing. Theoretically, import competition is expected to improve the efficiency of bargaining in the labour market by reducing the incidence of industrial disputes. Impact on two dimensions of disputes, namely number of disputes and number of persons’ days lost in disputes, by segregating them into strikes and lockouts are analysed. Import competition is found to be reducing the number and extent of industrial disputes and the impact is quantitatively significant. The paper discusses the implications of the findings.

Identifying the observables that warn of volcanic eruptions is a major challenge in natural hazard management. A potentially important observable is the release of heat through volcano surfaces, which represents a major energy source at quiescent volcanoes. However, it remains unclear whether surface heat emissions respond to pre-eruptive processes and vary before eruption. Here we show through a statistical analysis of satellite-based long-wavelength (10.780–11.280 μm) infrared data that the last magmatic and phreatic eruptions of five different volcanoes were preceded by subtle but significant long-term (years), large-scale (tens of square kilometres) increases in their radiant heat flux (up to ~1 °C in median radiant temperature). Large-scale thermal unrest is detected even before eruptions that were not anticipated from other volcano monitoring methods, such as the 2014 phreatic eruption of Ontake (Japan) and the 2015 magmatic eruption of Calbuco (Chile). We attribute large-scale thermal unrest to the enhancement of underground hydrothermal activity, and suggest that such analysis of satellite-based infrared observations can improve constraints on the thermal budget of volcanoes, early detection of pre-eruptive conditions and assessments of volcanic alert levels. Large-scale radiant heat flux increased in the years prior to eruptions at five volcanoes, probably due to enhanced underground hydrothermal activity, according to an analysis of satellite infrared data.

The history of Pak-India relations has presented sound evidences that both states harvested distrust and uncertain conditions with each other after the end of British colonial rule in the sub-continent. Since the partition, both states have contentious issues which added more fuel to both sides' relations. Kashmir issue is a dominant factor that has created more unrest as both states strained into three full-scale wars in this connection. Mutual disputes have also created issues of security and cross-border terrorism which put obstacles during the peace process between India and Pakistan. Concerns about security and cross-border terrorism are counted as a serious constant threat to peace in the South Asian region as both countries have the capability of nuclear war. Pakistan is blamed for Cross border terrorism which is a big matter of concern by the Indian side. India claimed that through cross-border terrorism, Kashmir and the Indian Parliament were attacked with the backing of Pakistan. Mumbai attacks were also engineered in the same pattern to create unrest and security issues in India. On the other hand, Pakistan denied Indian allegations and has bourse concerns about India's involvement in Baluchistan and different suicide attacks in Pakistan. The study tries to explore the involvement of non-state actors in cross-border terrorism and its aftershock in both sides' relations. The study also explores the impacts of cross-border activities and the peace process between Pakistan and India. It examines the different measures taken by Pakistan to stop terrorism in the region for developing sustainable ties with India.

Violent political unrest and militarised regime change was endemic to Latin America in the 1960s and 70s. As a result, writers working within the genre of detective fiction produced work influenced by the socially critical and cynical attitude of American hardboiled fiction. Known as neopoliciaco fiction, this work responded to circumstances where violence was perpetrated and authorised by governments against their own citizens in the name of political and social stability. Bolaño's unique adaption of crime fiction in Distant Star combines neopoliciaco crime writing with the testimonio, a genre which resists dominant narratives of history that downplay and even actively deny the criminality of state actors. In Distant Star, Bolaño explores how detective work functions within a paradigm beyond that of law and order, and the implications this has for the pursuit of reconciliation and justice in post-regime Chile.

South Africa has recently experienced an increase in unrest within urban and rural communities, despite attempts from both government and business levels to engage communities through community engagement (CE) forums. This has had a negative impact on the operations of businesses in the mining industry in South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore CE challenges in the South African mining sector, to understand the dynamics and factors affecting the peaceful equilibrium between the relevant stakeholder groups using CE best practices. The study used qualitative research methods where semi-structured interviews, as well as focus group discussion, was conducted among different stakeholders who were selected purposefully. Data were thematically analysed using the Atlasti software programme. The following themes were identified: Anglo social way, CE approaches, CE structures, guiding policies, terms of references and municipality framework. It was recommended that community members need to be educated about how the mine interacts with the community, its activities, and their participation.

Perhaps it is unacademic to start with the word “perhaps.” Doing so implies uncertainty, a “mortal sin” for academia that demands precision and decisive action.The uncertainty, however, is real. Ac...

The police leader's first 100 days present a mix of unique challenges even at the best of times. What kind of challenges do new chiefs face when, during their first 100 days, a global pandemic is declared and nationwide protests and riots against police are sparked in a country under social distancing restrictions? This article discusses the first 100 days' experience of a newly appointed police chief attempting to navigate through this, already overwhelming, transition into his new role. The article identifies five first 100-day" domains that confronted police leaders with unprecedented challenges and required unprecedented actions. A re-evaluation of these five key areas would help police chiefs improve their capabilities and ability to effectively respond to current challenges as well as to unforeseen future events."

Purpose of the study: The twenty-first century has witnessed numerous impacts of the novel Corona Virus Disease-2019 (Covid-19) pandemic in different walks of life across the globe. The present study was designed to get a societal response regarding the multifaceted impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the lives of the populace of the study locale. Methodology: The researchers selected a qualitative research approach for gaining in-depth insights on the issue at hand, wherein the data was collected from the potential participants through purposive sampling. The In-depth Interviews were conducted in district Swat which is one of the most affected districts from Covid-19. The In-depth Interview was used as a research instrument. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis. Main Findings: The study findings revealed that human lives are severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The routine life cycle was badly affected, and people were confined to their houses. Like other parts of the world, different sectors like education, health, rituals, social interaction, travel, and tourism are desperately affected. Resultantly, it drastically raised the socio-cultural and economic (especially unemployment) unrest situation in the region. Apart from these consequences, due to the Pandemic scenario, various socio-cultural rituals, events, and activities were at a halt due to the imposition of social distancing measures. Applications of this study: The findings can be utilized/generalized in the normal course of life keeping in view the multidimensional impacts of the Covid-19 in the region. This study could be utilized for future research studies on the same issue. Novelty/Originality of this study: Besides, the study has immense significance, such studies are novel in the region with such a distinct perspective that covers various aspects of the impacts of Covid-19 using a qualitative research approach.

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused unrest for all citizens of the world in the health, trade, economy, security, politics, transportation, human mobility and tourism sectors. As the second largest contributor to foreign exchange in Indonesia in 2019, tourism, especially hospitality, has experienced a significant decline in business. Starting from canceling room reservations to canceling various activities at the hotel. As a consequence, the hotel occupancy rate and average room rate dropped dramatically to 10% - 25%. This was also experienced by Hotel Noormans Semarang, which only had an occupancy rate of 15% in April 2020 with an average room rate below the price of IDR 300,000.00. The aim of this paper is to observe the strategy to increase the occupancy rate and average room rate during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Hotel Noormans Semarang. This research was designed with a descriptive qualitative paradigm. This research shows that the strategy of increasing the occupancy rate and average room rate during the pandemic at Noormans hotels in 2020 does not show positive results. However, what happened was the opposite, a decline from 2019 to 2020. The occupancy rate decreased from 70% to 36% and the average room rate decreased from IDR 332,094.00 to IDR 258,250.00. Keywords: occupancy rate, average room rate, hotel, Covid-19

The accelerating urbanization for peasant-workers and the growing labour unrest in China since the 2010s have promoted some scholars to applaud how proletarianization can lead to working-class cons...

Purpose To examine the joint associations of civil unrest and COVID-19 with probable anxiety and depression during the first half of 2020 in Hong Kong. Associations were compared between persons with low or high assets. Methods A population-representative sample of 4011 Hong Kong Chinese residents aged 15 years or older were recruited between February and May 2020. Respondents reported current anxiety and depressive symptoms, unrest stress, COVID-19 stress, assets (savings and home ownership), and demographics. Results Stress due to unrest and COVID-19 was associated with higher prevalence of probable anxiety and depression; persons with both stressors had higher prevalence. This pattern was consistent among persons with low or high assets, but the probabilities of mental disorder were substantially higher among persons with fewer assets. Conclusions The effect of stressors on probable anxiety and depression are cumulative: persons with stress due to civil unrest and to COVID-19 reported more mental disorders than persons with stress due to only one, or none of these factors. Overall high assets appear to buffer the consequences of stressors, lowering the risk of mental disorder. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00127-021-02037-5.

Purpose The compulsory lockdown issued by the Nigeria Government to curb the spread of the virus has undoubtedly negatively affected the livelihoods of households. As a result, many have lost their sources of income and have no other means for survival. It is important to note that it has the potential of triggering violent conflicts and civil unrest as a popular African adage goes as thus: “A hungry man is an angry man”. Unfortunately, little attention has been given, neither has extant literature adequately covered the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak as it directly affects households in a rural community in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach This study proceeded from on both a qualitative and quantitative method and adopted a mixed-method and case study research design. Data for this study was collected through primary and secondary data. Primary data for this study was collected through a questionnaire and focus group discussions (FGD). The questionnaire used for this study was a validated instrument designed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to measure food security amongst households. The USDA household’s instrument was used and then modified to access the food security status of households during the lockdown. Findings Findings from this study revealed that households, in general, were categorised as having “very low food security” during the lockdown as they testified to all the food insecure conditions. In general, the food intake of household members reported irregular eating patterns as the household lacked the money to purchase food. This study further indicated that a high number of respondents see violence as a means of attaining food. Extreme volatility in their inability to access food as a result of food shortages and the inability to benefit from government palliatives has been found to trigger incidents of conflict and malnutrition on households. Research limitations/implications This method was sampling method was adopted because of the compulsory and constitutional lockdown imposed by the government to curb the spread of the novel COVID-19 which limited the movement of the researcher to other households in the community which proved to be limited during the time this research was carried limiting the scope of the sample size. Originality/value This research adopted mixed-method research and was written by the researchers who did the study. This paper was conducted during the mandatory lockdown issued by the Federal Government in Nigeria with to understand the impact of the mandatory lockdown on rural households using Ilaje local of Ondo state as a case study while establishing a link between food security and conflict.

PurposeThis study determines the relationship between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their support providers during three phases: pre-conflict environment, during conflict environment, and the post-conflict (uncertain) environment with the reference to institutional theory in the northwest region of Pakistan where there is ongoing unrest between the authorities and the insurgents.Design/methodology/approachUsing a qualitative approach, a total of 23 semi-structured interviews were conducted, 19 with the owner-managers of small manufacturing firms and 4 from small business support providers in the region.FindingsThe authors theorise the changing role of support agencies as differing institutional gaps, while conflict is destructive for SMEs and support agencies; paradoxically the crisis results in stronger relationships between the support providers and SMEs which was weaker in the pre-conflict environment. Such stronger relationship enhanced the cognitive pillar of institutional theory where entrepreneurship is supported by various groups including government agencies and SMEs to alleviate unemployment in the region which is one of the potential reasons of terrorism in the country.Practical implicationsThe study may have value for policymakers who need to know more about how small businesses and support providers develop a support network in difficult regions and give a comprehensive framework to other conflictual regions who face similar circumstances.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the previous literature in several ways. First, the study reveals the impact of conflict environment on small businesses and support providers where a little research has been undertaken. Second, the study shows the support mechanism in three different intervals pre-conflict, during the conflict and post-conflict and how the Talibanization in the region has a positive impact by strengthening the support structure among small businesses and support providers. Finally, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on entrepreneurship in conflict environments.

It is generally accepted that tectonic earthquakes may trigger volcanic activity, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly constrained. Here, we review current knowledge, and introduce a novel framework to help characterize earthquake-triggering processes. This framework outlines three parameters observable at volcanoes, namely magma viscosity, open- or closed-system degassing and the presence or absence of an active hydrothermal system. Our classification illustrates that most types of volcanoes may be seismically-triggered, though require different combinations of volcanic and seismic conditions, and triggering is unlikely unless the system is primed for eruption. Seismically-triggered unrest is more common, and particularly associated with hydrothermal systems., This review dives deep into how earthquakes affect volcanoes, specifically into the relation between tectonic seismic activity and subsequent eruptions. Activity may increase in any volcanic setting in the 2–5 years following an earthquake, and especially at volcanic centres featuring vigorous hydrothermal activity.

—The Udina volcanic complex located in the southeastern part of the Klyuchevskoy group of volcanoes in Kamchatka remained dormant for several thousand years, but the magmatic system beneath the area may be awakening judging by seismic unrest. Seismicity in the area is characterized by data from permanent regional seismic stations and campaign local stations, as well as by data of the Kamchatka earthquake catalog. Seismic activity having nucleated at shallow depths in the vicinities of the Udina volcanoes since October 2017 may reflect a beginning cycle of volcanism. The earthquakes are mainly long-period (LP) 0.5–5 Hz events, which are commonly attributed to the movement of viscous magma and resonance phenomena in magma conduits. Such earthquakes may be a response to inputs of new magma batches to the plumbing system that feeds the volcanoes and thus may be precursors of volcanic unrest. Seismic campaigns of May–July 2018 near the Udina complex provided more rigorous constraints on earthquake coordinates and origin depths and showed that most of the earthquakes originated within 5 km beneath the Bolshaya Udina Volcano. Seismic tomographic inversion using the LOTOS code revealed a zone of high P-wave velocities, low S-wave velocities, and a high vP/vS ratio directly beneath the volcano. Such a combination of parameters typically occurs in active volcanic areas and marks intrusion of partially molten magma and/or liquid fluids. The velocity anomaly detected in 2018 is shallower than that recovered in 2014–2015. The seismic evidence, along with the available geological and geophysical data, record the movement of viscous magma related to the Udina feeding system in the middle crust, which is implicit proof for connection between the intermediate crustal and deep mantle magma sources renewed after a long lull.

The author considers the reasons and problems of civil unrest in France in the end of the 1960s. The author analyzes sources of revolutionary movement and comes to a conclusion that initially spontaneously developed events had no concrete political plan and organized guidance, its purposes had utopian character, methods of fight were mainly anarchical. Activity was motivated with romantic aspiration to freedom, reforming society, counteraction to totalitarianism, commercialism, social injustice, obsolete rules of life. Participants of events fondly believed that the spontaneous protest and refusal of submission to any established order automatically will lead to awakening of consciousness and transformation of social life. As a result, they faced an inevitable paradox of revolutionary movement. Approving need of use of violence for the purpose of opposition to violence from the government, revolutionaries destroy public order and a legal state for creation of the new world of freedom that leads to the enormous growth of violence, chaos, and unfreedom and causes in society fear and nostalgia of order. The author examines Ricœur’s position during revolutionary events in France. The philosopher evaluates the experience of his own work for the reorganization of education system (aiming to strengthen horizontal relations) as a fundamental failure. Nevertheless, as the author of the article claims, in the sphere of philosophy Ricœur created the profound and far-sighted conception of criticism of transformation, this conception is based on the principle of the conflict of interpretations and allows to resist destruction, to constructively rethink and improve society management system.

The 1982 eruption of El Chichon volcano constitutes the worst volcanic disaster in Mexico producing more than 2000 fatalities, thousands of displaced people and severe economic losses. This eruption took by surprise authorities, population and scientists, thus preventing the implementation of timely and effective mitigation measures. Here, we use a Bayesian inference approach to provide simple, objective and quantitative schemes for long- and short-term hazard assessment for El Chichon volcano. For long-term assessment, we present the event tree for this volcano including the probabilities of different scenarios based on its past activity. For instance, the probability of at least one magmatic/hydromagmatic unrest episode (4.0%) producing an explosive eruption (75%) with VEI 4 (21.4%) in any 10-yt time interval is 0.64%. Moreover, we included additional nodes for the threatened zones and population according to the published hazards maps. For short-term assessment, we use a Bayesian method to examine the evolution of indicators derived from volcano monitoring. As a case study, we apply this method to the available data of the 1982 eruption of El Chichon volcano. Our results show that this method is useful to identify indicators associated with different eruptive phases, recognize significant changes and underscore the lessons from this eruption. Furthermore, this method graphically depicts the evolution of the indicators, easing the communication with non-specialist during volcanic crises. When this highly explosive volcano reactivates again, the methods presented here can be used as a framework to analyze monitoring data and facilitate the implementation of timely mitigation actions.

This review explores those varied bodies of work that have sought to understand crowd behavior and violent crowd conduct in particular. Although the study of such collective conduct was once considered central to social science, this has long ceased to be the case and in many respects the study of protest and riot now receives relatively little attention, especially within criminology. In addition to offering a critical overview of work in this field, this review argues in favor of an expanded conception of its subject matter. In recent times, scholarly concern has increasingly been focused on questions of etiology, i.e., asking how and why events such as riots occur, with the consequence that less attention is paid to other, arguably equally important questions, including how riots spread, how they end, and, critically, what happens in their aftermath. Accordingly, as a corrective, the review proposes a life-cycle model of riots.

Once feted, Hong Kong has recently become a centre of civil unrest. In this paper, we situate these emergent politics through a case study of corruption and everyday life in Kowloon Walled City, a mainland Chinese enclave in British Hong Kong, which developed notoriety as a freestanding grey economy. Drawing from oral testimonies of police officers, triad members and local residents, we excavate the lived experience of confinement within this contested space. These accounts reconstruct the Walled City as a ‘quasi-carceral’ site of enclosure, a zone of colonial exceptionalism and a hybrid cultural space. Through this case study, we historicize current debates in carceral geography, humanize recent interventions in urban scholarship and analyse the shifting politics at the frontier of Chinese expansionism.

The COVID-19 pandemic and violence inflicted on communities of color by police in the United States has caused unrest across the country. Scholars have focused on the significant influence of socia...

The present study examines whether hope significantly mediates the relationship between spirituality and subjective happiness in Hong Kong Chinese Christians under a normal versus stressful social ...

The murder of George Floyd and the unrest that followed have thrown the entirety of our justice system into question. But the critique of the police, the courts, and the penitentiary is not new, an...

We reconstruct the composite dynamics of Mt. Vesuvius volcano in the period 2012–2019 from the study of ground deformation, seismicity, and geofluid (groundwater and fumarolic fluids) circulation and recognize complex spatio-temporal variations in these observables at medium (years) and short (months) time-scales. We interpret the observed patterns as the combined effect of structural changes affecting the volcanic edifice and variations of the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. In particular, we identify a change in the activity state of Mt. Vesuvius. After the activity reached minimum levels in 2014, the centroid of the surface manifestations migrated towards the SE. Episodic variations of co-seismic and aseismic deformation and fluid release, if analysed separately, would likely have been interpreted as pseudo-random oscillations of the background geophysical and geochemical signals. When organised in a comprehensive, multiparametric fashion, they shed light on the evolution of the volcano in 4D (x,y,z, time) space. These inferences play a crucial role in the formulation of civil protection scenarios for Mt. Vesuvius, a high risk, densely urbanized volcanic area which has never experienced unrest episodes in the modern era of instrumental volcanology.

We investigate the effects of human development and political stability on environmental quality and examine whether they are viable tools for improving environmental policies. The literature finds that countries can reduce harmful emissions beyond a certain per capita income threshold. However, this literature omits the impact of human development and political stability. We fill this gap using a sample of 16 Middle Eastern and North African countries over the period 1990–2016 to examine environmental quality–human development causality and the effects of political stability on this relationship. We reveal the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between human development and the ecological footprint that varies between oil and non-oil countries. Moreover, we show that political unrest delays environmental improvements. Our findings are critically important for policymakers, because they demonstrate the positive effects of human development and political stability on the environment through better education and healthcare systems.

The article deals with the phenomenon of potato riots in the Trans-Urals region in the 1840s. Peasant unrest that engulfed the regions inhabited by state peasants cannot be understood simply as a manifestation of anti-feudal protests. Among the reasons for the revolts, rumors, discontent with local authorities, and irrational fears can also be named. The authors propose to consider these events from the point of view of the thinking of the Russian peasantry, in connection with the peculiarities of traditional culture. This approach gives a better understanding of the genesis of events, the suddenness of riots, and inexplicable cruelty in relation to fellow villagers and the clergy from a rational standpoint. Using specific examples, the authors analyze the role of rumors in the emergence of riots, the inability of the bureaucracy to understand the peculiarities of the consciousness of Siberian peasants, and the reasons for the peasants' hatred towards the rural authorities. Besides, attention is paid to the role of the rural clergy in the events. Based on a complex of historical sources, the authors try not only to reconstruct the course of events, but also to reveal the same and repeating lines of performances which occurred at different times and in different places. The riots of 1842 and 1843 took place at the same time (early spring), the rebels demanded that the authorities and the clergy show them documents on “selling them under a master”, and the refusal to demonstrate non-existent papers entailed torture and murder of clerks, country administration, and priests. Revolts were cruelly suppressed. The authors conclude that the main role in the emergence of potato riots was played by the peculiarities of the traditional type of thinking of the peasants and by the complex system of relations and contradictions in the Trans-Ural region. The unrest showed the reluctance and inability of the Russian bureaucracy to explain the essence and purpose of the innovations to the peasants.

In 2020, Cambodia experienced its sharpest economic contraction in more than a quarter-century as COVID-19 crippled its tourism industry, hampered foreign investment, and reduced demand for exports from its crucial garment and textile sectors. Wary of simmering popular unrest, the government of long-serving Prime Minister Hun Sen sought to support the battered economy with one hand while stifling domestic political dissent with the other. Domestic crackdowns brought further erosion of Cambodia's ties with the European Union, and relations with the United States and some Southeast Asian neighbors remained tense as Cambodia drifted closer into a dependent relationship with China. © 2021 by The Regents of the University of California.

Labour unrest is often the outcome of an interplay or combination of factors that employees are unhappy about. Whilst issues relating to the lack of collective bargaining, communication and employee benefits prove to be reasons for causing labour unrest, the question is whether, and if so, how do they come together to increase the occurrence of labour unrest. Hence, this study explores the relationships between collective bargaining, communication, employee benefits and labour unrest, respectively. It is advocated that a lack of employee benefits, collective bargaining and communication has the potential to lead to labour unrest. The research is conducted at the informal settlement in Durban, South Africa, where most of the construction employees who worked at the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) reside. A sample of fifty from fifty-eight construction employees was drawn using cluster sampling. The researcher used quantitative research methods and data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire and analysed using inferential statistics. The research revealed that all sub-dimensions of the lack of employee benefits, collective bargaining and communication have the potential to influence labour unrest individually and in varying degrees. In this regard, a significant relationship was only found between poor availability of health and wellness programmes (employee benefits) and poor bargaining councils (collective bargaining). In addition, a significant but inverse relationship was found between poor medical care (employee benefits) and poor communication. Recommendations, based on the results of the study, are presented.

Countless historians consider the 1832 reform bill one of Britain’s most pivotal legislations in transitioning into a modern representative democracy for its undeniable impact on the country’s electoral system. The same historians, however, vary on their determination of its causes mostly from comparing major developments surrounding the bill. Parliamentary speeches tend to be neglected or presupposed which causes valuable aspects of the development to be missed. This work demonstrates that fear of revolution, launched by France and catalyzed by Bristol, by the British elite was the primary motivator for reform. It does so by focusing specifically on parliamentary debate between the pro-reform party (Whigs) and the anti-reform party (Tories), supplemented by private correspondence and other public documents. Whig M.P.s insisted Britain reform or face revolution, but Tory M.P.s downplayed any immediate threat. When massive unrest materialized at Bristol, the conversation radically shifted. Bristol exploded because the House of Lords rejected an earlier form of the bill, giving the Whig’s argument substance. Direct resistance to the bill faded as Whig urgency increased. While some contemporary and modern historians doubt the reformers’ true fear of revolution, the speeches and letters reveal that preventing disaster was the sincere objective.

Transboundary water relations in the Euphrates–Tigris (ET) basin are often marked by political confrontation and rivalry between Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Even in the absence of political stability, riparian states have remained in contact with one another over the ET rivers at different levels by establishing and revitalizing joint governance mechanisms. In these processes, multiple actors—ranging from bureaucracies and heads of state and government, to epistemic communities—have focused on cooperative socio-economic development aspects of otherwise divisive water-related matters in the basin. Hence, the article aims to examine various emerging actors and mechanisms, arguing that their co-existence in the basin demonstrates a case of ‘imperfect peace’. Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and with the start of the domestic unrest in Syria in 2011, transboundary water relations in the basin have been carried out within the context of an unstable international security environment, particularly with the emergence of the non-state armed groups who have used water as a weapon against their opponents. The article therefore addresses policy-relevant research questions, such as what kind of joint security mechanism the riparian states should create to cope with violent non-state actors who control water and infrastructure under the conditions of ‘imperfect peace’. In the same vein, the article analyses the strategic role that water plays in environmental peacebuilding and discusses the possible ways and means to improve the protection of water during and after armed conflicts.