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Cancer immunotherapy is an attractive strategy because it stimulates immune cells to target malignant cells by regulating the intrinsic activity of the immune system. However, due to lacking many immunologic markers, it remains difficult to treat glioma, a representative "cold" tumor. Herein, to wake the "hot" tumor immunity of glioma, Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is customized with a coating to create an immunogenic tumor microenvironment and further prove the effect in combination with the immune checkpoint agent anti‐PD‐1, exhibiting elevated therapeutic efficacy. This is accomplished not by enhancing the delivery of PD‐1 blockade to enhance the effect of immunotherapy, but by introducing bacterial photothermal therapy to promote greater involvement of M1 cells in the immune response. After reaching glioma, the bacteria further target glioma cells and M2 phenotype macrophages selectively, enabling precise photothermal conversion for lysing tumor cells and M2 phenotype macrophages, which thereby enhances the positive feedback loop of cancer cells‐M1 macrophages‐T cells. Collectively, the bacteria synergized with PD‐1 blockade strategy may be the key to overcoming the immunosuppressive glioma microenvironment and improving the outcome of immunotherapy toward glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the frequency of strokes has been on the rise year by year and has become the second leading cause of death around the world, which is characterized by a high mortality rate, high recurrence rate, and high disability rate. Ischemic strokes account for a large percentage of strokes. A reperfusion injury in ischemic strokes is a complex cascade of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, immune infiltration, and mitochondrial damage. Conventional treatments are ineffective, and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) leads to inefficient drug delivery utilization, so researchers are turning their attention to nano-drug delivery systems. Functionalized nano-drug delivery systems have been widely studied and applied to the study of cerebral ischemic diseases due to their favorable biocompatibility, high efficiency, strong specificity, and specific targeting ability. In this paper, we briefly describe the pathological process of reperfusion injuries in strokes and focus on the therapeutic research progress of nano-drug delivery systems in ischemic strokes, aiming to provide certain references to understand the progress of research on nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The S-scheme heterojunction ZnCo 2 S 4 /Bi 2 WO 6 is constructed by decorating ZnCo 2 S 4 nanoparticles on Bi 2 WO 6 nanosheets and applied to produce hydrogen photocatalytically. In simulated visible light conditions, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of 15-ZnCo 2 S 4 /Bi 2 WO 6 is significantly enhanced (18.16 mmol g−1 h−1), surpassing the performance of original ZnCo 2 S 4 and Bi 2 WO 6. When measured at 420 nm, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) is 13.2%. A staggered band structure, an internal electric field (IEF), the band bending, and an S-scheme charge-transfer route are confirmed by calculations and characterization. As a result of the unique and fast charge transfer path, the useless electrons in conduction band (CB) of Bi 2 WO 6 and holes in valence band (VB) of ZnCo 2 S 4 could be recombined rapidly. Consequently, photogenerated holes in VB of Bi 2 WO 6 and electrons in CB of ZnCo 2 S 4 are separated efficiently. The work provides a method for the development of highly effective and cost-effective S-scheme heterojunctions for the production of hydrogen by photocatalysis. [Display omitted] • Novel ZnCo 2 S 4 /Bi 2 WO 6 is visible-light-driven S-scheme heterojunction. • ZnCo 2 S 4 /Bi 2 WO 6 showed high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. • The photocatalyst displayed highly enhanced H 2 evolution activity. • The photocatalyst exhibited excellent chemical stability in application process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the uncertainty aspects of human abductive reasoning. Echo, a model of abduction based on the Theory of Explanatory Coherence (Thagard, 1992a), captures many aspects of human abductive reasoning, but fails to sufficiently manage the uncertainty in abduction. In particular, Echo does not handle belief acquisition and dynamic belief revision, two essential components of human abductive reasoning. We propose a modified Echo model (UEcho), in which we add a learning mechanism for belief acquisition and a dynamic processing mechanism for belief revision. To evaluate the model, we report an empirical study in which base rate learning serves as a testbed for belief acquisition and the order effect serves as a testbed for belief revision.

This study examines the effects of representational forms on the acquisition and transfer of problem solving strategies. Three isomorphic representations of the Tic-Tac-Toe are used as the experimental tasks. The experiment shows that different representations of a common structure lead to the discovery of different forms of a common strategy with varying degrees of generality. With a better representation, subjects not only learn faster but also acquire more general forms of the strategy. The transfer across different representations can be either positive or negative, and it is based on strategies, not on problem structures.

This paper addresses three hypotheses concerning the procedural/declarative distinction: 1) Procedural and declarative knowledge speed-up as separate, but parallel, power curves; 2) Procedural knowledge operates in one direction only—from condition to action—hereas declarative knowledge can be cued by any of its elements; and 3) Declarative knowledge is active—it can result in behavior independent of procedural knowledge. The paper presents a single Act-R model that closely fits the data of two learning and transfer experiments conducted by Rabinowitz and Goldberg (1995). The model provides a good fit to the data, further validating Act-R as a model of the human cognitive architecture. In addition, the model shows that the two experiments cannot be used to argue that declarative knowledge can be retrieved without any intervening procedural knowledge.