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Objectives We conducted a literature review on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to 33 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine injections (CMIs) on China's National Essential medicines List (2004 edition). We aimed to retrieve basic ADR information, identify trends related to CMIs, and provide evidence for the research, development, and application of CMIs. Methods We electronically searched the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM, January 1978-April 2009), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI, January 1979-April 2009), the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (January 1989-April 2009) and the Traditional Chinese Medicine Database (January 1984-April 2009). We used the terms of 'adverse drug reaction', 'adverse event', 'side effects', 'side reaction', 'toxicity', and 'Chinese medicine injections', as well as the names of the 33 CMIs to search. We also collected CMI-related ADR reports and regulations from the Chinese Food and Drug Administration's 'Newsletter of Adverse Drug Reactions' (Issue 1 to 22). Then we descriptively analyzed all the articles by year published, periodical, and study design. We also analyzed regulations relevants to ADRs. Results (1) We found 5405 relevant citations, of which 1010 studies met the eligibility criteria. (2) The rate of publishing of research articles on CMI-linked ADRs has risen over time. (3) The included 1010 articles were scattered among 297 periodicals. Of these, 55 journals on pharmaceutical medicine accounted for 39.5% of the total (399/1010); the 64 journals on traditional Chinese medicine, accounted for only 19.5% (197/1010). Only 22 periodicals with relevant articles were included on the core journals of the Beijing University List (2008 edition); these published 129 articles (12.8% of the included articles). (4) The relevant articles consisted of 348 case reports (34.5%), 254 case series (25.2%), 119 reviews (11.8%), 116 randomized controlled trials (11.5%), 78 cross-sectional studies (7.7%), 61 literature analyses of ADR (6.0%), and 28 non-randomized controlled clinical studies (2.8%). (5) Three journals, Adverse Drug Reactions Journal, China Medical Herald, and Chinese Pharmaceuticals, together published 12.3% of the included literature. (6) The most commonly-reported CMI-related ADRs were to Shuanghuanglian, Qingkailing, and Yuxingcao injections, each of which had ADRs mentioned in more than 200 articles. Four of the five CMIs with the most ADR reports (Shuanghuanglian, Ciwujia, Yuxingcao, and Yinzhihuang injections) had been suspended use or sale in the market. Conclusions (1) Articles published on CMI-related ADRs increased over time, but overall the research is of low quality and is scattered through a large number of sources. (2) Four CMIs (Shuanghuanglian, Ciwujia, Yuxingcao, and Yinzhihuang injections) had been suspended for clinical use or sale. (3) There is an urgent need for a clear standard to grade ADRs of CMIs in order to better risk manage. (4) It is necessary to continually re-evaluate the safety of CMIs and to promote rational use of CMIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new thiol-containing colorimetric probe has been developed by using a chromene derivative, 7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1-one (1). The molecule exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for detecting thiol species as cysteine, homocysteine, and glutathione in aqueous solution through a rapid visual color change from colorless to yellow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of undoped and Ce3+- or Tb3+-doped Lu-α-Sialon are reported. Lu-α-Sialon with the composition of Lu0.367Si9.9Al2.1ON15 crystallizes in a trigonal system with a=7.8013(1) Å, c=5.6827(1) Å, in the space group P31 c. The Lu3+ ion is accommodated at the interstice site at 2 b and directly connected by seven (N, O) atoms with an average bond length of 2.624 Å. The incorporation of large Ce3+ and Tb3+ ions on small Lu3+ site results in the expansion of the unit cell as expected but keeping the average LuLn-(N, O) (Ln=Ce, Tb) distances nearly constant with slight distortion in the lattices. The optical band gap of Lu-α-Sialon is about 5.25 eV determined by the diffused reflection spectrum. Lu-α-Sialon:Ce3+ (2 mol%) exhibits efficiently greenish-blue emission at about 486 nm under near-ultraviolet (UV) excitation originating from the 5 d→4 f15 d0 transition of Ce3+. Lu-α-Sialon:Ce3+ is a potential candidate phosphor for white UV-LED applications due to its high quantum efficiency and excellent thermal stability. Lu-α-Sialon:Tb3+ (2 mol%) emits strong mixed blue and green light in equivalent due to the transitions of 5D3→7FJ and 5D4→7FJ of Tb3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We employ an analytical approach to investigate the signatures of Baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs) on the convergence power spectrum of weak lensing by large scale structure. It is shown that the BAOs wiggles can be found in both of the linear and nonlinear convergence power spectra of weak lensing at about 40⩽ l ⩽600, but they are weaker than that of matter power spectrum. Although the statistical error for LSST are greatly smaller than that of CFHT and SNAP survey especially at about 30< l <300, they are still larger than their maximum variations of BAOs wiggles. Thus, the detection of BAOs with the ongoing and upcoming surveys such as LSST, CFHT and SNAP survey confront a technical challenge. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a parametric study investigating the axisymmetric consolidation of a semi-infinite transversely isotropic saturated clay subjected to a time-varying circular pressure at the ground surface. Based on Biot’s governing consolidation equations for transversely isotropic clay, the general solutions have been previously derived by applying the Laplace–Hankel transform technique. A numerical inverting procedure was then used to study the consolidation behavior in the time domain for three loading cases, that is, instantaneous constant, ramp, and cyclical sinusoidal loadings. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that the pore pressure dissipation of the clay under the aforementioned time-varying loadings exhibits different characteristics that require special attention. Under ramp loading, the non-dimensional construction time factor, , significantly influences pore pressure dissipation, while under cyclical loading, pore water pressure changes may lag behind or exceed the period of the cycle, depending on the parameters that characterize the properties of the transversely anisotropic soil. Moreover, the change of soil surface settlement always lags behind the loading period under cyclical loading, which generates a negative pore water pressure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper studies the displacements behind a row of elastic piles in a homogeneous unbounded poroelastic soil after excitation by the passage of elastic waves. Biot’s theory is employed to describe soil behavior. Using a Fourier–Bessel series expansion with the aid of a translational addition theorem, closed-form expressions for the scattering coefficients are developed by imposing continuity conditions at the pile–soil interfaces. The influence of certain parameters, such as pile rigidity and soil permeability on the screening performance of the pile barrier is investigated. Particular attention is focused on the influence of the soil permeability on the screening effectiveness of a row of piles in the frequency domain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It has been revealed recently that, in the scale free range, i.e. from the scale of the onset of nonlinear evolution to the scale of dissipation, the velocity and mass density fields of cosmic baryon fluid are extremely well described by the self-similar log-Poisson hierarchy. As a consequence of this evolution, the relations among various physical quantities of cosmic baryon fluid should be scale invariant, if the physical quantities are measured in cells on scales larger than the dissipation scale, regardless the baryon fluid is in virialized dark halo, or in pre-virialized state. We examine this property with the relation between the Compton parameter of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, y(r), and X-ray luminosity, L x (r), where r being the scale of regions in which y and L x are measured. According to the self-similar hierarchical scenario of nonlinear evolution, one should expect that (1) in the y(r)− L x (r) relation, y(r)=10 A(r)[L x (r)] α(r), the coefficients A(r) and α(r) are scale-invariant; (2) The relation y(r)=10 A(r)[L x (r)] α(r) given by cells containing collapsed objects is also available for cells without collapsed objects, only if r is larger than the dissipation scale. These two predictions are well established with a scale decomposition analysis of observed data, and a comparison of observed y(r)− L x (r) relation with hydrodynamic simulation samples. The implication of this result on the characteristic scales of non-gravitational heating is also addressed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the chloride binding of cement-based materials subjected to external chloride environments. Chloride ion exist either in the pore solution, chemically bound to the hydration products, or physically held to the surface of the hydration products. Chloride binding of cement-based material is very complicated and influenced by many factors, such as chloride concentration, cement composition, hydroxyl concentration, cation of chloride salt, temperature, supplementary cementing materials, carbonation, sulfate ions and electrical field etc. Four different types of binding isotherms, namely linear, Langmuir, Freundlich and BET binding isotherm have been proposed to describe the relationship between free and bound chloride, none of which can accurately express the relationships between free and bound chloride within the whole concentration range. Freundlich binding isotherm seems to be the most approximate one. However, some field data fit linear isotherm well. This may be ascribed to the leakage of hydroxyl ion. Many service life prediction models based on diffusion mechanism alone have been proposed during the past two decades. If chloride ion binding is not considered in the models, it underestimates the predicated service life. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The rheological properties of LHC pastes with MEA and SRA were studied. • The variations of dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity were estimated by response surface methodology. • The roles of MEA and SRA on the static yield stress development of LHC pastes were investigated. The combined use of low heat Portland cement (LHC), MgO-based expansive agent (MEA) and shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) is beneficial to reduce the cracking risk of concrete. In this study, the effects of MEA and SRA on the rheological behaviour of LHC paste were investigated using dynamic and static shearing tests. The response surface methodology was used to estimate the effects of MEA, SRA, and superplasticizer on dynamic rheological parameters, while the zeta potential, calorimetric, and solid phases tests were conducted to explore the mechanisms of time-dependent rheological behaviour. Results indicate that MEA contributes to higher dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity, while the effect of SRA is dependent on its dosage. MEA promotes the static yield stress development for accelerating the hydration of blends and the formation of Mg(OH) 2. SRA retards the hydration of LHC and blended paste and reduces the number of main hydration products. However, the static yield stress is further increased by SRA, showing a consistent changing trend with the surface area of hydrated particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resistivity evolution of fresh HSC were measured to characterize the early age hydration process in HSC. • Influence of pumping on early age hydration in HSC were evaluated. • Changes in dynamic yield stress of HSC after pumping were related to corresponding changes in hydration process. The pumping process exerts high pressure and strong shearing on fresh concrete, which may affect the hydration process and rheological behavior of concrete. In this paper, full-scale pumping circuits with lengths of 348-, 600-, and 924-m were established to evaluate the effect of pumping on hydration and rheology of concrete. Electrical resistivity measurement was employed to indirectly evaluate the hydration process of concrete. Ten high-strength concrete (HSC) mixtures with slump flow of 680 ± 50 mm and strength grades of C60-C100 were pumped, and HSC mixtures were sampled before and after pumping for rheological properties and electrical resistivity measurements. Findings indicated that the hydration process, determined by the electrical resistivity evolution, was accelerated after pumping. The end of the dormant period of fresh concrete was decreased by 10.3%-27.3%, and the end of the setting period was shortened by 15.6%-28.4% after pumping. The reduction in the dormant period can be well correlated with the drop in slump flow or increase in dynamic yield stress after pumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, the effect of hydroxyl ions on chloride penetration depth measurement using the colorimetric method was studied. Equivalent silver nitrate solution (i.e. Ag+ =Cl−) was added to the NaCl+NaOH solution with different concentrations, then the amount of precipitated silver chloride and silver oxide were determined by chemical methods, and the color of the precipitated products was examined. Results show that the amount of silver chloride formed decreases linearly as OH− to Cl− ratio (r) increases. Thus, the chloride concentration at color change boundary changes with the pH value of the concrete. AgCl has a white color, while Ag2O has a dark brown color. When the value of r exceeds 4, the color of the mixture looks brown, and color change boundary cannot be easily distinguished. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mining activities under the circumstances of huge-thick stratum occurrence commonly result in dynamic response of the working face. It is crucial to understand the rock failure and movement of the huge-thick stratum in order to prevent dynamic hazards. This paper introduces distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) monitoring into a large-scale model test to investigate the deformation pattern and movement law of the huge-thick conglomerate (HTC); the monitoring results are verified by numerical simulation. The results indicate that DOFS monitoring captures the spatiotemporal evolution of zoning development in the overburden deformation. The deformation field of HTC is illustrated, and there exists a strain basin that can be used to estimate the movement law of HTC. The average strain variability Ex, a new homogenization index for characterizing the overburden deformation, is proposed to describe the broken rules of the HTC. The numerical simulation proves the feasibility of the DOFS monitoring method and the correctness of the deformation pattern and movement law. This study provides efficient methods for DOFS monitoring utilization to investigate mining engineering problems and could be beneficial for unearthing the mechanisms of deep ground rock deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new triterpenoids, 25-anhydro-alisol F (1) and 11-anhydro-alisol F (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Alisma orientalis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel phenanthrofurans, shanciol G (1) and shanciol H (2), together with three known phenolic compounds were isolated from the tubers of Pleione bulbocodioides (Franch) Rolfe. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universe with adiabatic matter creation is considered. It is thought that the negative pressure caused by matter creation can play the role of a dark energy component, and drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. Using the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) data, the observational Hubble parameter data, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data and the Baryonic Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data, we make constraints on the cosmological parameters, assuming a spatially flat universe. Our results show that the model with matter creation is consistent with the SNe Ia data, while the joint constraints of all these observational data disfavor this model. If the cosmological constant is taken into account, a traditional model without matter creation is favored by the joint observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The crystal and electronic structures, as well as the luminescence properties of Sr2Al2− x Si1+ x O7− x N x :Eu2+ are reported. First-principles calculations energetically confirm that the Al and Si atoms are in partial ordering in the 2a and 4e sites in Sr2Al2SiO7. In addition, the band structure calculation shows that Sr2Al2SiO7 has an indirect band gap with an energy gap of about 4.07eV, which is in good agreement with the experimental data (∼5.3eV) obtained from the diffuse reflection spectrum. The crystal structure of Sr2Al2SiO7 can be modified by Si–N substitution for Al–O in the lattice with a maximum solubility of about x=0.6. The average bond length of slightly increases although the lattice parameters decrease with the incorporation of Si–N in Sr2Al2SiO7:Eu2+. Under excitation in the visible spectral region, Sr2Al2− x Si1+ x O7− x N x :Eu2+ emits blue to yellow light with a broad emission band in the range of 480–570nm, varying with both the Eu concentration and the x value. The red shift of the emission band of Eu2+ is associated with an increase in the crystal-field splitting and the covalency, which arise from the incorporation of nitrogen as well as the energy transfer between the Eu ions at high Eu concentrations. Moreover, the Eu ions have a strong effect on both the concentration quenching and the thermal quenching in Sr2Al2− x Si1+ x O7− x N x . The temperature dependence of photoluminescence indicates that Sr2Al2− x Si1+ x O7− x N x :Eu2+ shows strong thermal quenching due to the dominant nonradiative process at room temperature. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on Gibson’s governing equation for one-dimensional finite-strain consolidation of a saturated thick soil layer, a simple semi-analytical method is developed to solve the problem of one-dimensional consolidation by taking into account the varied compressibility of soil under cyclic loadings. The solution in the transformed domain is obtained using the method of Laplace transforms. Thereafter a numerical inverting procedure is applied to study the behaviors in the time domain. The variation of soil compressibility during compression and rebound is paid special attention, and a computer program has been written that enables this facet of soil behavior to be accounted for. The technique used is numerically stable and has proved accurate in predicting consolidation settlements and the distribution of void ratios within soil layers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

An analytical method was presented for the torsional vibrations of a rigid disk resting on transversely isotropic saturated soil. By Hankel transform, the dynamic governing differential equations for transversely isotropic saturated poroelastic medium were solved. Considering the mixed boundary-value conditions, the dual integral equations of torsional vibrations of a rigid circular plate resting on transversely isotropic saturated soil were established. By appropriate transform, the dual integral equations were converted into a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Subsequently, the dynamic compliance coefficient, the torsional angular amplitude of the foundation and the contact shear stress were expressed explicitly. Selected examples were presented to analyse the influence of saturated soil’s anisotropy on the foundation’s vibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of crystallization temperature (T c), glass bead content and its size on the formation of β-crystal and structural stability of originally formed β-crystal in glass bead filled polypropylene (PP) were examined. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements indicated that the amount of β-phase in PP crystals was a function of the crystallization temperature and glass bead content. For a constant crystallization temperature, it was observed that the amount of β-crystal initially increased with increase in glass bead content up to 30wt.%, and then decreased slightly with further increase in the filler content. From the DSC data, a disorder parameter (S) was derived to define the structural stability of originally formed β-crystals. The structural stability of originally formed β-crystals was enhanced with increase in either the crystallization temperature or the glass bead content. Also, the influence of glass bead size (4–66μm) on the formation and stability of β-crystals in PP/glass bead blends was studied. Large glass bead particles suppressed the formation and decreased the stability of β-crystals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Based on Biot’s dynamic consolidation equations, by means of Laplace-Hankel transform technology, the integral solutions of stress and displacement in saturated soil with subjacent rock-stratum under axisymmetric arbitrary excitations were derived. Influence of the reflected wave generated by the boundary was revealed. Numerical results indicate that the vibration frequency has some effect on the vertical displacement of saturated soil. The vertical displacement at the surface of saturated soil lags in phase with the load. Furthermore, the dynamic permeability coefficient of saturated soil has significant effect on the vertical displacement at the initial stage of load applied, but when the load becomes stable, the effect is inapparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The formation of methyl acetate during the conversion of CH4 with N2O and CO over heterogeneous catalysts containing both rhodium and iron phosphate was studied. For two series of Rh-doped FePO4 catalysts prepared by different methods, the optimum atomic ratios of Rh/Fe for methyl acetate formation are 1:600–1:400. The Rh–FePO4 catalyst prepared from a mixed aqueous solution exhibits a higher rate and turnover frequency for methyl acetate formation than the Rh/FePO4 prepared by the impregnation method. Characterizations with XRD, diffuse-reflectance UV–vis, TEM, and H2-TPR suggest that Rh3+ ions are mainly incorporated into the lattice of FePO4 in the Rh–FePO4 prepared from the mixed aqueous solution, whereas Rh(III) species probably exist on the surface of FePO4 in the Rh/FePO4 prepared by impregnation. The support of Rh(III) species and FePO4 by MCM-41 by a co-impregnation method can drastically increase the rate and turnover frequency for methyl acetate formation, whereas a two-step impregnation method leads to catalysts without methyl acetate formation. The dual site containing Rh(III) species and FePO4 in close proximity is proposed to account for methyl acetate formation. A possible reaction mechanism has been proposed on the basis of kinetic investigations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective To investigate the expression of discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) of fibroblast-like synovial cells in improved adjuvant-induced animal (AIA) model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to provide evidence for DDR2's antagonist use clinically. Methods AIA was modified by administrating 0.1 mL of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, mixed with 5 mg Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine/mL) into rats' right hind paws and 0.125 mL tumor necrosis factor-α (2U/mL) into right ankles and subpatellar fatty tissue. The expression of DDR2 in fibroblast-like synovial cells was assessed using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence histochemistry, and in situ hybridization methods. Levels of anti-collagen II antibody were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Given the terms mentioned above, we found a more practical rat model, apparently decreasing immunization time (average 3-5 days). DDR2 can be detected upon the 15th day of immunization; expression gradually increased with time going on, and reaching a peak 35 days after immunization before gradually decreasing. Serum anti-collagen II antibody showed similar expression patterns as DDR2, but reached peak later than DDR2, about 40 days after immunization. Conclusion Regular expression of DDR2 in animal models infers its important role in the pathological process of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. a new β-dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene ester named 1β,2β,13-triacetoxy-9α-cinnamoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran ( 1 ) has been isolated along with two known compounds, 6α-acetoxy-1β,9β-dibenzoyloxy-8β-hydroxy-β-dihydroagarofuran ( 2 ), and 1β, 6α-diacetoxy-9β-benzoyloxy-8β-hydroxy-β-dihydroagarofuran ( 3 ). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Gold nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of chitosan via reduction of HAuCl4 with sodium borohydride. The gold–chitosan nanocomposite was formed by adsorbing chitosan molecules onto the gold nanoparticle surfaces. The resulting gold nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy. Morphology of gold–chitosan nanocomposite films was investigated by polarized optical microscopy. The morphology of chitosan crystal cast from the prepared nanocomposite was much different from that cast from chitosan solution due to the possible nucleation of gold nanoparticles. A branched-like structure or a cross-linked needle-like structure could be formed in nanocomposite films with different casting volumes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Various metal–chitosan nanocomposites were synthesized, including silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) in aqueous solutions. Metal nanoparticles were formed by reduction of corresponding metal salts with NaBH4 in the presence of chitosan. And chitosan molecules adsorbing onto the surface of as-prepared metal nanoparticles formed the corresponding metal–chitosan nanocomposites. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and UV–vis spectra of the nanocomposites revealed the presence of metal nanoparticles. Comparison of all the resulting particles size, it shows that silver nanoparticles are much larger than others (Au, Pt and Pd). In addition, the difference in particles size leads to develop different morphologies in the films cast from prepared metal–chitosan nanocomposites. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) images show a batonet-like structure for Ag–chitosan nanocomposites film, while for the films cast from other metal (Au, Pt, and Pd)–chitosan nanocomposites, some branched-like structures with a few differences among them were observed under POM observation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

On the basis of Terzaghi’s one-dimensional consolidation theory, the variation of effective stress ratio in layered saturated soils with impeded boundaries under time-dependent loading was studied. By the method of Laplace transform, the solution was presented. Influences of different kinds of cyclic loadings and impeded boundaries conditions were discussed. Through numerical inversion of Laplace transform, useful illustrations were given considering several common time-dependent loadings. Pervious or impervious boundary condition is just the special case of the problem considered here. Compared with average index method, the results from the method illustrated are more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the fruits of Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb., a new dihydroagarofuran sesquiterpene ester named 6α,13β-diacetoxy-1β,8β,9β-tribenzoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran ( 1 ) has been isolated, along with three known compounds: 1β,6α,8β-triacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-β-agarofuran ( 2 ), 1β,6α-diacetoxy-9α-benzoyloxy-β-dihydroagarofuran ( 3 ) and β-sitostrol ( 4 ). The structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three series of tensile tests with constant cross-head speeds (ranging from 5 to 200 mm/min), tensile relaxation tests (at strains from 0.03 to 0.09) and tensile creep tests (at stresses from 2.0 to 6.0 MPa) are performed on low-density polyethylene at room temperature. Constitutive equations are derived for the time-dependent response of semicrystalline polymers at isothermal deformation with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by temporary junctions (entanglements, physical cross-links and lamellar blocks). The network is thought of as an ensemble of meso-regions linked with each other. The viscoelastic behavior of a polymer is modelled as thermally-induced rearrangement of strands (separation of active strands from temporary junctions and merging of dangling strands with the network). The viscoplastic response reflects mutual displacement of meso-domains driven by macro-strains. Stress–strain relations for uniaxial deformation are developed by using the laws of thermodynamics. The governing equations involve five material constants that are found by fitting the observations. Fair agreement is demonstrated between the experimental data and the results of numerical simulation. It is shown that observations in conventional creep tests reflect not only the viscoelastic, but also the viscoplastic behavior of an ensemble of meso-regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, we established a correlation between cavitations volume and the brittle–ductile transition (BDT) for particle toughened thermoplastics. The brittle–ductile transition temperature ( T BD ) was calculated as a function of T ∗ and interparticle distance (ID), respectively, where T ∗ was a parameter related to the volume of cavitations. The results showed that the smaller the cavitations volume, the higher the brittle–ductile transition temperature. The calculations correlated well with the experimental data. With respect to rubber particle, the rigid particle was too hard to be voided during deformation, thereby the T BD of the blend was much higher than that of rubber particle toughened thermoplastic. This was a main reason that rubber particle could toughen thermoplastics effectively, whereas rigid particle could not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the layered visco-elastic soil model, according to the Terzaghi's one dimensional consolidation theory, by the method of Laplace transform and matrix transfer technique, the problems about the consolidation of layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading were solved. Through deductions, the general solution, in the terms of layer thickness, the modulus and the coefficients of permeability and Laplacian transform's parameters was obtained. The strain and deformation of the layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading can be calculated by Laplace inversion. According to the results of several numerical examples, the consolidation of visco-elastic soils lags behind that of elastic soils. The development of effective stress and the displacement is vibrant process under cyclic loading. Finally, an engineering case is studied and the results prove that the methods are very effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the layered visco-elastic soil model, according to the Terzaghi's one dimensional consolidation theory, by the method of Laplace transform and matrix transfer technique, the problems about the consolidation of layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading were solved. Through deductions, the general solution, in the terms of layer thickness, the modulus and the coefficients of permeability and Laplacian transform's parameters was obtained. The strain and deformation of the layered and saturated visco-elastic soils under arbitrary loading can be calculated by Laplace inversion. According to the results of several numerical examples, the consolidation of visco-elastic soils lags behind that of elastic soils. The development of effective stress and the displacement is vibrant process under cyclic loading. Finally, an engineering case is studied and the results prove that the methods are very effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Fe, Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene heterostructure with Fe-Co dual active sites and oxygen vacancies has been prepared for alkaline water/real seawater OER. [Display omitted] • Fe, Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene heterostructure with Fe-Co dual active sites was synthesized by energy-free consumption co-deposition method. • Fe，Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene can function as highly effective electrocatalyst toward OER. • The adsorption evolution mechanism and the lattice oxygen mechanism synergistically enhanced the OER activity. • Wind and solar-energy-assisted water electrolysis devices show their promising prospects for green hydrogen production sustainably. Exploring low-cost, high-activity, and structurally stable nonprecious metal electrocatalysts for sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is paramount for water electrolysis. Herein, we successfully prepare a novel Fe,Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene heterostructure with Fe–Co dual active sites and oxygen vacancies for alkaline OER using an energy-free consumption co-deposition method. Impressively, Fe,Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene achieves an ultralow overpotential of 192 mV and a long-term stability of 110 h at 10 mA cm−2 without structural changes, thereby outperforming the commercial IrO 2 (345 mV). In addition, Fe,Co-CeO 2 /CeF 3 @MXene exhibits much superior activity (271 mV) and durability to IrO 2 (385 mV) in the real seawater OER. Wind- and solar energy-assisted water electrolysis devices show their promising prospects for sustainable green hydrogen production. Characterization techniques and theoretical calculations reveal that the Fe,Co co-implanted CeO 2 /CeF 3 heterostructure effectively degrades the energy barrier of the OER and optimizes the adsorption strength of *OH, *O, and *OOH intermediates. It exhibits the dual coupling mechanism of the adsorbed evolution and lattice oxygen mechanisms, which synergistically improves the OER performance. This work provides a facile and efficacious strategy for synthesizing a new class of heterostructures to achieve significant enhancement in the activity and stability of OER catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating the high water-content sludge with vacuum-assisted prefabricated horizontal drains (PHDs) placed inside, geotextile tubes have the advantage of multiple drainage paths, and geomembrane tubes have the superiority of high vacuum maintenance. Therefore, converting the geotextile tube into a geomembrane tube during slurry dewatering is an effective measure for greater dewatering efficiency and better dehydration effect. In this study, a profound plane-strain consolidation model considering two-dimensional seepage is developed for explaining the dewatering mechanism of sludge in the geo-tubes. Analytical solutions are given and validated by the experiment. The impact of major variables on tube efficiency is further discussed to reference the practice design. Parametric analyses reveal the critical time corresponding to the optimal efficiency of the geotextile tube, after which its consolidation efficiency decreases significantly. However, the consolidation efficiency of a geomembrane tube increases throughout the duration. Consequently, a switching point corresponding to the iso-efficiency state of the geotextile tube and geomembrane tube can be determined for the tube conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the synergistic effects of steel slag (SS) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) on cementitious systems during carbon dioxide (CO 2) mineralization curing. Ternary paste specimens containing SS, GBFS, and Portland cement (PC) were prepared to analyze the influence of drying pre-treatment time and SS–GBFS mixing ratios on mechanical properties, CO 2 fixation rate, and microstructure evolution. Results emphasize the significance of appropriate drying pre-treatment in enhancing mineralization degree and compressive strength. At 60 °C drying pre-treatment temperature, extending drying pre-treatment time up to 12 h enhances both compressive strength and CO 2 fixation rate. However, beyond 12 h, a decline is observed in both parameters. Moreover, under the optimal drying pre-treatment time, the compressive strength of ternary paste specimens post-mineralization increases with higher SS content, with SS exerting a more pronounced positive effect on CO 2 fixation rate and compressive strength compared to GBFS. After 4 h of mineralization curing, specimens with 50% SS and 10% GBFS demonstrate a 13.16% increase in compressive strength and a 9.16% increase in CO 2 fixation rate compared to specimens with 10% SS and 50% GBFS. Microscopic test results reveal that the primary crystalline product in ternary paste specimens after mineralization is calcite, with traces of aragonite. The SS–GBFS mixing ratio has minimal effect on the type of reaction products but has a predominant influence on the total content and crystallinity of calcarea carbonica. • The increase of steel slag content can improve the degree of mineralization curing. • Increasing blast furnace slag reduces calcite crystallinity. • Steel slag boosts carbon fixation more than blast furnace slag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of acupuncture treatment for postprandial distress syndrome (PDS).Methods: Search the Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Embase databases with acupuncture randomized controlled trials for the treatment of patients with PDS. Strictly according to inclusion and exclusion quality assessment standards, the qualified ones are used to study the optimum extraction and data by two independent reviewers. Stata 15.0 software was used for meta-analysis.Result: We initially identified 63 studies, of which five (1253 participants) were eventually included in our analysis. There were 643 cases in the experimental group and 610 cases in the control group. Acupuncture had a significant effect on the total therapeutic effect (OTE) at week 4 (OR 4.74, 95% CI 02.88-7.83, Z = 6.10, P = 0 < 0.05). Significantly improved NDI (Nepean dyspepsia index) scores of PDS patients at week 4 (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.74). Significantly improved NDI scores in PDS patients at week 16 (SMD 0.49, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.71). After acupuncture treatment, the SID (dyspepsia symptom index) score of PDS patients decreased significantly at week 4 (SMD-0.52, 95% CI -0.73 to -0.32) and week 16 (SMD-0.59, 95% CI -0.81 to -0.36). Postprandial satiety scores (SMD-0.63, 95% CI -0.76 to -0.50) and early satiety scores (SMD-0.51, 95% CI -0.64 to -0.37) were also significantly lower at week 4 after acupuncture.Conclusion: This study highlighted that the acupuncture could significantly improve the overall therapeutic effect of PDS patients, alleviate the symptoms of postprandial fullness and early satiety, and improve the quality of life of patients. Our results supported that acupuncture was an effective therapeutic strategy for postprandial distress syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Effects of raw materials, processing factors and environment on air entrainment in fresh concrete are reviewed. • The testing methods of air void system in concrete at fresh and hardened states are summarized. • Effects of air entrainment on properties of concrete at fresh and hardened states are reviewed. The presence of the stable and adequate air-void system in fresh and hardened concretes are crucial to many properties, such as resistance against freeze and thaw cycle, workability/rheology, pumpability, strength, and fire resistance of concrete. This paper presents a critical review of the air-void system in fresh and hardened concretes and its effects on various properties. The air entrainment mechanisms and testing methods for air void system were first reviewed. Although the air void system can be measured by different methods, the measurement of the air void system in fresh concrete is still challenging. The influence of air void parameters on the workability and rheology of concrete was then discussed. In the hardened state, the effect of air entrainment on compressive strength, freeze-thaw resistance, and fire resistance was illustrated. Moreover, the effect of binder, chemical admixture, mixing time, vibration, pumping, temperature, and low atmospheric pressure on the parameters of the air-void system were reviewed in detail. In the end, the future researches on this topic are also recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinically, acute cerium dioxide poisoning or damage is very rare. Here, the investigator reported a case about the patient who accidental ingested cerium dioxide nanoparticles during work shift. The patient recovered well after the treatment with removal of cerium and restoring coagulation factor activity. The author also reviewed relative literatures to discuss the potential mechanism of coagulation disorders following cerium dioxide nanoparticles ingestion. This case is the first report in the world about acute oral poisoning due to cerium dioxide nanoparticles, with the exact exposure concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescent turn-on probe for H2S was exploited based on a H2S-induced substitution–cyclization cascade reaction towards the bis-electrophilic centers of a new H2S trap group 2-(iodomethyl)benzoate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-point monitoring based on FBG sensor arrays has been proposed and implemented. • Evolution process of clay layer weakening has been detected and demonstrated. • Survival rate of FBG is illustrated and suggestions to ensure which is also provided. A large area of thick unconsolidated stratum layer overlying the coal seam of eastern China, which brought the regional disaster prevention issue under the circumstance of unconsolidated layer settlement triggered by mining activities. In this paper, the multi-point monitoring system based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors array was implemented into the deep unconsolidated layer to realize a long-term ground monitoring, which investigated the compression process of ground rock layers at different burial depths and revealed the mechanical weakening characteristics of clay. The deformation characteristics of the aquifers were analyzed, including a sand layer, gravel layer, and clay water barrier, as well as the weakening characteristics of the clay layer aquifer. The monitoring results of the FBG sensing system show that unconsolidated layer settlement usually occurs in thick and stable aquifers and adjacent clay layers, and the peripheral part of the deep clay layer in contact with the aquifer will become a weakened zone. The clay layer at such locations should also be a key monitoring layer with increasing depth. The survival rate of FBG sensors were discussed to propose the suggestions of system installation. These findings could provide important guidance for predicting the unconsolidated layer settlement process and for the timely implementation of governance measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low energy cosmic rays are modulated by the solar activity when they propagation in the heliosphere, leading to ambiguities in understanding their acceleration at sources and propagation in the Milky Way. By means of the precise measurements of the e − , e + , e − + e + , and e + / (e − + e +) spectra by AMS-02 near the Earth, as well as the very low energy measurements of the e − + e + fluxes by Voyager-1 far away from the Sun, we derive the local interstellar spectra (LIS) of e − and e + components individually. Our method is based on a non-parametric description of the LIS of e − and e + and a force-field solar modulation model. We then obtain the evolution of the solar modulation parameters based on the derived LIS and the monthly fluxes of cosmic ray e − and e + measured by AMS-02. To better fit the monthly data, additional renormalization factors for e − and e + have been multiplied to the modulated fluxes. We find that the inferred solar modulation parameters of positrons are in good agreement with that of cosmic ray nuclei, and the time evolutions of the solar modulation parameters of electrons and positrons differ after the reversal of the heliosphere magnetic field polarity, which shows clearly the charge-sign dependent modulation effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of overburden deformation is crucial for safety and environmental efficiency and its monitoring is becoming a key scientific issue. The use of an optical fiber sensor (OFS) for mining engineering is now receiving praise by virtue of its distinct abilities of distribution, high accuracy, and anti-interference measurement. Nevertheless, the dynamic response of OFS monitoring on overburden deformation still needs to be characterized in detail. This paper analyzed the characterization pattern of overburden deformation based on distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) by means of an analogue model test. Then, we discuss the influence of rules of optical fiber embedding on a model test in a numerical simulation. The results show that the DOFS monitoring demonstrates the time-space evolution of overburden deformation and the development of three horizontal areas and three vertical zones. A standardization DOFS characterization model is proposed to expound the characterization mechanism of the overburden structure zoning process; the influence of optical fiber embedding on rock displacement in the model test is revealed, and it is found that the displacement error will increase sharply when the fiber diameter is larger than 2 mm. These findings could provide an effective solution for a monitoring method in intelligent mining from the perspective of a theoretical basis and technological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The early-age deformation behaviors of CA mortar with AP and/or UEA were studied. • Deformation results from the graduated flask method and the buoyancy method were compared. • Four deformation stages of CA mortar were found and the underlying mechanisms were discussed. Early-age deformation of cement emulsified asphalt mortar (CA mortar) is a key parameter for its application in the CRTS I and CRTS II slab ballastless tracks of China. In this paper, the buoyancy method was used to measure the early-age deformation behaviors of CA mortars with aluminum powder (AP) and/or U-type expansive agent (UEA). The results indicate that the buoyancy method accurately and stably reflects the early-age deformation of CA mortar. The deformations of CA mortars with AP and/or UEA are composed of four stages: slight shrinkage stage, fast expansion stage, gradual shrinkage stage, and stable stage. Further analyses of relative expansions of samples reveal that different mechanisms of AP and UEA take effect at the gradual shrinkage stage of CA mortar deformation. Thermal effect induced by internal heat accumulation increases the air pressure in voids entrained by AP in CA mortar, thereby increasing the peak deformation values. Then the deformation tends to decrease with heat dissipation at the gradual shrinkage stage. Similar shrinkage stage is also observed in field tests. The buoyancy method can reflect the entire early-age deformation process of CA mortar with AP. This method is more suitable for engineering applications than the graduated flask method which is standardized in the specifications of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance Pt catalyst supported on SBA-15 was developed for furfural decarbonylation. Compared to Pt catalysts loaded on microporous DeAl-Hbeta zeolite and hierarchical micro-mesoporous MFI nanosheet (NS) materials, the 1%Pt/SBA-15 catalyst afforded notably higher activity, furan selectivity and stability owing to the negligible acid sites and proper mesopores on the SBA-15 support. Among a set of 1%Pt/SBA-15 catalysts bearing Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes of 2.4–4.3 nm, the catalyst with 3.7 nm Pt NPs afforded the highest furan selectivity. Over the optimal catalyst, 88.6% furan selectivity and ca. 90% furfural conversion were obtained at 573 K and a high weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 16.5 h−1. Moreover, the reaction temperatures at 440–573 K and the ratios of H2 to furfural at 0.79–9.44 did not affect the reaction selectivity notably, showing that the reaction over 1%Pt/SBA-15 can be conducted over a wide range of conditions. The catalyst was stable under the harsh reaction conditions and lasted for 90 h without significant deactivation, demonstrating the superior property of SBA-15 as a catalyst support for furfural decarbonylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cold regions, concrete structures are often subject to the coupled effect of mechanical loading with freeze–thaw (F–T) cycles, which results in a reduced service life. In this paper, the state of the art and challenges regarding the durability of concrete subjected to mechanical loading coupled with F–T cycles are reviewed in depth. The experimental setups used to simulate the coupled effect of mechanical loading with F–T cycles were summarized first, including the shapes of the specimens, operation methods, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, relevant research methods such as numerical simulation methods and damage characterization methods were presented. Afterward, special attention was dedicated to the mechanism elaboration and performance improvement of the concrete subject to the coupled effect. Finally, some thoughts on potential directions for future work were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The hydration, structural build-up and strength development of cement pates with different accelerators were investigated. • Accelerators increase the structural build-up rate by different mechanisms. • Mechanical efficiency of C-S-H may give wrong ranking on the efficiency of C-S-H. Fast structural build-up and strength development of fresh/hardened cement-based materials are always desired in many scenarios, where accelerators are often used. In this paper, the hydration, structural build-up and strength development of cement pates with different accelerators were investigated. The growth of static yield stress was used to characterize the structural build-up of fresh cement paste with 1% nano silica. Calorimetric curves, zeta potential and conductivity of pastes and strength development of mortars were also measured. Results showed that accelerators promote the reaction of C 3 S or C 3 A at different stages and in different mechanisms. Mechanical efficiency of C-S-H determined by growth of elastic modulus or yield stress over cumulated hydration heat may give wrong ranking on the efficiency of C-S-H. Apart from formation of C-S-H gel, structural build-up may originate from other sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibrinogen may play an important role in the survival of trauma patients; however, its role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its correlation with disease prognosis remain poorly understood. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of TBI-associated hypofibrinogenemia in patients with TBI and to evaluate the prognostic value of fibrinogen level with respect to mortality and clinical outcomes. Methods: A total of 2570 consecutive TBI patients were retrospectively studied. Prognostic evaluations were determined using the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) assessment 3 months after injury. The shape of the relationship between fibrinogen level and mortality or outcome was examined using cubic spline functions. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the association between fibrinogen level and 3-month functional outcomes. Results: Fibrinogen concentrations < 2 g/L were observed in 992 (38.6%) patients at the time of admission. Multivariate analyses showed that for patients with fibrinogen levels < 2.0 g/L, those levels were an independent prognostic factor for 3-month mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–0.93; P <.001). By contrast, for patients with fibrinogen levels < 2.5 g/L, the levels were an independent prognostic factor for favorable outcomes at 3 months (OR, 1.654; 95% CI, 1.186–2.306; P =.003). Similar results were also seen for patients with fibrinogen levels > 3.0 g/L, with the levels being an independent prognostic factor for favorable outcomes at 3 months (OR, 0.771; 95% CI, 0.607–0.979; P =.033). Conclusions: Fibrinogen is an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcomes in TBI patients. Maintaining the level of fibrinogen between 2.5 and 3 g/L may improve clinical outcomes in patients with TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel wavefront sensing method based on near-field profile acquisition (NIA) to acquire the wavefront information. This method uses a cross mark at the focal plane of the spatial filter to directly obtain wavefront slope from the power spectral density (PSD) distribution of the output near-field profile. Principles of this method are introduced and the numerical simulation model is built. The influence of primary parameters on the measurement precision are analyzed and discussed. Based on the designed cross mark structure, an experiment is carried out in a multi-pass amplification high power laser and the wavefront of the pre-amplifier is reconstructed. Experimental results show that the difference between the reconstructed wavefronts by using the traditional Shack–Hartmann (SH) and the NIA wavefront sensing method is as small as 0. 09 μ m (peak-to-valley value). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coumarin-hemicyanine dye 1 was reported for ratiometric fluorescent detection of SO2 derivatives HSO3- and SO32- based on a novel addition-rearrangement cascade reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A coumarin−hemicyanine dye 1 was reported for ratiometric fluorescent detection of SO2 derivatives HSO3− and SO32− based on a novel addition-rearrangement cascade reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]