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This paper deals with the design and optimization of a permanent magnet synchronous machine as propulsion of a passively levitated rotation system. Especially the strict conditions regarding the axial and radial stiffness as well as the limited construction space affect the design process significantly. 3D finite element simulations are used to obtain the most efficient drive that fulfills the constraints. Additionally, a passive magnetic bearing is designed, which is capable if compensating the gravitational and load force in axial direction and of stabilizing the rotor in radial direction. After the optimization process, the constructed prototype system is described. The work concludes with measurements validating the accuracy of the simulations.

This paper describes the optimization, design, buildup and measurements of a wheel hub motor for an electric scooter, which was designed to replace the hub motor of a commercial E-max scooter bike. To be able to replace the old drive by the new one without any structural alteration works on the scooters frame the size of the motor and shaft are given by the 13-inch wheel. In comparison to the existing system the new concept features far higher power, torque, speed range and efficiency.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the responses to an exercise programme with respect to initial fitness in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). 72 subjects (42 female) aged 10-43 yrs (forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 62.0i26.7% predicted) were included. Participants were divided into three groups based on peak oxygen uptake expressed as % predicted. Subjects participated in a multifaceted rehabilitation programme, including five-times-a-week exercise training, for 6 weeks. Exercise and ventilatory capacity were determined by a maximal incremental cycling test. Oxygen uptake, workload and peak cardiac frequency at peak and submaximal workload were used as parameters for exercise capacity and responsiveness to training. Lung function values were significantly different between groups (p,0.05), and increased after training (p,0.05) only in groups with a lower initial fitness level. Responsiveness to training showed differences between groups (p,0.05) at peak and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT; p,0.05), with higher improvements in subjects with lower initial fitness level. The improvements in exercise parameters in CF at peak and VAT depended on the fitness level at baseline, independent of lung function. These improvements seen after training were comparable with those seen in healthy subjects, suggesting that responsiveness to exercise is similar in CF and in healthy untrained persons.

Bearingless motors and active magnetic bearings work completely contact- and wearless. With these properties, hermetically sealed and lubricant free rotating systems for various applications can be designed. It is possible to stabilize three degrees of freedom by reluctance forces, when a permanent magnet excited rotor disc is used. This constructional design is called bearingless slice motor. The bearingless segment motor is a subtype of the slice motor, featuring a segmented stator composition. This paper comprises the design process of a novel bearingless segment motor with axial magnetized rotor magnets, five stator elements and concentrated windings. Finite-element-simulations are applied to maximize the bearing forces and the motor torque per ampere and minimize the reluctance forces. However, the mathematical model of the system is nonlinear, so an appropriate nonlinear control scheme has to be applied to put the system into operation. The introduction of a prototype together with measurements completes the paper.

Jetzt ist die Zeit gekommen, noch tiefer in die Zahlenwerke einzusteigen und unsere Erkenntnisse aus dem ersten Analysedurchlauf zu erharten bzw. die Ursachen weiter zu ergrunden.

Today magnetically levitated rotors are mainly used in applications where wearless operation and high life cycle are of importance (e.g. in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, chemical and semiconductor industry). The bearingless slice motor features a very compact design because three degrees of freedom (one translational and two rotatory) are passively stabilized by reluctance forces. Therefore, only two translational degrees of freedom remain to be actively controlled. This paper introduces a new bearingless segment motor (a subtype of the bearingless slice motor) featuring a Halbach magnet ring mounted on the rotor. Thus, no back iron is needed on the rotor and therefore the overall weight of the permanent magnet excited disc-shaped rotor is reduced to a minimum. The bearing forces which can be created by one optimized stator segment are calculated analytically. These results allow conclusions for the total force locus. A prototype is built and measurements verify the results of the analytic considerations.

In this paper the driving principle of a special permanent magnet excited synchronous machine, in the following called the switched permanent magnet reluctance machine (SPM), is discussed. The SPM is a promising variant of the brushless DC (BLDC) machine concerning design and robustness. The mechanical construction is similar to the switched reluctance motor (SRM), whereas the driving characteristics relate to the BLDC machine. The linear relation between torque and current results from the fact that the SPM uses permanent magnetic (PM) energy and is leading to a strong affiliation to the BLDC. Due to the fact that the fundamental frequency of the SPMs inductances differs from that of the BLDCs a fundamental wave calculation of the torque has been achieved and was analyzed in this paper.

Bearingless drives and magnetic bearings allow the construction of contactless, wearless and lubrication-free rotating systems. Utilizing a permanent magnet excited rotor disc permits the passive stabilization of three degrees of freedom (tilting and axial deflection) by reluctance forces. Hence, using these bearingless slice motors it becomes possible to design very compact magnetically suspended drive systems. The bearingless segment motor is a subtype of the bearingless slice motor, where the stator consists of single elements. As a matter of fact, all these stator segments are magnetically decoupled from each other. This article introduces different designs of the announced bearingless segment motor featuring different rotor and stator compositions. Especially the differences in the generation of bearing forces are outlined. The special features of the various considered drives are examined and their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. Finally these motors are compared qualitatively by different criteria (like the demands on power electronics, passive stiffnesses or bearing force and motor torque capacity).

Thrombocytopenia is commonly observed during interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Since thrombopoietin (TPO) is the main regulator of thrombopoiesis, thrombocytopenia may partially be due to a reduced TPO generation. Because of the developments of the second generation of TPO mimetic drugs patients with reduced TPO levels should be identified possibly having a benefit by medicinal stimulation of thrombopoiesis. Therefore, platelet count and serum TPO concentration of patients receiving an interferon-alpha therapy were determined.Twelve patients treated with IFN-alpha (daily 10 x 106 IU s.c. for four weeks) in cause of chronic hepatitis C were examined during the first month of therapy. Serum TPO concentration significantly decreased from 80.8+/-48.0 to 34.6+/-24.5 pg/ml (p

The paper presents a novel topology for a bearingless permanent magnet motor. This disk-shaped motor can be advantageously employed in delicate bioreactor processes. Both torque and bearing forces originate inside this magnetically levitated motor. Using 3D-FEM analysis, the optimal machine sizing parameters are evaluated with the goal to maximize torque while providing sufficient bearing forces to allow a stable operation.

Bearingless motors combine contactless levitation and rotation in a preferably compact system design, because the bearings as well as the motor windings are located on the same lamination stack. Using a permanent magnet excited disc shaped rotor, three of the six degrees of freedom can be passively stabilized by means of reluctance forces. The bearingless segment motor features concentrated windings on separated stator segments. However, such motors usually require the measurement of the rotor angle and the rotor position for a proper operation. An advantage of the bearingless consequent pole motor is the radial force generation by direct current (dc). Thus, no angular sensors are needed in this concept. A combination of the bearingless segment motor and the consequent pole motor leads to a new type of bearingless motor. In this case the radial force generation becomes independent from the rotor angle and a decoupled generation of motor torque is possible. This investigation focuses on the optimization of the operation characteristics, the control scheme and the comparison of the simulation results with the measurement data of a manufactured prototype.

Die GuV hat als Ziel, den periodischen Erfolg mit verschiedenen Zwischensaldi aufzuzeigen. Von Bedeutung in diesem Zusammenhang ist das Wort periodisch, denn die GuV ist ein Zahlenwerk, das alle relevanten Geschaftsvorfalle vom ersten bis zum letzten Tag der Periode aufsummiert. Das heist dass sowohl die Aufwendungen als auch die Ertrage komplett uber die gesamte Periode kumuliert werden und dann per Saldierung ein Vorsteuerertrag ausgewiesen wird. Dieser muss dann der Besteuerung zugefugt werden, was je nach Land unterschiedlich ist. Fur Deutschland und Osterreich gibt es ein Wahlrecht zwischen dem Gesamtkosten‐ und Umsatzkostenverfahren. Eine Gegenuberstellung zeigt folgende Tabelle.

Als wir die Bilanz und GuV Position fur Position im ersten Schritt analysiert haben, ist uns ja bereits aufgefallen, dass beide Zahlenwerke uber zahlreiche Untergliederungen verfugen, die den Laien bereits abschrecken. Es wirkt komplex oder sogar zu komplex.

Over the last few years industry branches with a growing demand for high purity and contamination-free high-acceleration spin processes, such as biotechnology, chemical, pharmaceutical and semiconductor industry, have tightened their cleanness specifications for the process environments. A recent trend to meet these specifications is to use magnetically levitated slice motors with air gaps being large enough to insert a process chamber wall, which assures the hermetical sealing of the process. The drive design of these motors is challenging due to the employed large air gaps and the demand for maximum acceleration capability. Separate design considerations for a non-saturating stator drive claw geometry and for an appropriate drive winding number have been proposed in the past, not considering the interdependencies of these two designs. This paper presents an overall optimization procedure yielding for minimal acceleration times of magnetically levitated slice motors for different speed ranges and verifies the considerations by measurements on a prototype system.

Several processes in chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and semiconductor industry require contactless levitation and rotation through a hermetically closed chamber wall. This paper presents a novel concept that combines crucial advantages such as high acceleration capability, large air gap and a compact motor setup. The basic idea is to separate a homopolar bearing unit axially from a multipolar drive unit on two different height levels. Hence, the proposed concept is denominated as "bearingless 2-level motor". In this paper, the bearing and drive functionalities are explained in detail and design guidelines are given based on analytic equations and electromagnetic 3D simulations. Furthermore, the influence of non-idealities such as saturation and coupling effects are evaluated and included in the design. Finally, measurements on an experimental prototype exemplify the design considerations and prove the excellent performance of the new concept.

Introduction: 4SC-202, a clinical stage inhibitor of LSD1 and HDAC1, 2 and 3 was investigated to identify its unique mechanism to target cancer cells by controlling aberrant Hedgehog signaling. Experiments: 4SC-202 is an oral available epigenetic modulator exhibiting a combined inhibition of the lysine specific demethylase LSD1 (KDM1A) and histone deacetylases HDAC1, 2 and 3. 4SC-202's impact on Hedgehog signaling activity was tested in a SMO-dependent setting and in a SMO-independent setting. Therefore, Hedgehog signaling in DAOY cells was either activated by addition of sHH or Smoothened agonist or by stable depletion of SUFU for instrinsic, SMO-independent signaling. Pathway activity was determined by the expression of the effector protein GLI and primary target genes. SMO-independent Hedgehog signaling can be driven as well by growth factors like TGF-ß as demonstrated for the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC1. Therefore, 4SC-202's impact on spheroid formation and protein expression was tested in PANC1 cells. Results: Compared to HDAC inhibitors like Vorinostat, LSD1 inhibitors like OGL-002 and Hedgehog inhibitors targeting SMO like Vismodegib, 4SC-202 was able to inhibit canonical as well as non-canonical GLI-driven Hedgehog signaling. Additionally, 4SC-202 was able to prevent spheroid formation of pancreatic cancer cells and inhibit TGF-ß driven signaling in PANC1 cells. Conclusion: Aberrant activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been implicated in the development, progression and relapse of different cancer entities. Especially the interaction of tumor cells and the microenvironment is driven by SMO-independent Hedgehog signals and therefore Hedgehog inhibitors targeting SMO like Vismodegib were not able to demonstrate clinical benefit in SMO-independent Hedgehog driven cancer types like PDAC. The unique feature of 4SC-202 to control both SMO-dependent and SMO-independent HH signaling provides the opportunity to demonstrate activity in Hedgehog driven entities in further clinical investigations. 4SC-202 was safe and well tolerated in a phase I clinical trial (TOPAS) in patients with advanced hematological diseases. With a disease control rate of 83%, one partial responder treated for 8 months and one complete responder treated for 28 months, patients benefited from 4SC-202 treatment and hints of activity could be demonstrated. Citation Format: Hella Kohlhof, Wolfgang Gruber, Daniel Vitt, Fritz Aberger, Tanja Prenzel. The small molecule inhibitor 4SC-202 controls aberrant HH signaling in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C89.

Workflow management systems are very useful for integrating separately developed application systems by controlling flows of execution. For various purposes (e.g. distribution of activities, workflow evolution, time calculation, etc.) it is necessary to change the representation of a workflow, the structure of a workflow graph without changing it’s semantics. We provide an equivalence definition of workflow graphs and introduce a set of basic transformation operations defined on workflow graphs which keep the semantics. We show how these basic operations can be combined to achieve complex transformations and briefly describe a prototypical transformation tool.

The demands on bearingless drive configurations concerning performance as well as costs are high. The proposed bearingless brushless DC motor consists of five concentrated coils in a symmetrical arrangement, which generate radial forces and motor torque simultaneously in interaction with a permanent magnet excited disc shaped rotor. Additionally, tilting deflection and the axial position of the rotor are stabilized passively by means of magnetic reluctance forces. Thus, system costs can be reduced significantly compared to a conventional bearingless motor setup, which stabilizes all six degrees of freedom actively. Owing to the nonlinearity of the plant, the use of linear control design methods alone is not suitable for achieving a high operation performance. This paper introduces a new radial position and motor torque control algorithm based on the theory of feedback linearization for a bearingless brushless DC motor. Thereby, the combined model of translatory and rotatory dynamics can be split into independent linear systems by means of a nonlinear change of system coordinates and a static state feedback. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach

Physical exercise is increasingly recognized as a valuable diagnostic and therapeutic modality for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We sought to characterize the use of exercise testing and training as well as the attitude toward both issues through a national survey. A questionnaire was sent to 107 specialized CF centers (caring for a total of 5,231 patients) and 7 inpatient rehabilitation institutions. Answers were available from 62 specialized centers caring for 3,580 patients and from 4 rehabilitation centers with 520 treatment episodes per year. Sixty percent of specialized centers performed some sort of exercise testing at an average frequency of 1 in 2.3 years for patients aged 8 and above. However, protocols and indication criteria were often unstandardized or not specified at all. Equipment availability was no major problem, and the majority of tests were conducted by a physician alone. Nineteen centers had adopted exercise testing as part of their diagnostic routine. Two thirds of caregivers advised their patients to engage in physical activity, but failed to discuss specific modalities and potential hazards. Nevertheless, physical exercise was viewed as "extremely important" or "very important" by 87%. In a rehabilitation setting, an exercise test was conducted 1.1 times per patient stay, and a training program offered in 100% of cases. In conclusion, standardized exercise testing and training programs appear to be underused in German CF centers, despite a high degree of interest in the topic. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Pediatric Pulmonology website (http//www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/8755-6863/suppmat).

Personal schedules allow workflow participants to improve their performance of activity executions. Participants are no longer surprised by the entries in their work-lists but receive advance information about (potential) future activity assignments, allowing better possibilities for work-planning. The personal schedule system is based on a probabilistic workflow time management system using duration histograms. A personal schedule collects future activity assignments together with their probability and their timing requirements and allows to analyze the workload of a participant and to support the scheduling of activities with the goal of reduced turn-around times and reduced number of violations of temporal constraints.

Workflow Logs provide a very valuable source of information about the actual execution of business processes in organizations. We propose to use data warehouse technology to exploit this information resources for organizational developments, monitoring and process improvements. We introduce a general data warehouse design for workflow warehouses and discuss the results from an industrial case study showing the validity of this approach.

In this paper, we present a novel technique for modeling, checking, and enforcing temporal constraints in workflow processes containing conditionally executed activities. Existing workflow time modeling proposals either do not discriminate between time constraints that apply to disparate execution paths, or they treat every execution path independently. Consequently, superfluous time constraint violations may be detected at modeling time, even when each execution path does not violate any constraints. In addition, scheduling conflicts during process execution may not be detected for activities that are common to multiple execution paths. Our approach addresses these problems by (partially) unfolding the workflow graph associated with a process that contains conditionally executed activities and, then, incorporating the temporal constraints in the time calculations performed on the unfolded graph.

An Hand einer Synthese des Adenosindiphosphats lies sich zeigen, das Pyrophosphoryltetrachlorid unter geeigneten Bedingungen Monoester der Pyrophosphorsaurediester. Dephospho-Coenzym A und Coenzym A entstanden dabei jedoch nur in relativ geringer Menge. Bei der Totalsynthese von Dephospho-Coenzym A nach der Amidat-Methode wurden wesentlich bessere Ausbeuten erhalten.

Tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-methan, C[CH2P(C6H5)2]4, bildet mit B2H6 ein durch Totalanalyse und Massenspektrum charakterisiertes 1 : 1-Addukt, fur das auf Grund seines IR-Spektrums die Struktur eines intramolekularen, spiroheterocyclischen Assoziats diskutiert wird.

1,2,4,5-Tetrabromo-benzene and NaP(C6H5)2 (molar ratio 1 : 4) reacts in liquid ammonia under deposition of 4 moles NaBr. But instead of the expected compound 1,2,4,5-tetrakis (diphenylphosph ino) benzene, bis (diphenylphosphino)amine was formed. [(C6H5)2P]2NH was characterized by mass-, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectra and also by the reaction with chromiumhexacarbonyl.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the determination of adenosine-5′-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), and the sum of guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) and ionosine-5′-triphosphate (ITP) in biological material. The specific enzymatic determinations of ATP, for example by using luciferase, have been known for some time; however, in the past, ATP has been determined mainly by two non-specific methods: (1) with hexokinase (HK) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and (2) with phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). HK and PGK act on the other nucleoside triphosphates as well as on ATP. Only myokinase (MK) is specific for ADP and ATP. When nucleoside triphosphates are converted non-specifically into the diphosphates by any kinase, only ADP, out of all the diphosphates, can be specifically converted by myokinase into ATP and AMP. This chapter describes a method in which the creatine kinase (CK) reaction is used for the specific determination of the ADP originally present in the sample. ATP inhibits the F-6-PK reaction, but this inhibition can be eliminated by the addition of A-5-MP.

Publisher Summary Adenosine-5-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) are used in biochemistry and clinical chemistry. The enzymatic determination with myokinase (MK), pyruvate kinase (PK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) estimates ADP and AMP in a single assay system. This method is preferable to the existing chromatographic methods because of its simplicity and speed. The principle is that the decrease of NADH measured by the change in extinction at 340 nm, 334nm, and 365 nm is proportional to the amount of AMP and ADP present. There can be interference in the assay technique because the NADH preparation may contain AMP and that can be corrected by blank. In the assay, spectrophotometer or spectrum-line photometer is suitable for precise measurements at 340 nm, 334 nm, or 365 nm. The chapter describes the preparation of sample and procedure for the assay. Drugs and other therapeutic measures can affect the result of the assay.

Publisher Summary Cholesterol, an essential component of the human organism, is a building material for the cell membranes of all tissues and the parent substance of numerous hormones of the adrenals and sexual organs. Cholesterol occurs in a relatively high concentration in blood, where it is predominantly esterified with fatty acids. It is eliminated by liver, mainly in the form of bile acids. The determination of cholesterol is of great importance for clinical diagnosis, because a high serum cholesterol level is one of the important risk factors for arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction. The formation of cholestenone, which is measured by the increase in extinction at 240 nm, is proportional to the quantity of cholesterol present. Esterified cholesterol is broken down into free cholesterol and fatty acid with ethanolic KOH or by enzymatic cleavage with cholesterol esterase. It is, therefore, possible to determine the free cholesterol, the esterified cholesterol, and the total cholesterol. This chapter describes the procedure in which the esterified cholesterol is hydrolyzed with ethanolic KOH. The pH optimum of the enzyme is pH 7–8. The enzymatic reaction proceeds fastest in 0.5 M phosphate buffer in the presence of a solubilizing agent.

Die Titelreaktion fuhrt zum Titelamin (II) anstatt zum erwarteten Tetrakis-[diphenylphosphino]-benzol.

A method is described for the rapid determination of citrate in biological material which is based on the complete cleavage of the substance by purified preparations of citrate lyase in the presence of zinc ions. The assay of citrate lyase is also markedly improved by addition of zinc. The method was applied to a number of animal tissues and fruit juices. It is absolutely specific for citrate.