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Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Checklist of the PRISMA extension for network meta-analysis. Supplementary Table 2. Number of citations by each database searched. Supplementary Table 3. Characteristics of the 29 studies included in the network Meta-analysis. Supplementary Fig. 1. Risk-of-bias summary of the randomized controlled trials. Supplementary Table 4. Quality assessment of included randomized controlled trials. Supplementary Table 5. Results of global heterogeneity and local heterogeneity. Supplementary Table 6. Node-splitting analysis of inconsistency. Supplementary Table 7. Comparisons of the fitness of consistency and inconsistency models using deviance information criteria. Supplementary Fig. 2. Results of pairwise meta-analysis for postoperative complications. Supplementary Fig. 3. Results of pairwise meta-analysis for defecation frequency. Supplementary Fig. 4. Results of pairwise meta-analysis for bowel function. Supplementary Table 8A. Relative effects table for postoperative anastomotic leakage. Supplementary Table 8B. Rank probabilities for postoperative anastomotic leakage. Supplementary Fig. 5B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for postoperative anastomotic leakage. Supplementary Fig. 6A. Network plot for postoperative anastomotic stricture. Supplementary Table 9A. Relative effects table for postoperative anastomotic stricture. Supplementary Table 9B. Rank probabilities for postoperative anastomotic stricture. Supplementary Fig. 6B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for postoperative anastomotic stricture. Supplementary Fig. 7A. Network plot postoperative reoperation. Supplementary Table 10A. Relative effects table for postoperative reoperation. Supplementary Table 10B. Rank probabilities for postoperative reoperation. Supplementary Fig. 7B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for postoperative reoperation. Supplementary Fig. 8A. Network plot for postoperative mortality within 30 days. Supplementary Table 11A. Relative effects table for postoperative mortality within 30 days. Supplementary Table 11B. Rank probabilities for postoperative mortality within 30 days. Supplementary Fig. 8B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for postoperative mortality within 30 days. Supplementary Fig. 9A. Network plot for defecation frequency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 12B. Rank probabilities for defecation frequency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 9B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for defecation frequency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 10A. Network plot for fecal urgency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 13A. Relative effects table for fecal urgency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 13B. Rank probabilities for fecal urgency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 10B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for fecal urgency at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 11A. Network plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 14A. Relative effects table for use of antidiarrheal medication at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 14B. Rank probabilities for use of antidiarrheal medication at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 11B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 3 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 12A. Network plot for defecation frequency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 15B. Rank probabilities for defecation frequency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig .12B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for defecation frequency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 13A. Network plot for fecal urgency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 16A. Relative effects table for fecal urgency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 16B. Rank probabilities for fecal urgency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 13B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for fecal urgency at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 14A. Network plot for incomplete defecation at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 17A. Relative effects table for incomplete defecation at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 17B. Rank probabilities for incomplete defecation at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 14B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for incomplete defecation at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 15A. Network plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 18A. Relative effects table for use of antidiarrheal medication at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 18B. Rank probabilities for use of antidiarrheal medication at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 15B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 6 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 16A. Network plot for defecation frequency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 19B. Rank probabilities for defecation frequency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 16B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for defecation frequency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 17A. Network plot for fecal urgency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 20A. Relative effects table for fecal urgency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 20B. Rank probabilities for fecal urgency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 17B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for fecal urgency at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 18A. Network plot for incomplete defecation at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 21A. Relative effects table for incomplete defecation at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 21B. Rank probabilities for incomplete defecation at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 18B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for incomplete defecation at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 19A. Network plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 22A. Relative effects table for use of antidiarrheal medication at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 22B. Rank probabilities for use of antidiarrheal medication at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 19B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 12 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 20A. Network plot for defecation frequency at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 23B. Rank probabilities for defecation frequency at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 20B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for defecation frequency at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 21A. Network plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 24A. Relative effects table for use of antidiarrheal medication at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 24B. Rank probabilities for use of antidiarrheal medication at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Fig. 21B. Comparison-adjusted funnel plot for use of antidiarrheal medication at 24 months postoperatively. Supplementary Table 25A. Relative effects table for postoperative anastomotic leakage in the sensitivity analysis. Supplementary Table 25B. Rank probabilities for postoperative anastomotic leakage in the sensitivity analysis.