Search

In athletes, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are rare and unpredictable events. Often, an underlying heart disease is present, but pre-existing clinical signs or symptoms may not be recognized. Primary electrical disorders (such as the long QT syndrome) are rarely present in athletes but, so far, are a considerable reason for disqualification from sport activity. These disorders are mostly inherited, and patients should be referred to a cardiologist with special experience. Through the efforts of molecular genetics and cellular electrophysiology, an increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis is being gathered. During the past decade, evidence has grown that establishing accurate genetic diagnoses and dissection of molecular disease mechanisms can have an impact on prognosis, and help direct therapy in a range of cardiovascular diseases. Further achievements in the areas of clinical and molecular research, improvement of medical education, and expansion of genotyping facilities will facilitate the correct and immediate identification of affected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate imaging features of different coronary artery stents during multislice CT Angiography (MSCTA). Nineteen stents made of varying material (steel, nitinol, tantalum) and of varying stent design were implanted in plastic tubes with an inner diameter of 3 mm to simulate a coronary artery. The tubes were filled with iodinated contrast material diluted to 200 Hounsfield units (HU), closed at both ends and positioned in a plastic container filled with oil (-70 HU). The MSCT scans were obtained perpendicular to the stent axes (detector collimation 4x1 mm, table feed 2 mm/rotation, 300 mAs, 120 kV). Axial images and multiplanar reformations were evaluated regarding artifact size, lumen visibility, and intraluminal attenuation values. Artifacts characterized by artifactual thickening of the stent struts leading to apparent reduction in the lumen diameter and increased intraluminal attenuation values were observed in all cases. The stent lumen was totally obscured in the Wiktor stent, the Wallgraft stent, and the Nir Royal stent. Partial residual of the stent lumen could be visualized in all other utilized stent products (artificial lumen reductions ranged from 62% in the V-Flex stent to 94% in the Bx Velocity stent). Parts of the stent lumen can be visualized in most coronary artery stents; however, detectability of in-stent stenoses remains to be evaluated for each stent type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims It has recently been proposed that anaemia is an independent risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease in the general population. The impact of anaemia on long-term survival of patients with manifest coronary heart disease (CHD) has not been assessed so far. In this study, we examined the influence of haemoglobin concentrations on the outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).Methods and results In a retrospective cohort study, we analysed in-hospital and long-term mortality in all male patients admitted to our institution for elective PCI from 1998 to 1999. In 689 cases, complete follow-up information could be obtained (98.4%). Depending on their baseline haemoglobin, patients were divided in quintiles. In all subgroups, angiographic success after PCI (90–94%) was comparably high and in-hospital mortality was low (0–0.7%). During follow-up (median 697 days), patients in the lowest haemoglobin quintile (≤12.9g/dl) were significantly more likely to suffer from all-cause death (22.2%) than those of the other quintiles (3.7–12.1%; estimated mortality rates from Kaplan–Meier models, P<0.0001, log rank test). In more detail, we found a U-shaped relationship between mortality and haemoglobin strata in steps of 1g/dl (P<0.0001, log rank test). After adjustment for potential co-variates, patients of the lowest haemoglobin quintile showed in Cox regression analysis a markedly higher risk for death (adjusted hazard rate ratio (HRR) 4.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–11.05) compared to the quintile with a haemoglobin concentration of 14.6–15.2g/dl.Conclusion These results indicate that anaemia is associated with markedly reduced survival in patients with CHD after elective PCI. Since PCI is a common intervention and anaemia is a frequent condition in the general population, strategies for the management of anaemic PCI patients and treatment of anaemic patients with CHD should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Aims The diagnostic ECG pattern in Brugada syndrome (BS) can transiently normalize and may be unmasked by sodium channel blockers such as ajmaline. Proarrhythmic effects of the drug have been well documented in the literature. A detailed protocol for the ajmaline challenge in Brugada syndrome has not yet been described. Therefore, we prospectively studied the risks of a standardized ajmaline test.Methods and results During a period of 60 months, 158 patients underwent the ajmaline test in our institution. Ajmaline was given intravenously in fractions (10mg every two minutes) up to a target dose of 1mg/kg. In 37 patients (23%) the typical coved-type ECG pattern of BS was unmasked. During the test, symptomatic VT appeared in 2 patients (1.3%). In all other patients, the drug challenge did not induce VT if the target dose, QRS prolongation >30%, presence/appearance of the typical ECG, or the occurrence of premature ventricular ectopy were considered as end points of the test. A positive response to ajmaline was induced in 2 of 94 patients (2%) with a normal baseline ECG, who underwent evaluation solely for syncope of unknown origin.Conclusion The ajmaline challenge using a protocol with fractionated drug administration is a safe method to diagnose BS. Because of the potential induction of VT, it should be performed under continuous medical surveillance with advanced life-support facilities. Due to the prognostic importance all patients with aborted sudden death orunexplained syncope without demonstrable structural heart disease and family members of affected individuals should presently undergo drug testing for unmasking BS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Herz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Myocardial hibernation and stunning are characterized by depressed cardiac function in the presence of reduced or normal coronary blood flow. The underlying biochemical mechanisms are widely unknown and only limited data are available in human hearts. Methods and Results: Left ventricular transmural myocardial biopsies were obtained from normal and dysfunctional segments of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Segments were classified as hibernating (n=10) or stunned (n=9) using contrast ventriculography and echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). In each patient, biopsies from normal myocardial segments were used as controls (n=19). Compared to control myocardium, levels of cAMP (3′-5′cyclic adenosine monophosphate, in fmol/mg wet weight, means±S.E.M.) were higher in hibernating (673±76 versus 518±47, P<0.05) but unchanged in stunned myocardium (513±73 versus 466±97, P>0.05). Protein expression of phospholamban, sarcoendoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase 2a, calsequestrin, the inhibitory subunit of troponin, as well as the activation of p38 MAP kinase were not different when compared to controls. However, heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) was increased 55% in stunned (2.89±0.58 versus 1.86±0.32, P<0.05) but not in hibernating myocardium (1.68±0.34 versus 1.67±0.29, P>0.05). Conclusions: The data from the present study suggest different pathophysiological mechanisms for myocardial hibernation and stunning. Alterations in the homeostasis of cAMP might be a compensatory mechanism in myocardial hibernation, whereas expression of Hsp72 appears to be cardioprotective in human myocardial stunning. Future studies should further elucidate these mechanisms and their potential impact on future therapeutic interventions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Herzschrittmachertherapie und Elektrophysiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to perform quantitative signal analysis of high-resolution body surface potential mapping (BSPM) recordings to assess its usefulness for the electrocardiographic characterization of patients with Brugada syndrome. The diagnostic value of the QRS integral and of the gradient of the ST segment have not been elucidated in Brugada syndrome. Methods: In 27 subjects (16 with Brugada syndrome and 11 healthy subjects), 120-lead BSPMs were recorded at baseline and after pharmacological provocation with intravenous administration of ajmaline (1 mg/kg). The recordings were analyzed for two regions outside the positions of the standard ECG leads: the right precordial leads (RPL) on the second and third intercostal space (high RPL) and the left precordial leads (LPL) between the fifth and seventh intercostal space (low LPL). Results: At baseline, in high RPL regions, patients with Brugada syndrome showed more positive QRS integrals (−5±8 vs. −16±8 mV ms) and a steeper negative ST segment gradient (−0.62±0.41 vs. −0.29±0.40 mV/s) compared to healthy subjects, P<0.001. In contrast, in low LPL regions, reduced QRS integrals and positive ST segment gradients were observed. These ECG signs were even more pronounced after intravenous ajmaline and showed a better discrimination for patients with Brugada syndrome than differences in RPL or LPL during baseline, respectively. Conclusions: In the left precordial leads, patients with Brugada syndrome showed ECG changes which were reversed in relation to the ECG changes observed in right precordial leads. BSPM measurement is a useful tool to improve the understanding of the electrocardiographic changes in the Brugada syndrome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The case of a 40-year-old male patient with a coronary aneurysm of the proximal left descending artery (LAD) combined with circumferential type-A dissection of the ascending aorta is reported. Computed tomography angiography of the coronary arteries was performed using multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) with retrospective ECG gating. Anatomical relations of the LAD aneurysm as well as the origin of the left coronary artery from the false lumen of the dissection were well depicted for planning of the surgical intervention using this new noninvasive imaging modality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study objective was to assess the cardiac expression of interleukin-6 (IL6) and its receptor (IL6R) in advanced heart failure.Background: While IL6 plasma levels are elevated and associated with an impaired prognosis in advanced heart failure, little is known about the intracardiac expression of the IL6 system.Methods: Heart tissue was obtained from 20 patients (n=10, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, age 44+/-15 years; n=10, ischemic cardiomyopathy, age 55+/-8 years) at the time of transplantation. Left and right ventricular tissue was subjected to in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, and RT-PCR. Signals were quantified by densitometric scanning and corrected for G3PDH-mRNA levels. Right ventricular biopsy specimens (n=11) of patients with arrhythmias and normal cardiac function served as controls. In addition, data were correlated with cardiac catheterization and echocardiography data obtained at transplant evaluation.Results: Ventricular IL6 and IL6R transcripts were detected in all explant specimens examined. Expression of both mRNA species was higher than in controls (P=0.001). Left ventricular IL6 mRNA levels correlated positively with heart rate (r=0.77; P=0.009), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r=0.53; P=0.03), right atrial pressure (r=0.77; P=0.003), and inversely with left ventricular ejection fraction (r=-0.61; P=0.03). Right ventricular IL6 mRNA levels correlated inversely with cardiac index (r=-0.48; P=0.05). IL6R expression did not correlate with hemodynamic data.Conclusions: In advanced heart failure, cardiac IL6/IL6R mRNA expression is increased and may play a role in the pathophysiology of advanced heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. In recent in vivo studies using positron emission tomography (PET) our group demonstrated that the myocardial β adrenoceptor (βMAR) density is reduced in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) and idiopathic right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia (RVO-VT) associated with an increased presynaptic catecholamine washout. It was hypothesised that the reduction of myocardial βAR density is secondary to an increase of local catecholamines in the myocardium resulting from the presynaptic dysfunction since circulating plasma catecholamines were demonstrated to be unchanged in these conditions. To further prove this hypothesis of an organ-limited adrenergic nervous dysfunction of the heart, this study aimed to investigate βAR density in another thoracic organ, the lung. Methods. Pulmonary and myocardial βAR density was measured in 7 ARVC patients, 8 RVO-VT patients and in a group of healthy controls (n = 13) using the non-selective β-blocker [11C]-CGP 12177 and PET. Results. Pulmonary βAR density was similar in controls (12.4 ± 1.7 pmol/g tissue), ARVC (11.6 ± 1.7 pmol/g tissue, p = ns) and RVO-VT (12.8 ± 2.0 pmol/g tissue, p = ns), whereas myocardial βAR density was significantly reduced in ARVC (6.3 ± 1.1 pmol/g tissue, p = 0.006) and RVO-VT (6.8 ± 1.2 pmol/g tissue, p = 0.02) as compared to controls (8.8 ± 1.5 pmol/g tissue). Conclusion. The unchanged pulmonary βAR density in the presence of a previously described significant reduction in myocardial βAR density in the same patient principally supports our pathophysiological hypothesis that the myocardial βAR density may be reduced in ARVC and RVO-VT because of an increase in local synaptic catecholamine levels due to an organ-limited presynaptic adrenergic dysfunction of the heart. Since in the present study only pulmonary βAR density was measured, future functional studies excluding pulmonary βAR desensitisation are required to finally prove the unchanged pulmonary sympathetic innervation in ARVC and RVO-VT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. In clinical and research studies, images obtained using carrier-added meta-[[sup 123]I]iodobenzylguanidine (c.a. [[sup 123]I]MIBG) have shown quite variable quality, with varying levels of uptake in lung, liver and mediastinum; this is a significant problem for quantification of the myocardial uptake by means of region ratios. First experimental and preliminary human data in respect of no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) [[sup 123]I]MIBG are indicative of improved imaging quality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical value of myocardial scintigraphy with n.c.a. [[sup 123]I]MIBG in patients with tachyarrhythmias. The study population comprised 24 patients with tachyarrhythmogenic diseases routinely studied by cardiac single-photon emission tomography (SPET) with [[sup 123]I]MIBG. Twelve of the 24 patients were studied with c.a. [[sup 123]I]MIBG (seven females and five males; mean age 42+/-13 years, range 20-60 years), whereas the other 12 were studied with n.c.a. [[sup 123]I]MIBG (ten females, two males; mean age 41+/-11 years, range 18-60 years, P=NS). For quantification of the specific uptake in the different organs, count ratios were calculated on SPET images acquired 4 h p.i. Visual analysis of all [[sup 123]I]MIBG scans showed improved image quality (improved contrast between heart and neighbouring organs) in n.c.a, studies as compared with c.a. studies. A significantly higher heart/left atrial blood ratio was found in the n.c.a, studies as compared with the c.a. studies (10.3+/-3.2 vs 5.3+/-1.3, P=0.0003); furthermore, significantly higher heart/lung and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the present study, we assessed the feasibility of radiofrequency (RF) ablation of accessory pathways and AV nodal reentrant tachycardias with novel 5-French catheters with 4-mm tip electrodes using established mapping criteria and temperature-controlled power output control. Methods and Results: In this prospective study, 60 consecutive adult patients (mean age 36 ± 20 years) with accessory pathways (n = 37; 24 left-sided) or AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (n = 23) underwent RF catheter ablation. A 5-French catheter with a 4-mm tip electrode and an embedded thermistor was used for RF application. The surface of the tip electrodes was 26 mm² compared to 38 mm² of 7-French catheters with 4-mm tip electrodes from the same catheter series. Power output was automatically and continuously adjusted according to the preset catheter tip temperature of 60° to 70°C. Pulse duration was 90 seconds. For left-sided accessory pathways, the retrograde route via the femoral artery was used. After removing the 5-French sheaths, only 4 hours of bed rest were advised. For ablation of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, the so-called slow pathway was targeted for ablation. Acute success was achieved in 34 (92%) of 37 patients with accessory pathways and 23 (100%) of 23 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. A mean of 3 ± 4 RF pulses (median 2 pulses; range 1 to 20 pulses) was applied. The mean fluoroscopy time was 26 ± 21 minutes. No complete AV block or other procedure-related complications were observed. Recurrences occurred in 2 patients with accessory pathways and in 2 patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia during a follow-up of 9 ± 4 months. Conclusions: Temperature-controlled RF ablation of accessory pathways and AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in adults using 5-French catheters is feasible, effective, and safe. Ablation with 5-French catheters might help to reduce the complication rate of catheter ablation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior reports on patients with ARVC/D focused on individuals with advanced forms of the disease. There are limited data regarding diagnostic performance of various testing modalities in newly identified individuals suspected of having ARVC/D. Objectives: The Multidisciplinary Study of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia (ARVC/D) was initiated to study the clinical characteristics and the diagnostic evaluation of a large group of newly identified patients with ARVC/D. Methods: A total of 108 newly diagnosed patients with suspected ARVC/D were prospectively enrolled in the United States and Canada. The patients underwent noninvasive and invasive tests using standardized protocols that were initially interpreted by the enrolling center and adjudicated by blind analysis in six core laboratories. The patients were followed for a mean of 27 ± 16 months (0.2 – 63 months). Results: The clinical profile of these newly diagnosed patients differs from those reported with more advanced disease. There was considerable difference in the initial and final classification of the presence of ARVC/D after the diagnostic tests were evaluated by the core laboratories. Final clinical diagnosis was 73 affected, 28 borderline, and 7 unaffected. Individual tests agreed with final diagnosis in 50% to 70% of the 73 who had final classification as affected. Conclusions: The clinical profile of 108 newly diagnosed probands with suspected ARVC/D indicates that a combination of diagnostic tests is needed to evaluate the presence of right ventricular structural, functional and electrical abnormalities. Echocardiography, RV angiography, SAECG and Holter monitoring provide optimal clinical evaluation of patients suspected of ARVC/D.