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To generate a high-spatial-resolution hyperspectral (HHS) image from a high-spatial-resolution multispectral (HMS) image, both spatial information and spectral information should be considered simultaneously if we want to build a more accurate mapping from HMS to HHS. To this end, a spectral and spatial jointed spectral super-resolution method is proposed in this letter using an end-to-end learning strategy for each subspace with the cluster-based multibranch backpropagation neural network (BPNN). More specifically, in addition to the spectra similarity, a modified superpixel segmentation is introduced to jointly take spatial contextual information into account, and a new framework with it is given. Comparisons on the Columbia University Automated Vision Environment (CAVE) data set show that our proposed method outperforms other relative state-of-the-art methods more than 0.3 in the root mean squared error (RMSE) and more than 1.0 in the spectral angle mapper (SAM) index. Especially, an exemplary application is demonstrated using the synchronized observation data collected by the multispectral and hyperspectral sensors mounted on the HJ-1A satellite at the same time.

Anomalies in remote sensing images are generally reflected in two aspects of spatial and spectral ones, as for the anomaly detection of sea surface using multispectral or hyperspectral images, spectral information is more important. To this end, a novel spectral anomaly detection method based on dictionary optimization is proposed in this letter. More specifically, the normal scene is first defined to distinguish the anomaly. Then, without any assumption about the distribution of anomaly, a spectral dictionary is formulated and derived theoretically with optimization to express the normal scenes. Using the sparse and low-rank constraints, the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) is employed to solve the above optimization in the spectral domain. Finally, for a given sea-surface image to be detected, the error matrix that cannot be fully expressed by the optimized spectral dictionary is regarded as anomalies. It shows certain generality for various kinds of spectral anomalies on the sea surface. Taking multispectral images obtained by the HY-1C satellite as an example, comparisons with related state-of-the-art methods demonstrate that our proposed method achieves the best anomaly detection performance not only for oil-spill pollution but also for algae pollution.

Performances of three data processing methods in terms of accuracy and precision for in situ Fe isotope analysis were investigated.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of miR-486 on rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and its mechanism of action.Methods: A rat model of AMI was established. They were randomly divided into 4 groups, namely, sham, model, agomiR-486 and antagomiR-486 groups, respectively. Rats in these different groups were treated with agomiR-21 (5 μL, 40 nmol/mL), antagomiR-21 (5 μL, 40 nmol/mL) or agomiR-NC (5 μL, 40 nmol/mL), respectively. Then, key miRNAs were sorted out using gene-chip assay and verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to determine the interaction between miR-486 and gene of PTEN. After intraperitoneal injection of agomiR-486 and antagomiR-486, hemodynamics was measured to determine the effect of miR-486 on myocardial function of the rats. The effect of miR-486 expression level on the expression of myocardial enzymes in serum, the morphology of myocardial tissues, and the apoptosis of myocardial tissues in rats, were investigated. Additionally, the effect of miR-486 expression level on PTEN/AKT signaling pathway in the rats was determined by Western blotting.Results: The results of gene-chip and qRT-PCR assays revealed that there were 8 differentially expressed genes in rat myocardial tissues in the model group when compared with the sham group. MiR-486 improved the cardiac function of rats and the morphology of myocardial tissues, but reduced AMI-induced apoptosis of myocardial cells and the expression of myocardial enzymes (markers of myocardial injury) in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). The results of luciferase reporter gene assay showed that PTEN was a direct target of miR-486. In rat models of AMI, a raised expression of miR-486 remarkably suppressed the protein expression level of PTEN and up-regulated that of p-AKT/AKT (p < 0.05).Conclusion: MiR-486 protects against AMI in rats probably by targeting PTEN and activating the AKT signaling pathway. The results of the current study may provide new insights for the treatment of AMI.

Zixing Bai1 &ast;, Xuhan Cao1 &ast;, Yanjun Yang,1 Xudong Sun,1 Yongli Dong,2 Jianmin Wen,1 Weidong Sun1 1Second Department of Orthopedics, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 2Scientific Research Department, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Weidong Sun, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 6 Central South Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100102, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-84739140, Email sunweidong8239@aliyun.comObjective: To investigate the risk factors for hallux valgus complicated with pain under the second metatarsal and construct an effective model and method for predicting hallux valgus complicated with pain under the second metatarsal based on risk factors.Methods: A total of 545 patients with hallux valgus who were admitted to our hospital were divided randomly into a training set and a validation set. The demographic characteristics, imaging indices and gait test indices of the patients were collected. The risk factors were identified by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A risk prediction model for hallux valgus with pain under the second metatarsal was established, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic and a decision curve analysis were used for verification and identification. The value of the model was tested in the verification group.Results: Second metatarsal length, second metatarsal peak pressure, hallux valgus angle (HVA), intermetatarsal angle 1– 2 (IMA1– 2) and weight were the risk factors for hallux valgus complicated with pain under the second metatarsal. Based on the weighting of these seven risk factors, a prediction model was established. The AUC of the prediction model was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.802~0.898, P < 0.05), and the results of a Hosmer–Lemeshow test showed a good degree of calibration (χ2 = 10.62, P > 0.05). The internal validation of the AUC was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.737– 0.885, P < 0.05). The model had obvious net benefits when the threshold probability was 10%– 70%.Conclusion: Second metatarsal length, second metatarsal peak pressure, HVA, IMA1– 2 and weight were the risk factors for hallux valgus combined with second metatarsal pain. The risk prediction model for hallux valgus complicated with pain under the second metatarsal based on these seven variables was proven effective.Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.Keywords: hallux valgus, metatarsalgia, nomogram, predictive model, risk factors

Ethylene in principle can be obtained via oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), but it is urgently calling for a low-temperature active and selective catalyst. To accomplish this goal, the CexZr1-xO2 solid solutions with varied Ce/Zr molar ratio were modified with Mn2O3-Na2WO4 to fabricate OCM catalysts. The effects of Ce/Zr ratio and Mn2O3-Na2WO4 doping were investigated on the catalyst reactivity for the OCM, showing that the reaction light-off temperature, activity and selectivity are subject to the Ce/Zr molar ratio and Mn2O3-Na2WO4 doping. The promising catalyst with Ce/Zr molar ratio of 0.15/0.85 achieves 25% CH4 conversion with 67% selectivity to C2-C3 at 660 °C and is stable for at least 100 h. The catalysts were systematically studied by CH4-TPSR, O2-TPO/-TPD, CH4-pulse, in-situ FT-IR, EPR and XPS, showing that the Mn2O3-Na2WO4 doped Ce0.15Zr0.85O2 can generate more O2– species thereby leading to a markedly improved activity and selectivity at much lowered reaction temperature.

To better constrain Ca isotopic fractionation during volcanic magma differentiation, we report Ca isotope data for a series of volcanic glasses from the eastern Manus Basin that represent a continuum of compositions comprising basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite. Our results show that these volcanic glasses exhibit ~0.25‰ variation in Ca isotopic compositions, with δ44/40Ca ranging from 0.81 ± 0.04 to 1.05 ± 0.04‰. The similar trace element patterns and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions exclude source heterogeneity as the cause of the varied Ca isotopic compositions. Due to their low K/Ca ratios and young age, the Ca isotopic variations cannot be attributed to 40K decay. Instead, the observed Ca isotopic variations are primarily controlled by their lithology. Specifically, δ44/40Ca of basaltic andesite (0.81 ± 0.04) and andesite (0.82 ± 0.01) are similar to the averages of reported mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs; 0.84 ± 0.10; 2SD, N = 26) and back-arc basin basalts (BABBs; 0.80 ± 0.08; 2SD, N = 21) in literature, but do not correlate with SiO2 or MgO contents, indicating the Ca isotopic fractionation is insignificant during intermediate-mafic magma evolution. As magma differentiation continues, δ44/40Ca of dacite and rhyolite evolves from 0.85 ± 0.01 to 1.05 ± 0.04‰. Moreover, δ44/40Ca of felsic glasses are negatively correlated with Eu/Eu*, which suggests that the increasing δ44/40Ca of felsic glasses is most likely related to plagioclase (Pl) fractional crystallization. Therefore, we conclude that Ca isotopes can behave differently at different stages of volcanic magma differentiation. Modeling of fractional crystallization using rhyolite-MELTS shows that the relative Ca fractions in crystallized minerals (e.g., Pl vs. Cpx) and the Ca isotopic fractionation factor between the residual melt and crystallized Pl (αmelt-Pl, which is likely related to the An number of Pl, magma temperature and kinetic effects during crystallization), provide a plausible explanation for the behavior of Ca isotopes during volcanic magma differentiation.

Increasing evidence shows that the mantle contributes (directly or indirectly) to Sn-bearing granites worldwide. However, the specific role of mantle in the formation of tin granites and related mineralization remains poorly understood. In the world-class Dachang district, South China, tin mineralization is related to the Longxianggai equigranular/porphyritic biotite granites and tin orebodies are cut by granite porphyry dykes hosting mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). A combination of zircon U-Pb dating and Hf-O isotopes, mineral chemistry, and whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions—for granitic rocks and MMEs, is employed to constrain the petrogenesis and to unravel the link between tin fertility and mantle upwelling. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the biotite granites were emplaced at ca. 93 Ma, and the granite porphyry dykes and MMEs were formed at ca. 86 Ma. The biotite granites are silica- and alkali-enriched with A/CNK ratios of 1.04–1.36, and exhibit elevated concentrations of Li, F, P, Rb, Cs, Ta, Sn, W, and U, showing affinities with highly fractionated S-type granites. Whole-rock geochemical and Nd isotopic (εNd(t) = −10.0 to −7.8) data, and in situ zircon Hf-O (εHf(t) = −9.9 to −3.9, δ18O = 6.2–8.9‰) isotopes indicate that the biotite granites were formed by partial melting of metasedimentary rocks at relatively high temperatures (≥782 °C), possibly with minor input of mantle material. Likewise, the post-ore granite porphyry dykes have similar chemical and mineralogical characteristics as fractionated S-type granites. Zircon Hf-O isotopes (εHf(t) = −9.0 to −4.9, δ18O = 6.5–8.2‰) and whole-rock geochemical data suggest they were derived from a similar source as the biotite granites, whereas elevated εNd(t) values of −5.0 to −3.3 for granite porphyry dykes relative to biotite granites reveal an increasing mantle input. Distinct εNd(t) (−0.4 and −0.3) and zircon Hf-O (εHf(t) = 1.5–5.0, δ18O = 6.5–7.2‰) isotopes of the MMEs, suggest that the mafic melt could be sourced from the asthenospheric mantle, contaminated by subcontinental lithospheric mantle/continental crust during magma ascent, and hybridized by felsic melt at emplacement-level. The magmatic sequence in the Dachang district is indicative of an extensional tectonic setting where mantle-derived magmas are predicted to migrate to shallower crustal levels as the crust progressively becomes thinner and hotter. High-temperature partial melting of mature metasedimentary crust triggered by heat input from the upwelled mantle, may contribute to biotite breakdown, which is important for concentrating tin in melts. Fractional crystallization of initially Sn-rich felsic melts under reduced conditions makes further tin enrichment and produces Sn-bearing granites (the Longxianggai pluton). Prolonged mantle upwelling results in distinct magma mixing and the formation of granite porphyry dykes and MMEs. These dykes are highly fractionated with elevated Sn and W contents, which show great potential to form hydrothermal Sn-W mineralization.

Trace element partitioning between coesite and hydrous silicate melt has been investigated at 5 GPa and 1500−1750°C. High-P experiments successfully produced large coesite crystals in equilibrium with large silicate melt pools (plus kyanite and corundum crystals in some cases). Scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the phases and the textures. Wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe analyses were performed to quantify conventional major elements, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses were successfully conducted to quantify trace elements. Eventually, high-P partition coefficients were obtained for 33 elements. In general coesite is a very pure phase. With a few possible exceptions like Sc, Ti, and V, nearly all other trace elements are incompatible in coesite. Moreover, the partitioning behaviors of nearly all trace elements except some 4+ cations cannot be readily described by the lattice strain model, presumably implying a minor role for the cation size in the trace-element partitioning. Combining our experimental results with the results in the literature, some T and P effects on the element partitioning behavior have been observed: T seemingly has different effects on different trace elements, but P might negatively correlate with the partition coefficients in all cases. Due to its large modal fraction in some subducted materials such as the continental crustal material, coesite might play an important role in the distributions of some trace elements, Ti for example.

The free-standing Ni-Al2O3 ensemble derived from NiAl-layered double hydroxides (NiAl-LDHs) grown onto a Ni-foam has been developed for the exothermic gas-phase acetone hydrogenation to isopropanol. This approach works effectively and efficiently to achieve a unique combination of high activity/selectivity and enhanced heat/mass transfer stemmed from the Ni-foam. The outstanding catalyst is obtained by direct reduction of the un-calcined NiAl-LDH/Ni-foam, with a high turnover frequency of 0.90 s-1, being capable of converting 90.8% acetone into isopropanol with almost 100% selectivity under stoichiometric H2/acetone molar ratio, atmospheric pressure at 80 °C, and a WHSVacetone of 10 h-1. The catalyst derivation using the un-calcined NiAl-LDH/Ni-foam enables the Ni nanoparticles to be intertwined with Al2O3 to form a large Ni-Al2O3 interface, without interruption of impurities such as irreducible NiO (in the case of calcined NiAl-LDH/Ni-foam samples), which markedly improves the strong acetone adsorption next to the Ni0 hydrogenation sites, thereby leading to a dramatic improvement of catalyst activity.

Objective To investigate the quantitative correlation between the osteotomy end displacement and the occurrence of transfer metatarsalgia in percutaneous minimal invasion surgery of bunion during forefoot loading pattern. Methods The preoperative and postoperative finite element models of the foot were established during the forefoot loading pattern period of percutaneous minimal invasion surgery of hallux valgus, followed by simulation of the displacement of the osteotomy end of hallux valgus during percutaneous minimal invasion surgery. Thus, maximum pressure was obtained under the first and second metatarsal before and after the operation, and analyze the quantitative correlation between the displacement direction and displacement of the distal end of osteotomy and the occurrence of transfer metatarsalgia. Results The forefoot loading pattern of the gait cycle assessed in the finite element model before and after percutaneous minimal invasion surgery of hallux valgus showed that when the horizontal displacement is 4 mm, the correlation between the pressure x at the distal end of osteotomy (under the first metatarsal) and the corresponding pressure y under the second metatarsal is negative, the R value is -0.894, and the quantitative correlation is y=-0.6504x + 0.5232 with the increase of vertical displacement. When the vertical displacement is 4 mm, the stress under the first metatarsal increases with the increase in horizontal displacement. Conversely, the pressure under the second metatarsal decreases. Both have a high correlation with horizontal displacement, with R values of 0.981 and − 0.890. Also, in this interval, the pressure x at the distal end of osteotomy (under the first metatarsal) has the highest correlation with the corresponding pressure y under the second metatarsal head, the R value is -0.830, and the quantitative correlation equation is y=-0.4528x + 0.4159. Conclusion When the distal end of the first metatarsal osteotomy is shifted outwards by 4 mm and the metatarsal side is shifted by 4 mm through bone setting manipulation during operation, percutaneous minimal invasion surgery of hallux valgus can reduce or cure hallux valgus and complicated metatarsal pain during forefoot loading pattern and avoid the occurrence of transfer metatarsalgia after hallux valgus operation in traditional Chinese and Western medicine.

The latest multichannel seismic data from the Yap subduction zone is presented to investigate the Caroline Ridge fault system, developed by faulting and bending processes within the incoming oceanic plateau. We reveal that horst and graben structures exist along the entire incoming Caroline Ridge adjacent to the trench and that pervasive bending-related faults trending ~N30°E have developed subparallel to the trench. However, the widths of the horst and graben structures decrease gradually from north to south. The two-stage ancient abyssal hill fabrics overlap the incoming Caroline Ridge. Abyssal hill faults trending ~N65°W present large trench-ridge angles (85–90°); in the southern segment, abyssal hill faults trending ~N70°E have relatively low trench-ridge angles (~35–40°). From the Caroline Ridge to the horst and graben structures, the topography decreases, and slump bodies with deformed internal reflections have developed above an irregular reflector. Little stable pelagic sediment with horizontal reflectors accumulates on the horst and graben structures, suggesting that the faulting and bending processes involve long and intense tectonic processes that affect the sedimentary environment. The sedimentary strata and fault distributions differ between the North and South Caroline Ridge, which is primarily attributable to the different rifting processes. Furthermore, we propose that N65°W-trending ancient faults sufficiently decrease the yield strength of the incoming Caroline Ridge to facilitate the bending-related faulting. During subduction, the incoming North Caroline Ridge that has a large degree of rifting and the Sorol Trough, which has a thin crust, may resist less flexural bending and generate the wide horst and graben structures. The ancient faults and rifting model of incoming oceanic plateaus play a significant role in bending-related faulting

Hydrous minerals in the hybridized zone at the slab-mantle interface play a critical role in retaining and transporting fluid mobile elements in subduction zones. The observed high B and As concentrations and high δ11B values in arc magmas were previously thought to have been resulted from the mechanical transport of forearc serpentinites down to subarc depths by mantle corner flows or through subduction channels because B, As, and Sb are mostly released during early stages of subduction. This study provides new insights into the recycling of B, As, and Sb in subduction zones via an in-situ study on a set of carbonate-bearing serpentinite samples from the Mianlue melange complex in the Qinling Orogen. Petrological observations and bulk-rock Sr-Pb isotopes reveal that the Jianchaling serpentinites were formed by interactions between forearc peridotites and sediment-derived fluids at a shallow depth in the subduction channel. Some Jianchaling serpentinites experienced the lizardite to antigorite transition at 300–400 °C with infiltrations of CO2-rich fluids. In contrast, the Liangyazi antigorite serpentinites were produced at a greater depth. Antigorite grains in the Jianchaling serpentinites have lower Feapfu than those in the Liangyazi serpentinites and most antigorite with geochemical data in the literature. Meanwhile, B, As, and Sb concentrations of Fe-poor antigorite from the Jianchaling serpentines (385–653 ppm B, 198–334 ppm As, and 6.24–8.01 ppm Sb) are not only higher than those of the Fe-rich antigorite from the Liangyazi serpentinites but also 2–3.5 times higher than those of the surrounding lizardite. The lower modal percentage of spinel and ferritchromite in antigorite veinlets, together with the lower bulk-rock FeO content of antigorite-lizardite serpentinites than that of lizardite serpentinites from the Jianchaling region, indicates that some FeO might be lost during the lizardite to antigorite transition. The presence of carbonate minerals in the antigorite veinlets and the remarkably high B, As, and Sb concentrations in the Jianchaling antigorite indicate that the penetrating fluids during the lizardite to antigorite transition are most likely derived from sediment and metabasite decarbonations at

The Circum-Pacific subduction zone is a famous gold metallogenic domain in the world, with two important gold metallogenic provinces, the North China Craton and Nevada, which are related to the destruction of the North China Craton and the Wyoming Craton, respectively. Their ore-forming fluids were possibly derived from the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone. The oceanic lithospheric mantle usually contains serpentine layers up to thousands of meters thick. During plate subduction, serpentine is dehydrated at depths of 300 km. The overlying big mantle wedge is hydrated during the breakdown of these hydrous facies in the mantle transition zone. The dehydration of the subducted slab in the big mantle wedge releases sulfur-rich fluid, which extracts gold and other chalcophile elements in the surrounding rocks, forming gold-rich fluid. Because the cratonic geotherm is lower than the water-saturated solidus line of lherzolite, the fluid cannot trigger partial melting. Instead, it induces metasomatism and forms pargasite and other water-bearing minerals when it migrates upward to depths of less than 100 km in the cratonic lithospheric mantle, resulting in a water- and gold-rich weak layer. During the destruction of craton, the weak layer is destabilized, releasing gold-bearing fluids that accelerate the destruction. The ore-forming fluids migrate along the shallow weak zone and are accumulated at shallow depths, and subsequently escape along deep faults during major tectonic events, leading to explosive gold mineralization. The ore-forming fluids are rich in ferrous iron, which releases hydrogen at low pressure through iron hydrolysis. Therefore, decratonic gold deposits are often reduced deposits.

The geological evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean remains vague. The Tianshuihai Terrane (TSHT), a subterrane of the West Kunlun, distributed to the south of the Proto-Tethys Ocean during the Earl...

In-situ hydrothermal experiments using diamond-anvil cell show that sulfate and sulfide are the dominant sulfur species under P-T conditions similar to those of porphyry magmas. No sulfite was identified using in-situ Raman spectrometer. This supports that porphyry copper mineralization is controlled by sulfate reduction, rather than sulfite disproportionation.

Yuan Zhao, Yanfei Han, Weidong Sun, Yongbo Zhang Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yongbo Zhang, Tel +86 10-63139807, Email yongbozhang@ccmu.edu.cnBackground: Acute BPCCI was previously presented only as a case report. The prognosis of acute BPCCI is related to many factors, such as gender, age, NIHSS, Hypertension and so on. We first systematically analyzed the clinical symptoms, imaging, etiology and prognosis of acute BPCCI and identified a statistically significant factor.Methods: A total of 72 acute BPCCI patients admitted to the Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship hospital, Capital Medical University were included. The demographics, risk factors, clinical manifestations, National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) on admission, imaging findings, and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the third month after onset were collected. The mRS score greater than 3 indicated poor prognosis. The factors affecting their prognosis were analyzed.Results: We included 72 Chinese patients with acute BPCCI (82% male). The most common symptoms and signs of the patients were dizziness and unilateral limb weakness. Patients with acute BPCCI involving cerebellum accounted for 85% of the patients. The number of patients with large-artery atherosclerosis was 46 (64%), the number of patients with cardiogenic embolism was 12 (17%), and the number of patients with other causes and unknown causes was 14 (19%). After multivariate regression analyses, NIHSS score (odds ratio 0.725, 95% confidence interval 0.586– 0.896, P = 0.003) was closely related with the prognosis of acute BPCCI.Conclusion: Our study found that the symptoms and signs of acute BPCCI were nonspecific and mainly depended on imaging diagnosis. Acute BPCCI involving cerebellum was the most common case of acute BPCCI. The main cause of acute BPCCI was large-artery atherosclerosis. NIHSS score is identified as a statistically significant factor. The higher NIHSS score on admission showed the worse prognosis. Therefore, an acute BPCCI patient with a high NIHSS score should be paid more attention at the time of diagnosis.Keywords: BPCCI, prognosis, etiology, clinical symptoms

A series of coesite, coexisting with or without a liquid phase, was synthesized in the nominal system SiO2–H2O at 800–1450 ​°C and 5 ​GPa. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to identify the crystalline phase, electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS were employed to quantify some major and trace elements, and unpolarized FTIR spectroscopy was applied to probe the different types of hydrogen defects, explore water-incorporation mechanisms and quantify water contents. Trace amounts of Al and B were detected in the coesite. Combining our results with the results in the literatures, we have found no positive correlation between the Al contents and the “Al”-based hydrogen concentrations, suggesting that previously proposed hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H+ ​+ ​Al3+ ↔ Si4+ does not function in coesite. In contrast, we have confirmed the positive correlation between the B contents and the B-based hydrogen concentrations. The hydrogen-incorporation mechanism H+ ​+ ​B3+ ↔ Si4+ readily takes place in coesite at different P-T conditions, and significantly increases the water content at both liquid-saturated and liquid-undersaturated conditions. For the SiO2–H2O system, we have found that type-I hydrogarnet substitution plays a dictating role in incorporating water into coesite at liquid-saturated condition, type-II hydrogarnet substitution contributes significantly at nearly dry condition, and both operate at conditions in between. The water solubility of coesite, as dictated by the type-I hydrogarnet substitution, positively correlates with both P and T, c H 2 O ​= ​−105(30) ​+ ​5.2(32) ​× ​P ​+ ​0.112(26) ​× ​T, with c H 2 O in wt ppm, P in GPa and T in °C. Due to its low water solubility and small fraction in subducted slabs, coesite may contribute insignificantly to the vertical water transport in subduction zones. Furthermore, the water solubility of any coesite in exhuming ultra-high pressure metamorphic rocks should be virtually zero as coesite becomes metastable. With an adequately fast water-diffusion rate, this metastable coesite should be completely dry, which may have been the key factor to the partial preservation of most natural Coe. As a byproduct, a new IR experimental protocol for accurate water determination in optically anisotropic nominally anhydrous minerals has been found. Aided with the empirical method of Paterson (1982) it employs multiple unpolarized IR spectra, collected from randomly-orientated mineral grains, to approximate both total integrated absorbance and total integrated molar absorption coefficient. Its success relies on a high-level orientation randomness in the IR analyses.

In this work, iridium(III)bis(4-(tert-butyl)-2,6-diuoro-2,3-bipyridinne)acetylacetonate (FK306) was utilized as sensitizer and incorporated into both light-emitting and electron transport layers to constitute a double-sensitized system because of its low-lying energy levels and well matched triplet energy. Experimental results confirmed that the incorporated FK306 molecules were helpful in effectively modulating the transportation of electrons due to sensitizing effect, which caused decreased electron accumulation, improved carrier balance and thus enhanced carrier recombination probability. Furthermore, the presence of FK306 molecules within light-emitting and electron transport layers helped to broaden the recombination zone and suppress exciton quenching, thus leading to higher efficiency and slower efficiency roll-off. Finally, high performance green OLED with a double-sensitized structure obtained the maximum current efficiency of 95.86 cd A−1, external quantum efficiency of 28.6%, power efficiency of 94.06 lm W−1 and brightness of 102 924 cd m−2. And, our experimental results demonstrated that this device design strategy was also efficient in enhancing the performance of red OLEDs.