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The bulk and supported Ni2P catalysts (Ni2P/γ-Al2O3 and Ni2P/MCM-41) were facile prepared by using nickel metal as nickel source via thermal treatment of hypophosphite in a separated reactor. The thermal decomposition behaviors of sodium hypophosphite were studied by online mass spectra. The effects of atmosphere, temperature, reaction time, and P/Ni atomic ratio on the as-prepared Ni2P catalysts were investigated. The Ni2P catalysts can also be obtained by using NiCl2 as nickel source but not for NiO. Since the nickel source is nickel metal and Ni2P catalysts were prepared in a separated reactor, the as-prepared Ni2P catalysts from Ni0 can be directly used without further purification, but the as-synthesized Ni2P catalyst from NiCl2 source should be further treated to remove the residues (such as Cl–) before use. As the active species for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), Ni2P shows much higher activity than Ni0. For hydrodearomatization (HDA), Ni2P/MCM-41 shows much lower activity than Ni/MCM-41 but much better resistance to S-containing compounds in hydrogenation of naphthalene. The mechanism for synthesizing Ni2P catalysts with this facile method is proposed by online mass spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of the immune response in plants antagonizes growth and development in the absence of pathogens, and such an autoimmune phenotype is often suppressed by the elevation of ambient temperature. However, molecular regulation of the ambient temperature-sensitive intersection of immune response and growth is largely elusive., A genetic screen identified an Arabidopsis mutant, zed1-D, by its high temperature-dependent growth retardation. A combination of molecular, cytological and genetic approaches was used to investigate the molecular basis behind the temperature-sensitive growth and immune response in zed1-D., A dominant mutation in HOPZ- ETI- DEFICIENT 1 ( ZED1) is responsible for a high temperature-dependent autoimmunity and growth retardation in zed1-D. The autoimmune phenotype in zed1-D is dependent on the HOPZ- ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 ( ZAR1). ZED1 and some ZED1-related kinases ( ZRKs) are induced by elevated temperature and function cooperatively to suppress the immune response by modulating the transcription of SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1 CONSTITUTIVE 1 ( SNC1) in the absence of pathogens., Our data reveal a previously unidentified role of ZRKs in the ambient temperature-sensitive immune response in the absence of pathogens, and thus reveals a possible molecular mechanism underlying the temperature-mediated intersection of immune response and growth in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A low carbon footprint method for converting low-rank coals to chemicals was proposed. • Large amount of oxygenated chemicals such as phenols, esters, and RHAs were obtained. • SF has poorer TE and oxy-cracking reactivity than XLT and XLGL. • More than 40.6% RHA yield with neglectable CO 2 emission can be obtained from XLT-TER and XLGL-TER at 300 °C. • Average sizes of aromatic rings in RHAs are between benzene and naphthalene. Due to the urgent need to reduce CO 2 emission and the shortage of petroleum, using coals especially low-rank coals as raw materials for producing chemicals has attracted much attention. Thermal extraction and oxidation in aqueous solution are efficient approaches for obtaining oxygen-containing chemicals from low-rank coals. However, yield of chemicals is limited and/or large amount of CO 2 is released solely using either of the two technologies for converting low-rank coals. In this paper, a low carbon footprint method combining thermal extraction (TE) and oxy-cracking in dilute alkali aqueous solution for efficiently depolymerizing three low-rank coals, i.e., Xiaolongtan lignite (XLT), Xilinguole lignite (XLGL), and Shenfu sub-bituminous coal (SF), was proposed. The results indicate that considerable oxygen-containing compounds such as phenols, esters, and humic acids along with little CO 2 emission can be obtained via the two-step depolymerization process. TE temperature significantly effects the dissolution of small molecular compounds. Comparing with XLT and XLGL, SF has lower TE and oxy-cracking activity. A good correlation between the oxy-cracking conversion of TE residues and their DTG peak temperature for the low-rank coals can be found. Therefore, the aforementioned approach is promising for high-value and low-carbon utilization of low-rank coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An efficient non-fuel utilizing approach of low-rank coal is obtained by TE and the oxy-cracking. • TE can separate the extractables, and greatly reduce the formation of CO 2 during oxy-cracking. • Oxy-cracking of TER under mild conditions is dominated by the oxidative depolymerization. • Oxy-cracking of TER is characterized by mild conditions, less alkali dosage and low CO 2 emission. The urgent need to reduce CO 2 emission in China has stimulated renewed interest in the use of coal as raw material for chemical production. Oxidation in aqueous solution is a relatively mild method to depolymerize coal into oxygen-containing chemicals. In this paper, a novel technology combining thermal extraction (TE) of coal and the oxy-cracking of TE residue (TER), referring to the oxygen oxidation in alkaline aqueous solution under mild conditions, was proposed to obtain humic acid (HA) from Xilinguole lignite (XL). The results show that TE could not only obtain small molecular extracts, but also significantly affect the oxy-cracking performance of TER to reduce the formation of CO 2. TE yield of XL reached 9.8 % at optimized temperature (300 °C). Almost no CO 2 was emitted during the oxy-cracking of obtained TER at 120 °C for 1.5 h, and the oxy-cracking conversion and the HA yield were 65.03 %and 40.56 %, respectively. By the characterizations of FTIR, 13C NMR, XPS, etc, the HA mainly consists of aromatic structures and oxygen-containing groups, in which most of acidic groups are carboxyl groups. It has an extensive application in the production of industrial chemicals, such as admixtures of concrete, dispersant of coal water slurry, and so on. Therefore, the preparation technology of coal-based HA combining TE and TER oxy-cracking is a promising utilization approach of low-rank coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, and the spatial accumulation of auxin within organs, which is primarily attributable to local auxin biosynthesis and polar transport, is largely responsible for lateral organ morphogenesis and the establishment of plant architecture. Here, we show that three Arabidopsis INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) transcription factors, IDD14, IDD15, and IDD16, cooperatively regulate auxin biosynthesis and transport and thus aerial organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses. Gain-of-function of each IDD gene in Arabidopsis results in small and transversally down-curled leaves, whereas loss-of-function of these IDD genes causes pleiotropic phenotypes in aerial organs and defects in gravitropic responses, including altered leaf shape, flower development, fertility, and plant architecture. Further analyses indicate that these IDD genes regulate spatial auxin accumulation by directly targeting YUCCA5 (YUC5), TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE of ARABIDOPSIS1 (TAA1), and PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) to promote auxin biosynthesis and transport. Moreover, mutation or ectopic expression of YUC suppresses the organ morphogenic phenotype and partially restores the gravitropic responses in gain- or loss-of-function idd mutants, respectively. Taken together, our results reveal that a subfamily of IDD transcription factors plays a critical role in the regulation of spatial auxin accumulation, thereby controlling organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]