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The purpose of the paper is to investigate the impact of university-industry collaborative research with different dimensions on university patent commercialisation and offer suggestions to promote patent commercialisation. University-industry collaborative research is measured by the university-industry collaborative patent application. Collaboration breadth and depth are defined. The theories about the impacts of the collaboration breadth and depth on university patent commercialisation are analysed and the hypotheses are proposed accordingly. We explore the impacts by negative binomial regression with the panel data set constructed from the patent data of the 'double first-class' universities in China during 2015–2017. Results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the collaboration breadth and the university patent commercialisation. Nevertheless, the collaboration depth has no impact on university patent commercialisation. And surprisingly, the interaction of breadth and depth shows a negative impact on it. Suggestions are offered that universities should avoid collaborating with industry inordinately and pay attention to balance breadth and depth of the collaboration with industry, improving the quality of the collaboration and promoting patent commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a down‐fired furnace using a cascade‐arch‐firing low‐NOx and high‐burnout configuration (CLHC, which includes flue gas recirculation and is taken as a strengthened low‐NOx combustion solution), the gas/particle flow, coal combustion, and NOx emissions were investigated at various flue gas recirculation (FGR) ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (labeled as settings of FGR = 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively). The aim was to disclose the FGR role on the strengthened low‐NOx combustion characteristics and meanwhile obtain an available FGR ratio. With increasing FGR, although the downward flame penetration increased continuously, the large local high‐temperature zone favoring combustion in the furnace shrunk. Increasing FGR lowered gas temperatures and strengthened the reductive atmosphere in the downstream of the reburning zone to restrain combustion and meanwhile weaken the NO‐reduction effect of reburning. Trends of the final performance indexes with the FGR ratio showed that NOx production increased continuously, while burnout loss generally undergone an increase‐to‐decrease trend. In view of the above findings and the gained optimal furnace performance (i.e., NOx emissions of 530 mg/m3 at 6% O2 accompanied by carbon content in fly ash at 5.28%), low FGR levels such as FGR = 5% with a hot‐air dilution in FGR should be preferred for the CLHC furnace where FGR is used to deliver the fine pulverized‐coal particles for reburning. In comparison to an advanced in‐service low‐NOx art, the CLHC reduced further NOx production by 41.4% while remained a high burnout achievement except a limited increase in CO emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrins have a critical role in thrombosis and haemostasis (1). Antagonists of the platelet integrin [α.sub.IIb][β.sub.3] are potent anti-thrombotic drugs, but also have the life-threatening adverse effect of causing bleeding (2,3). It is therefore desirable to develop new antagonists that do not cause bleeding. Integrins transmit signals bidirectionally (4,5). Inside-out signalling activates integrins through a talin-dependent Mechanism (6,7). Integrin ligation mediates thrombus formation and outside-in signaling (8,9), which requires G[α.sub.13] and greatly expands thrombi. Here we show that G[α.sub.13] and talin bind to mutually exclusive but distinct sites within the integrin [β.sub.3] cytoplasmic domain in opposing waves. The first talin-binding wave mediates inside-out signalling and also ligand-induced integrin activation, but is not required for outside-in signalling. Integrin ligation induces transient talin dissociation and G[α.sub.13] binding to an EXE motif (in which X denotes any residue), which selectively mediates outside-in signalling and platelet spreading. The second talin-binding wave is associated with clot retraction. An EXE-motif-based inhibitor of G[α.sub.13]-integrin interaction selectively abolishes outside-in signalling without affecting integrin ligation, and suppresses occlusive arterial thrombosis without affecting bleeding time. Thus, we have discovered a new mechanism for the directional switch of integrin signalling and, on the basis of this mechanism, designed a potent new antithrombotic drug that does not cause bleeding., Integrin signalling involves the binding of several molecules to the cytoplasmic domain of integrin β-subunits including talin (6,7), kindlins (10,11), SRC (12,13) and G[α.sub.13] (8) (Fig. 1a). Co-immunoprecipitation of G[α.sub.13] [...]