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This paper summarizes a few cases of spacecraft orbital motion around asteroid for which averaging method can be applied, i.e., when central body rotates slowly, fast, and when a spacecraft is near to the resonant orbits between the spacecraft mean motion and the central body's rotation. Averaging conditions for these cases are given. As a major extension, a few classes of near resonant orbits are analyzed by the averaging method. Then some resulted conclusions of these averaging analyses are applied to understand the stability regions in a numerical experiment. Some stability conclusions are obtained. As a typical example, it is shown in detail that near circular 1:2 resonant orbit is always unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies in bovine and porcine have indicated that melatonin (MT) could induce meiotic maturation of immature oocytes in vitro. The object of the current study was to investigate if MT could ameliorate human oocytes maturation during rescue in vitro maturation (IVM). Methods: Two hundred seventy eight germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes and 451 (MI) metaphase I oocytes were vitrified, thawed and then matured in vitro. All the oocytes were randomly allocated into six groups in which the oocytes were cultured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of MT (0, 10, 1, 10, 10, 10 nM) and nuclear maturation was evaluated at 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, 24 h and 48 h of culture. Results: The optimal MT concentration for both GV and MI oocytes was 1 nM. At 24 h of culture, nuclear maturation rate of MI oocytes cultured in 1 nM MT medium was significantly higher than other groups ( P < 0.05); Nuclear maturation rate of GV oocytes cultured in 1 nM MT medium was also significantly higher than the control group ( P < 0.05). On the other hand, decreased nuclear maturation rate was observed in the high MT concentration group (10 nM). Conclusions: The current study demonstrated that low concentration of exogenous MT could ameliorate nuclear maturation of human oocyte during rescue IVM, while high concentration of MT presented negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the aggregation state of Pluronic copolymer (PEO-PPO-PEO, F127) and the concentration of hydrophilic modified ibuprofen (Ibuprofen-PEG800, IP800) on the interaction between F127 and IP800 was systematically investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scatter (DLS), surface tension, and freeze-fractured transmission electron microscopy. In the solution of F127 unimers (5 °C), F127 unimers tended to wrap around IP800 micelles, and the binding model of F127 unimers to IP800 micelles transferred from wrapping around to partly threading through with increasing IP800 concentration. The latter binding model was straightly confirmed by nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy. As the aggregation state of F127 is in the beginning of the micellization (20 °C), the addition of IP800 significantly promoted the micellization of F127 to form the F127/IP800 complex with F127 micelles as the skeleton called the F127-micelle complex. The sudden decrease of the size obtained from DLS stemmed from the disruption of the F127-micelle complex and accompanying rehydration of PPO which is weaker compared with refs. The amount of IP800 to disintegrate the F127-micelle complex increased in the F127-micelle-dominated solution (40 °C) compared to that at 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Aims: To investigate whether nisoldipine and olmesartan improve endothelial function, decrease asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and alleviate the inflammatory and oxidative process. Methods: Fifty-five essential hypertensive patients were randomized to receive nisoldipine or olmesartan for 8 weeks according to a parallel-group, active-controlled, single blind study, and 28 matched normotensive subjects served as healthy controls. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and plasma levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 8-isoprostane (also named 8-isoPGF2α), and ADMA were determined. Results: At baseline, the plasma levels of ADMA, ET-1, hs-CRP, and 8-isoPGF2α were markedly higher in patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive subjects ( P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between plasma levels of ET-1 and ADMA in patients with essential hypertension, but not in normotensive subjects. The NO plasma concentrations were significantly lower in patients with essential hypertension than in normotensive subjects. Furthermore, hypertensive subjects demonstrated significantly lower FMD than healthy control ( P < 0.05). Nisoldipine and olmesartan significantly and similarly reduced blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension ( P < 0.001). At the end of the 8-week treatment, plasma ADMA and ET-1 levels were decreased significantly ( P < 0.01). FMD increased significantly in nisoldipine or olmesartan-treated patients ( P < 0.05). A significant decrease in plasma hs-CRP contents was observed in patients receiving nisoldipine ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that nisoldipine and olmesartan both improve FMD in patients with essential hypertension. This may be associated with decreased circulating levels of CRP, ET-1, and ADMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An algorithmically-derived abstraction network, called the partial-area taxonomy, for a SNOMED hierarchy has led to the identification of concepts considered complex. The designation “complex” is arrived at automatically on the basis of structural analyses of overlap among the constituent concept groups of the partial-area taxonomy. Such complex concepts, called overlapping concepts, constitute a tangled portion of a hierarchy and can be obstacles to users trying to gain an understanding of the hierarchy’s content. A new methodology for partitioning the entire collection of overlapping concepts into singly-rooted groups, that are more manageable to work with and comprehend, is presented. Different kinds of overlapping concepts with varying degrees of complexity are identified. This leads to an abstract model of the overlapping concepts called the disjoint partial-area taxonomy, which serves as a vehicle for enhanced, high-level display. The methodology is demonstrated with an application to SNOMED’s Specimen hierarchy. Overall, the resulting disjoint partial-area taxonomy offers a refined view of the hierarchy’s structural organization and conceptual content that can aid users, such as maintenance personnel, working with SNOMED. The utility of the disjoint partial-area taxonomy as the basis for a SNOMED auditing regimen is presented in a companion paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Auditors of a large terminology, such as SNOMED CT, face a daunting challenge. To aid them in their efforts, it is essential to devise techniques that can automatically identify concepts warranting special attention. “Complex” concepts, which by their very nature are more difficult to model, fall neatly into this category. A special kind of grouping, called a partial-area, is utilized in the characterization of complex concepts. In particular, the complex concepts that are the focus of this work are those appearing in intersections of multiple partial-areas and are thus referred to as overlapping concepts. In a companion paper, an automatic methodology for identifying and partitioning the entire collection of overlapping concepts into disjoint, singly-rooted groups, that are more manageable to work with and comprehend, has been presented. The partitioning methodology formed the foundation for the development of an abstraction network for the overlapping concepts called a disjoint partial-area taxonomy. This new disjoint partial-area taxonomy offers a collection of semantically uniform partial-areas and is exploited herein as the basis for a novel auditing methodology. The review of the overlapping concepts is done in a top-down order within semantically uniform groups. These groups are themselves reviewed in a top-down order, which proceeds from the less complex to the more complex overlapping concepts. The results of applying the methodology to SNOMED’s Specimen hierarchy are presented. Hypotheses regarding error ratios for overlapping concepts and between different kinds of overlapping concepts are formulated. Two phases of auditing the Specimen hierarchy for two releases of SNOMED are reported on. With the use of the double bootstrap and Fisher’s exact test (two-tailed), the auditing of concepts and especially roots of overlapping partial-areas is shown to yield a statistically significant higher proportion of errors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To investigate errors identified in SNOMED CT by human reviewers with help from the Abstraction Network methodology and examine why they had escaped detection by the Description Logic (DL) classifier. Case study; Two examples of errors are presented in detail (one missing IS-A relation and one duplicate concept). After correction, SNOMED CT is reclassified to ensure that no new inconsistency was introduced. Conclusions: DL-based auditing techniques built in terminology development environments ensure the logical consistency of the terminology. However, complementary approaches are needed for identifying and addressing other types of errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate epidemiological characteristics of co-infection of HIV and intestinal parasites in a HIV/AIDS highly endemic area in China. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in two villages where HIV/AIDS prevalence in residents was over 1%. Stool samples of all residents in the two targeted villages were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites. Blood examination was performed for the HIV infection detection and anemia test. A questionnaire survey was carried out in all residents participating in the study. A total of 769 individuals were enrolled in the investigation, 720 of whom were involved in stool examination of intestinal parasites. The infection rates of parasites in the residents of the targeted villages were as follows: 0.56% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 4.03% for Hookworm, 0.28% for Trichuris trichiura, 0.42%for Clonorchis sinensis, 21.39% for Blastocystis hominis, 3.89% for Giardia lamblia, 1.67% for Entamoeba spp., 4.44% for Cryptosporidium spp., and no infection for Strongyloides stercoralis. The overall infection rate of intestinal worms was 4.72%, intestinal parasite infection rate was 24.31%, the anemia prevalence rate was 34.68%, the co-infection rate of HIV and intestinal helminthes 2.17%, the co-infection rate of HIV and intestinal protozoa 28.26%, of which the co-infection rates of HIV and Blastocystis hominis, and HIV and Cryptosporidium spp. were 19.57% and 13.04%, respectively. A significant difference of Cryptosporidium spp. infection rate was found between HIV-positive group (13.04%) and HIV-negative group (4.70%) ( P<0.05). Higher prevalence of anemia (34.68%) occurred in the study villages, particularly in children (>50%) and women (>39%). It was concluded that the infection rate of intestinal protozoa in the residents was higher than that of intestinal helminthes in the local setting, and a same pattern appeared in the co-infection rate of HIV and parasites. An interesting finding is that the infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. among the HIV-positives was significantly higher than that in the HIV-negatives, and children and women had higher anemia prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) ontology is a domain reference ontology based on a disciplined modeling approach. Due to its large size, semantic complexity and manual data entry process, errors and inconsistencies are unavoidable and might remain within the FMA structure without detection. In this paper, we present computable methods to highlight candidate concepts for various relationship assignment errors. The process starts with locating structures formed by transitive structural relationships (part_of, tributary_of, branch_of) and examine their assignments in the context of the IS-A hierarchy. The algorithms were designed to detect five major categories of possible incorrect relationship assignments: circular, mutually exclusive, redundant, inconsistent, and missed entries. A domain expert reviewed samples of these presumptive errors to confirm the findings. Seven thousand and fifty-two presumptive errors were detected, the largest proportion related to part_of relationship assignments. The results highlight the fact that errors are unavoidable in complex ontologies and that well designed algorithms can help domain experts to focus on concepts with high likelihood of errors and maximize their effort to ensure consistency and reliability. In the future similar methods might be integrated with data entry processes to offer real-time error detection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Hydrosilylation is an important process, not only in the silicon industry to produce silicon polymers, but also in fine chemistry. In this review, the development of rhenium-based catalysts for the hydrosilylation of unsaturated bonds in carbonyl-, cyano-, nitro-, carboxylic acid derivatives and alkenes is summarized. Mechanisms of rhenium-catalyzed hydrosilylation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterile filtration is an effective method to remove any microorganisms present during nanoemulsion preparation. However, it lacks effective control parameters. Here, we established a simple and rapid approach for the process control of nanoemulsion sterile filtration by utilizing optical density detection as a process control parameter. During sterile filtration, the optical density or optical density ratio of the filtrate were continuously monitored to explore the correlation between optical density and the emulsion content and the change in the optical density ratio before and after sterile filtration. In the emulsion stability test, the optical density ratio was determined. A good correlation was obtained between the optical density and the nanoemulsion content during sterile filtration, thereby reducing sterile filtration loss. The optical density ratio changed significantly after sterile filtration, indicating that it could be used as a process control parameter to monitor leakage during emulsion sterile filtration. The optical density ratio can be a characterization index for stability monitoring as it is more sensitive than particle size detection and more convenient than large particle detection. These parameters may be used for sterile filtration process control and as an index for nanoemulsion characterization. This approach overcomes the limitations of existing nanoemulsion characterization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(W 1 +W 2 +W 3)/O reverse Cerberus emulsion, possessing aqueous environments with separated domains and sharp boundary and especially potential application in biomimetic compartmentalization, is newly emerged aqueous-based multiple emulsion. Thus, the demulsification and stability of reverse Cerberus emulsion, are of vital importance. However, the demulsification process of Cerberus droplet is complicated due to multiple interfaces, anisotropic nature, and the random orientation. Herein, demulsification pattern and stability of reverse Cerberus emulsion are demonstrated by Turbiscan and microscopy. Coalescence and sedimentation are found to dominate the demulsification process. During the coalescence process, two Cerberus droplets coalesce to form a temporary intermediate droplet with a multi-phase morphology, which slowly evolves into a larger Cerberus droplet. Then larger aqueous droplets sediment to form eventually separated multiple aqueous layers. Both surfactant FC-4430 and polymer PEG8000 (aq) contribute cooperatively to the stability of emulsion. A critical PEG8000 (aq) /FC-4430 mass ratio is found at a fixed Na 2 CO 3(aq) content, at which the emulsion has the fastest demulsification speed. The dominant factor stabilizing emulsion shifts from FC-4430 to PEG8000 beyond this mass ratio. All of these will have implications for future applications of aqueous based multiple emulsions in fields of biotechnology, artificial cell and pharmacology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrogenation of carboxylic esters with manganese catalysts. • Manganese complexes with bidentate P-NHC ligand as efficient catalyst in hydrogenation. • "NH" free manganese catalysts for hydrogenation of carboxylic esters. • Computational investigations suggest an anionic tricarbonyl manganese hydride as the active species. A series of bidentate manganese complexes with a general structure [(κ2C,P-R 2 PCH 2 CH 2 -NHC)Mn(CO) 3 Br] (NHC = N-substituted imidazolylidene) was prepared and fully characterized. These complexes were proven to be efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of carboxylic ester derivatives with a low catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) in 2-Me-THF at 100 °C in the presence of KHBEt 3. The generality of this hydrogenation was exemplified with more than 25 substrates. Experimental and computational investigations allowed to propose a rational mechanism involving an anionic tricarbonyl manganese hydride complex as the active species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective autophagy transports damaged organelles or proteins to the autophagosome for degradation through specific cargo receptors. In recent years, an increasing number of selective autophagy receptors in plants have been identified, and they are known to play critical roles in plant development, growth, and stress resistance. However, the exact functions of selective autophagy receptors in crop response to environmental stimuli, particularly cold stress, are largely unknown. In this study, twelve potential selective autophagy receptors were identified in tomato and revealed that cold stress induced the expression of selective autophagy receptor genes, secretory protein 62 (SEC62) , next to BRCA1 gene 1a (NBR1a),and NBR1b , but not the expression of ATG8 Interacting Protein 2 (ATI2) and other selective autophagy receptors in tomato plants. Silencing these cold-induced selective autophagy receptor genes via virus-induced gene silencing reduced tomato cold tolerance, as indicated by visual phenotype, maximum photochemical efficiency, membrane integrity and autophagy production. Furthermore, the accumulation of cold-induced oxidized proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in SEC62 -, NBR1a -, or NBR1b -silenced plants, whereas no notable changes were observed between TRV control and ATI2 -silenced plants. Additionally, the activities and expression of antioxidant enzymes, the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, and the expression level of cold response genes decreased in SEC62 -, NBR1a -, or NBR1b -silenced plants compared with TRV control plants under cold stress. These results suggest that several selective autophagy receptors of tomato plants confer cold tolerance by inducing autophagy for the degradation of denatured proteins and activation of antioxidant and CBF pathways. • Cold stress induces the expression of selective autophagy receptors NBR1a, NBR1b, and SEC62. • Silencing the selective autophagy receptors NBR1a, NBR1b, and SEC62 affects the generation of autophagy. • Cold-induced autophagy enhances plant antioxidant capacity and regulates the CBF-COR pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: By 2015, SNOMED CT (SCT) will become the USA's standard for encoding diagnoses and problem lists in electronic health records (EHRs). To facilitate this effort, the National Library of Medicine has published the “SCT Clinical Observations Recording and Encoding” and the “Veterans Health Administration and Kaiser Permanente” problem lists (collectively, the “PL”). The PL is studied in regard to its readiness to support meaningful use of EHRs. In particular, we wish to determine if inconsistencies appearing in SCT, in general, occur as frequently in the PL, and whether further quality-assurance (QA) efforts on the PL are required. Methods and materials: A study is conducted where two random samples of SCT concepts are compared. The first consists of concepts strictly from the PL and the second contains general SCT concepts distributed proportionally to the PL's in terms of their hierarchies. Each sample is analyzed for its percentage of primitive concepts and for frequency of modeling errors of various severity levels as quality measures. A simple structural indicator, namely, the number of parents, is suggested to locate high likelihood inconsistencies in hierarchical relationships. The effectiveness of this indicator is evaluated. Results: PL concepts are found to be slightly better than other concepts in the respective SCT hierarchies with regards to the quality measure of the percentage of primitive concepts and the frequency of modeling errors. There were 58% primitive concepts in the PL sample versus 62% in the control sample. The structural indicator of number of parents is shown to be statistically significant in its ability to identify concepts having a higher likelihood of inconsistencies in their hierarchical relationships. The absolute number of errors in the group of concepts having 1–3 parents was shown to be significantly lower than that for concepts with 4–6 parents and those with 7 or more parents based on Chi-squared analyses. Conclusion: PL concepts suffer from the same issues as general SCT concepts, although to a slightly lesser extent, and do require further QA efforts to promote meaningful use of EHRs. To support such efforts, a structural indicator is shown to effectively ferret out potentially problematic concepts where those QA efforts should be focused. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an important mediator for cross talk between nutritional signals and metabolic signals of insulin by downregulating insulin receptor substrate proteins. Therefore, mTOR inhibition could become a therapeutic strategy in insulin-resistant states, including insulin resistance induced by burn. We tested this hypothesis in the rat model of 30% TBSA full thickness burn, using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Rapamycin (0.4mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 2h before euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps at 4 days after burn. IRS-1, phospho-serine307, phospho-tyrosine of IRS-1 and phospho-mTOR in muscle tissue were determined by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis or immunohistochemistry. Plasma TNF-α, insulin and C-peptide were determined before and after euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps. Our data showed that TNF-α, insulin and C-peptide significantly increased in the early stage after burn (P <0.01). The infused rates of total 10% glucose (GIR, mg/kgmin) significantly decreased at 4 days after burn. The level of IRS-1 serine307 phosphorylation in muscle in vivo significantly increased after burn (P <0.01), while insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 significantly decreased (P <0.01). Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR, reduced serine307 phosphorylation, elevated tyrosine phosphorylation and partly prevented the decrease of GIR after burn. However, TNF-α, insulin and C-peptide were not decreased by rapamycin treatment postburn. Taken together, these results indicate that the mTOR pathway is an important modulator of the signals involved in the acute regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, and at least, partly contributes to burn-induced insulin resistance. mTOR inhibition may become a therapeutic strategy in insulin-resistant states after burn. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Burn wound excision and grafting is a common clinical practice that decreases patient morbidity and mortality. It is not known, however, if the salutary effects of this procedure are related to effects on interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) α, and to reducing insulin resistance after burn. Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, burn, burn±excision groups. Rats in burn group were given a third-degree scald burn covering 30% total body surface area (TBSA) and no wound excision. Rats in burn±excision group were subjected to a 30% third-degree burn followed by complete excision and allografting of the injury site within 15min after burn. The rats in control group were treated in the same manner as the burn group, except that they were immersed in a room-temperature water. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) were observed at 3 days after burn, euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps were performed at 4 days after burn and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) α were determined after euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps. The levels of IL-6 and TNF-α increased after burn. Significant differences in GTT were observed between control and burn groups, and the rate of glucose infused measured in burned rats was significantly decreased compared with that in control at 4 days after burn. Early excision and grafting significantly decreased levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, and further reduced insulin resistance following thermal injury compared with burn group. Conclusion: Early excision and grafting appeared to have an effect on inflammatory mediators and further reduced insulin resistance induced by major burns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study was made to evaluate the effect of SB203580, a specific p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, on burn-induced hepatic injury as well as the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in severely burned rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: (1) sham group, rats underwent sham burn; (2) burn group, rats given third-degree burns over 30% total body surface area (TBSA) and treated with vehicle plus lactated Ringer solution for resuscitation 4ml/(kg% TBSA); and (3) burn plus SB203580 group, rats given burn injury and fluid resuscitation plus SB203580 (10mg/kg i.v., 15min and 12h after burn). Hepatocellular injury (measured by serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and hepatocellular function (determined by the indocyanine green dye retention rate (ICG R15)) were assessed at 24h post-burn. Liver histologic changes were also analyzed. Burn trauma resulted in increased serum aminotransferases concentrations, decreased ICG R15, elevated serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels and hepatic TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expressions, and worsen histologic condition. The level of Nuclear Factor (κ) inhibitor (IκBα) in liver was decreased and DNA-binding activity of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) was increased after thermal injury. p38 MAP kinase was more significantly activated in liver harvested from burn rats than from shams. SB203580 inhibited the activation of p38 MAP kinase, reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and prevented burn-mediated liver injury. Both the IκBα level and NF-κB activity in the liver following burns was not affected by administration with SB203580. These findings suggest that (1) p38 MAP kinase activation is one important aspect of the signaling event that may mediate the release of TNF-α and IL-1β and contributes to burn-induced liver injury and (2) p38 MAP kinase does not influence the activation of NF-κB directly in the liver of severely burned rats. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging is pivotal in biomedical research. Organic probes exhibit high potential in clinical translation, due to advantages such as precise structure design, low toxicity, and post-modifications convenience. In related preparation, enhancement of NIR-II tail emission from NIR-I dyes is an efficient method. In particular, the promotion of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) of relevant NIR-I dyes is a convenient protocol. However, present TICT-type probes still show disadvantages in relatively low emission, large particle sizes, or limited choice of NIR-I dyes, etc. Herein, the synthesis of stable small-sized polymer NIR-II fluoroprobes (e.g., 7.2 nm), integrating TICT and Förster resonance energy transfer process to synergistically enhance the NIR-II emission is reported. Strong enhanced emissions can be obtained from various NIR-I dyes and lanthanide elements (e.g., twelvefold at 1250 nm from Nd-DTPA/IR-808 sample). The fluorophore provides high-resolution angiography, with high-contrast imaging on middle cerebral artery occlusion model mice for distinguishing occlusion. The fluorophore can be rapidly excreted from the kidney (urine ≈65% within 4 h) in normal mice and exhibits long-term renal retention on acute kidney injury mice, showing potential applications in the prognosis of kidney diseases. This development provides an effective strategy to design and synthesize effective NIR-II fluoroprobes., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Liquid (organic) hydrogen carriers ([18H]-dibenzyltoluene, MeOH, formic acid, etc.) form a toolbox for the storage and transport of green hydrogen, which is crucial for the implementation of renewable energy technologies. Simple organic salts have been scarcely investigated for this purpose, despite many advantages such as low cost and minor toxicity, as well as easy handling. Here, we present a potassium formate/potassium bicarbonate hydrogen storage and release energy system, that is applicable and shows high stability (6 months). Utilizing ppm amounts of the molecularly defined Ru-5 complex, hydrogen release rates of up to 9.3 L h -1 were achieved. The same catalyst system promoted the hydrogenation of KHCO 3 to HCOOK with a TON of 9650. In this way, combined hydrogen storage-release cycles can be performed for 40 times., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Hypothesis: The key feature of living cells is multicompartmentalization for enzymatic reactions. Artificial cell-like multicompartments with micro domains are appealing to mimic the biological counterparts. In addition, establishing a sustainable, efficient, and controllable reaction system for enzymatic hydrolysis is imperative for the production of natural fatty acids from animal and plant-based fats., Experiments: Reverse Janus emulsion microreactors, i.e. (W 1  + W 2 )/O, is constructed through directly using natural fats as continuous phase and aqueous two-phase solutions (ATPS) as inner phases. Enzyme is confined in the compartmented aqueous droplets dominated by the salt of Na 2 SO 4 and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Enzyme catalyzed ester hydrolysis employed as a model reaction is performed under the conditions of agitation-free and mild temperature. Regulation of reaction kinetics is investigated by diverse droplet topology, composition of inner ATPS, and on-demand emulsification., Findings: Excellent enzymatic activity toward hydrolysis of plant and animal oils achieves 88.5 % conversion after 3 h. Compartmented micro domains contribute to condense and organize the enzymes spatially. Timely removal of the products away from reaction sites of oil/water interface "pushed" the reaction forward. Distribution and transfer of enzyme in two aqueous lobes provide extra freedom in the regulation of hydrolysis kinetics, with equilibrium conversion controlled freely from 14.5 % to 88.5 %. Reversible "open" and "shut" of hydrolysis is acheived by on-demand emulsification and spontaneous demulsification. This paper paves the way to advancing progress in compartmentalized emulsion as a sustainable and high-efficiency platform for biocatalytic applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A highly efficient complex emulsion microreactor has been successfully developed for multiphasic water-labile reactions, providing a powerful platform for atom economy and spatiotemporal control of reaction kinetics. Complex emulsions, composing a hydrocarbon phase (H) and a fluorocarbon phase (F) dispersed in an aqueous phase (W), are fabricated in batch scale with precisely controlled droplet morphologies. A biphasic esterification reaction between 2-bromo-1,2-diphenylethane-1-ol (BPO) and perfluoro-heptanoic acid (PFHA) is chosen as a reversible and water-labile reaction model. The conversion reaches up to 100 % under mild temperature without agitation, even with nearly equivalent amounts of reactants. This efficiency surpasses all reported single emulsion microreactors, i. e., 84~95 %, stabilized by various emulsifiers with different catalysts, which typically necessitate continuous stirring, a high excess of one reactant, and/or extended reaction time. Furthermore, over 3 times regulation threshold in conversion rate is attained by manipulating the droplet morphologies, including size and topology, e. g., transition from completely engulfed F/H/W double to partially engulfed (F+H)/W Janus. Addition-esterification, serving as a model for triple phasic cascade reaction, is also successfully implemented under agitating-free and mild temperature with controlled reaction kinetics, demonstrating the versatility and effectiveness of the complex emulsion microreactor., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Introduction: Acute leukemia often affects microcirculation perfusion. This study aimed to investigate retinal microvascular changes in patients with acute leukemia without retinopathy during clinical remission using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to determine the correlation of these changes with systemic laboratory values., Methods: Thirty-eight patients in remission from acute leukemia with no retinopathy (NLR group) and 36 age-matched healthy individuals (control group) were included in this cross-sectional study. OCTA parameters, including the central foveal thickness (CFT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, FAZ perimeter, acircularity index (AI), foveal density (FD300), and the vessel densities (VDs) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris were analyzed in a 6 × 6 mm 2 macular scan. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify potential systemic characteristics associated with these OCTA metrics., Results: AI (P = 0.034) and FD300 (P < 0.001) differed significantly between the NLR and control groups. The VD of SCP in the parafovea (P = 0.001) and of DCP in both the parafovea (P = 0.011) and perifovea (P = 0.001) were significantly lower in the NLR group than in the control group. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the reduced VD of the perifoveal DCP was significantly correlated with the increased international normalized ratio (standardized beta [STD β] = - 0.356; P = 0.047)., Conclusions: Macular microvascular changes can be observed during remission from acute leukemia antecedent to clinically visible retinal lesions. Hematological disturbances may be associated with microvascular impairments in preclinical leukemic retinopathy., (© 2024. The Author(s).)