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In this study, the relations between conformation traits, herd life and milk yield in Holstein cows were investigated. The material of this study was formed by 247 head Holstein cows in Polatli State Farm and 47 head Holstein cows in Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Research Application Farm. In this study, seventeen linear type traits on a scale of 1 to 9, and 4 general traits on a scale of 65 to 100 were scored in a total of 294 head Holstein cows. Stature was measured by a measuring cane. The relations between traits were investigated by Spearman’s rho coefficient. The best regression equation estimating 305-day milk yield was determined by Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis. The mean values of 305 day milk yield in Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Research Application Farm and Polatli State Farm were ranged between 4862-6559 kg and 6908-7847 kg, respectively. The positive and significant correlations were found between conformation traits and 305-day milk yield in two farms. These correlations indicate that an increase in 305-day milk yield could be achieved through selection on any of the conformation traits. The mean Total score values of Holstein cows that were grown up in Ankara University Agricultural Faculty Research and Application Farm and Polatli State Farm were ranged between 76.1-76.7 and 77.2-78.0, respectively, and cows in both enterprises were classified as medium class. The positive and significant correlations between the final score and categorical type traits constituted showed that an improvement could be seen in the categorical type traits by selection on final score. Bu çalışmada, Siyah Alaca ineklerde dış yapı özellikleri, sürüde kalma süresi ve süt verimi arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın materyalini Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma Uygulama Çiftliği’nde yetiştirilen 47 baş ve Polatlı Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen 247 baş olmak üzere toplam 294 baş Siyah Alaca inek oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada, toplam 294 baş Siyah Alaca inekte 17 doğrusal özellik 1-9 puanlık skalada ve 4 genel özellik ise 65-100 puanlık bir skalada puanlanmıştır. Sağrı yüksekliği ölçü bastonu ile ölçülmüştür. Özellikler ile süt verimi arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesinde Sperman’ın rho katsayısından yararlanılmıştır. 305 günlük süt verimini en iyi şekilde tahmine imkan verecek regresyon denklemini elde etmek için Aşamalı Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi (Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis) yaklaşımından yararlanılmıştır. Ankara Üniversitesi Araştırma Uygulama Çiftliği’nde 305 gün süt verimine ait ortalamalar 4862 ile 6559 kg, Polatlı Tarım İşletmesi’nde ise 6908 ile 7847 kg arasında değişmektedir. Her iki işletmede 305 günlük süt verimi ile bazı dış yapı özellikleri arasında pozitif ve önemli korelasyonlar tespit edilmiş olup bunlar; dış yapı özelliklerinden herhangi birine dayanan seleksiyonla süt veriminde de artış sağlanabileceğini gösterir. Ankara Üniversitesi Araştırma Uygulama Çiftliği ve Polatlı Tarım İşletmesi’nde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklere ait Toplam puan ortalamaları sırasıyla; 76.1-76.7 ile 77.2-78.0 arasında değişmekte olup, her iki işletmedeki hayvanlar da orta sınıfa girmektedir. Araştırma sonuçları, her iki işletmede de toplam dış yapı puanı ile bunu meydana getiren ana dış yapı özellikleri arasındaki pozitif ve önemli olan ilişkilerden dolayı, toplam dış yapıya göre yapılan seleksiyonla ana dış yapı özelliklerinde de iyileşme olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Pars plana vitrectomy has been used in cases of ocular toxocariasis to remove vitreous opacities due to chronic inflammation and to relieve vitreoretinal traction causing macular distortion and retinal detachment. To date, the diagnosis of intraocular Toxocara infection in vitrectomy cases has been presumptive, based on characteristic clinical findings, the presence of eosinophils, and corroborative immunodiagnostic tests. The authors report a case in which a vitrectomy for vitreopapillary traction recovered an intact Toxocara canis organism.

Fine-needle aspiration of the prostate has failed to gain widespread acceptance among pathologists more familiar with histologic sections. The authors aspirated 27 freshly excised radical prostatectomy specimens with needles of varying caliber and type and found a 22-gauge Turner needle (Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, IN) which obtained large tissue fragments suitable for cell block preparation as well as high quality cytologic specimens. Thirty men with prostate nodules each had 14-gauge transperineal core biopsy and fine-needle aspiration. In 20 cases, cytologic smears and cell blocks and core biopsies agreed on a diagnosis: 12 benign and eight carcinoma. Of seven cases that were atypical by cytologic smears, five were benign on cell block and core; one was benign on cell block and carcinoma on core; and one was carcinoma on cell block and core. Three cases with scant specimens and diagnoses of carcinoma by cytologic smears were benign on cell blocks and cores: one contained seminal vesicle on review; one had repeat benign biopsies; and one had three microscopic foci of low-grade carcinoma in his radical prostatectomy specimen. This fine-needle aspiration technique provides histologic sections which are especially useful to those gaining experience with cytologic specimens of the prostate. Cases with discordant diagnoses on cell block and cytologic preparations warrant further evaluation.

Tumoral calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD) is a rare non-neoplastic entity which mimics primary or metastatic soft-tissue or skeletal malignancy. Fewer than a dozen cases have been reported in the literature with only histologic descriptions. We present cytologic findings of a unique case of CPPD in a 73-year-old black female with a history of end-stage renal disease. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was done on a 4 x 4-cm neck mass which was clinically thought to be malignant. Cytopathologic examination showed numerous macrophages with markedly distended cytoplasm and containing multiple yellowish-orange, short rhomboid crystals. These were strongly birefringent on polarized microscopy, consistent with CPPD crystals.

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is routinely graded histopathologically using a modified Edmondson system (ES). The cytologic grading of HCC has been used predominantly as an adjunct in differential diagnoses (i.e., to help distinguish HCC from other tumors as well as nonneoplastic lesions). However, there are unanswered questions regarding the reliability of the cytologic grading of HCC and its correlation with histologic follow-up. METHODS A total of 106 cases of HCC were identified in the authors' cytopathology files from 1977 to the present. Of these cases, 64 had either a core needle or excisional biopsy sample that was judged to be adequate for histologic grading. From each case smears were graded independently in a blinded fashion by two cytopathologists, and tissue slides were graded by a liver pathologist. The cytopathologists' grading was then adjudicated by considering the histologic diagnosis as the “truth standard”. Finally, after the scores were calculated, a statistical analysis was performed to ascertain the accuracy of the cytopathologic grading. RESULTS The sensitivity for accurate grading was found to be highest for well differentiated (WD) lesions; the specificity was found to be highest for poorly differentiated (PD) HCC for both cytopathologists. Interobserver agreement was highest for WD HCC. WD HCC displayed cohesive fragments, often associated with characteristic vascular/endothelial patterns. In addition, moderately differentiated (MD) HCC demonstrated numerous single cells and atypical naked nuclei, usually with prominent nucleoli. PD HCC displayed loose nests and three-dimensional fragments (often gland-like), pleomorphism, macronucleoli, and focal necrosis. CONCLUSIONS In the authors' experience, the three-tier cytologic grading of HCC was found to be only moderately accurate. The accuracy of cytologic grading was reported to be high for WD/PD HCC and low for MD HCC. The architectural criteria appear to be more useful for WD HCC, whereas marked cellular pleomorphism is specific for PD HCC. The authors propose that a two-tier grading system may be more useful, given the recent studies of HCC recurrence. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.

To analyze the differential diagnosis when keratinized squamous cells are found in a brain aspirate.Twenty cases of brain aspirates with keratinized squamous cells were retrieved (1982-2001). Diagnoses included craniopharyngioma (CP) (n = 11), metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 5), epidermoid cyst (EC) (n = 3) and Rathke cleft cyst (RCC) (n = 1). Aspirates were obtained under stereotactic radiologic (CT) guidance. Smears were stained with Diff-Quik or Papanicolaou stain, and cell block sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Radiologic and histopathologic correlation with subsequent resection specimens was performed in selected cases.CP showed cellular smears with numerous keratinized squamous cells in a background of degenerated cellular and keratinaceous debris. Also noted were clusters of anucleate squamous cells, multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes, calcified debris and characteristic fragments of basaloid epithelial cells. Metastatic SCC showed single cells and tissue fragments of markedly atypical and focally keratinized cells with enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei; prominent pleomorphism in a background of necrotic cellular debris and acute inflammatory exudate. EC showed numerous isolated keratinized squamous cells often with prominent keratohyaline granules and occasional parakeratotic cells in a relatively clean background. RCC showed single cells and aggregates of benign-appearing squamous cells admixed with numerous anucleate squames and hemosiderin-laden macrophages. Glandular-type epithelium was present only rarely.Squamous cell-containing lesions in the brain present a spectrum of pathologic entities. Although they all display the common morphologic denominator of keratinizing squamous cells, subtle cytomorphologic differences exist in these lesions, permitting an accurate cytopathologic diagnosis. Clinicardiologic features and anatomic location of the tumor in the brain are additionally helpful.

Cancer of the uterine cervix, the sixth most common cancer among women, is still considered a significant health problem, despite declining mortality rates during recent decades. In Baltimore, the age-adjusted mortality rates for cervical cancer are significantly higher than the U.S. average, for both black and white women. Early detection of cervical cancer through screening with the Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been shown to decrease mortality by preventing development of invasive disease, and intervention programs have been developed to increase use of Pap testing. However, the evaluation of those programs is difficult, as self-reports of Pap screening may be inaccurate, and repeated inquiries about Pap tests may influence the behavior being studied. We report in this article a method to use data from cytopathology laboratories to estimate the use of Pap screening by women in a defined population. This approach can be used to evaluate changes in receipt of Pap smears and to provide feedback to intervention programs. [Am J Prev Med 1994;10:235–7]

Approximately 52,300 new cases of carcinoma of the bladder were diagnosed in the United States in 19931. These carcinomas struck primarily older men, who often presented with hematuria or increased frequency of urination. Patients whose cancers are detected in an early, localized stage have a 90 percent chance of surviving at least five years. If the cancer is detected after distant spread of the disease, however, the five-year survival rate drops to 9 percent1. Clearly, techniques for the early detection of carcinoma of the bladder can have a major impact on the outcome of the disease2. Cytologic . . .

To examine the association between pre-diagnostic serum carotenoid levels and lung cancer risk and the effects of alcohol intake on the carotenoid-lung cancer relationship, we conducted a case-control study in an occupational cohort from the Yunnan Tin Corporation in China. During 6 years of follow-up, 339 cases of confirmed lung cancer were diagnosed. Among these cases, those who donated pre-diagnostic blood (n = 108) were eligible for this study. For each case, two individuals alive and free of cancer at the time of case diagnosis, matched on age, sex, and date of blood collection, were selected as controls. Serum beta-carotene (odds ratios (ORs) for tertiles: 1, 1.3, 2.0) and beta-cryptoxanthin (ORs for tertiles: 1, 1.8, 2.9) levels were positively associated with lung cancer risk after adjustment for tobacco use and radon exposure. Among alcohol drinkers, higher serum carotenoid levels were significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk (alpha-carotene OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-4.4, beta-carotene OR 7.6, 95% CI 3.1-18.6, lutein/zeaxanthin OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-6.6 and beta-cryptoxanthin OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.7-21.5). Conversely, risk estimates among non-drinkers suggest a possible protective association for higher carotenoid levels.

Monoclonal antibody 703D4 recognizes a 31 kD lung cancer associated antigen (p31) expressed both in resected lung tumor and in sputum cells shed from the bronchial epithelium in advance of clinical cancer [1, 2]. Originally developed by mouse immunization using a whole non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor-cell extract, 703D4 recognizes a protein expressed by most NSCLC as well as small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines [1,3]. Recently, the 703D4 antigen has been purified by a seven-step chromatographic procedure, guided by Western blotting [4]. Sequencing of the principal immunostaining protein identified a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-A2 (hnRNP-A2). A splice variant, hnRNP-B1, was identified as a minor copurifying immunoreactive protein. Table 1 presents a summary of the advances in understanding of p31 expression in pulmonary tissues.

The authors evaluate the role of immediate cytologic evaluation (ICE) with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for lung lesions at highest risk for pneumothorax.A prospective randomized study was conducted of 80 patients with lung lesions surrounded by aerated parenchyma undergoing FNAB with and without ICE (47 and 33 patients, respectively). An analysis of needle passes, procedure time, complications, specimen adequacy, diagnostic yield, and accuracy of procedure was made.There was an increased number of needle passes with ICE (or = three passes: 23% [11 biopsies] versus 3% [1 biopsy]; P = 0.01). Fluoroscopic procedures took longer with ICE (median time: 15 versus 9 minutes; P = 0.002) with no difference in complication rates. Specimen adequacy was similar (74% and 64%) and the procedure was diagnostic in 79% (37 biopsies) with ICE and in 70% (33 biopsies) without ICE. There were no significant differences in the sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy of the biopsy.Immediate cytologic evaluation improved results marginally with increased procedure time and needle passes. Immediate cytologic evaluation may be most useful for lesions at lowest risk of complications to assure that a second procedure is not required.

Bu çalışmada Ankara Atatürk Orman Çiftliğinde yetiştirilen Holstein sığırların yetiştirme özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ele alınan yetiştirme özelliklerinden gebelik başına aşım sayısı ortalama 1.80 ± 0.06, ineklerin ortalama ayıklanma yaşı 61.66 ± 1.29 ay, ömürboyu buzağı sayısı 3.00 ± 0.16, buzağılarda 6. ay yaşama gücü % 83.65, buzağılama oranı % 94.26, ölü doğum oranı % 3.24, yavru atma oranı % 2.47, sürüde yıllık yenilenme oranı % 30.71, ilkine buzağılama yaşı 29.08 ay, buzağılama aralığı 432 ± 54 gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. İneklerin elden çıkma sebepleri; hastalık (% 27.21) damızlık satışı (% 22.79) ve reforme olma (% 50.00) dır., Breeding characteristics of Holstein cows raised at Ankara Atatürk Forestry Farm were studied. The means for the breeding characteristics were estimated as follows: number of service per pregnancy 1.80 ± 0.06 the mean age of cows on culling 61.66 ± 1.29 months. Lifetime number of calves 3.00 ± 0.16. livability of calves up to the 6 months of age 83.65 %, calving rate 94.26 %, stillbirth rate 3.24 %, abortion rate 2.47 %, age at first calving 29.68 month, calving interval 432 ± 54 days. Yearly replacement in herd 30.71 %. The reason iost of cows rate as follows: 27.21 % disease, breeding sale 22.79 % and reformation 50.00 % respectively