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Stalagmites have become a key archive in Quaternary palaeoclimatic reconstruction due to their ability to yield continuous and undisturbed records, precise and absolute chronologies, and their global terrestrial distribution. Oxygen isotopes are effectively the master proxy for speleothem analysis, but inherently encode a mix of climatic signals. Thus it is tricky to deconvolve the temperature and precipitation signal from speleothems. Bacterial derived 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH-FAs) have potential as independent temperature and pH proxies. By applying the 3-OH-FA based temperature proxy RAN15 and the pH proxy RIAN to the HS4 stalagmite from central China, we recently reconstruct Holocene temperature and hydrological changes, respectively. Now we address the issue of how terrestrial carbon storage feeds back on warm climate states, which is critical for improving global warming projections. Soils may act as a positive feedback on climate if warming increases soil carbon decomposition rates. Conversely, if increases in net primary production (NPP) exceed increases in decomposition, the climate feedback will be negative. Here we present new constraints on the response of terrestrial carbon cycle feedbacks, especially soil respiration, during earlier warm episodes of the early Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) and Medieval Warm Period (MWP), which have hitherto been poorly constrained due to a lack of proxies (and thus available data). We utilize the first palaeoclimatic application of compound-specific δ13C measurements on n-fatty acid biomarkers extracted from a stalagmite. We resolve a proportional increase in C3 plants in the catchment area during these warmer/wetter intervals. Moreover, we find that heterotrophic soil respiration was highly substrate selective, indicating that NPP outpaced decomposition and the catchment behaved as a carbon sink. Thus, we provide the first palaeoclimate evidence that subtropical mineral soils in warmer/wetter climates can act as a negative climate feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygenation has widely been viewed as a major factor driving the emergence and diversification of animals. However, links between early animal evolution and shifts in surface oxygen levels have largely been limited to extrapolation of paleoredox conditions reconstructed from unfossiliferous strata to settings in which contemporaneous fossils were preserved. Herein, we present a multi-proxy paleoredox study of late Ediacaran (ca. 560-551 Ma) shales hosting the Miaohe Konservat-Lagerstätte of South China and, for comparison, equivalent non-fossil-bearing shales at adjacent sections. For the fossiliferous strata at Miaohe there is geochemical evidence for anoxic conditions, but paleontological evidence for at least episodically oxic conditions. An oxygen-stressed environment is consistent with the low diversity and simple morphology of Miaohe Biota macrofossils. However, there is no evidence for euxinic (anoxic and sulphidic) conditions for the fossiliferous strata at Miaohe, in contrast to adjacent unfossiliferous sections. Our results indicate that Ediacaran marine redox chemistry was highly heterogeneous, even at the kilometre-scale. Therefore, our study provides direct-rather than inferred-evidence that anoxia played a role in shaping a landmark Ediacaran ecosystem. If the anoxic conditions characteristic of the studied sections were widespread in the late Neoproterozoic, environmental stress would have hindered the development of complex ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]