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Plant height is regarded as a key indicator that is crucial for assessing the crop growth status and predicting yield. In this study, an advanced method based on solid-state LiDAR technology is proposed, which is specifically designed to accurately capture the phenotypic characteristics of plant height during the maize growth cycle. By segmenting the scanned point cloud of maize, detailed point cloud data of a single maize plant were successfully extracted, from which stem information was accurately measured to obtain accurate plant height information. In this study, we will concentrate on the analysis of individual maize plants. Leveraging the advantages of solid-state LiDAR technology in precisely capturing phenotypic information, the data processing approach for individual maize plants, as compared to an entire maize community, will better restore the maize's original growth patterns. This will enable the acquisition of more accurate maize plant height information and more clearly demonstrate the potential of solid-state LiDAR in capturing detailed phenotypic information. To enhance the universality of the research findings, this study meticulously selected key growth stages of maize for data validation and comparison, encompassing the tasseling, silking, and maturity phases. At these crucial stages, 20 maize plants at the tasseling stage, 40 at the flowering stage, and 40 at the maturity stage were randomly selected, totaling 100 samples for analysis. Each sample not only included actual measurement values but also included plant height information extracted using point cloud technology. The observation period was set from 20 June to 20 September 2021. This period encompasses the three key growth stages of maize described above, and each growth stage included one round of data collection, with three rounds of data collection each, each spaced about a week apart, for a total of nine data collections. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data, all collections were performed at noon when the natural wind speed was controlled within the range of 0 to 1.5 m/s and the weather was clear. The findings demonstrate that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the maize plant height data, procured through LiDAR technology, stands at 1.27 cm, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) hovers around 0.77%, and the peak R2 value attained is 0.99. These metrics collectively attest to the method's ongoing high efficiency and precision in capturing the plant height information. In the comparative study of different stem growth stages, especially at the maturity stage, the MAPE of the plant height was reduced to 0.57%, which is a significant improvement compared to the performance at the nodulation and sprouting stage. These results effectively demonstrate that the maize phenotypic information extraction method based on solid-state LiDAR technology is not only highly accurate and effective but is also effective on individual plants, which provides a reliable reference for applying the technique to a wider range of plant populations and extending it to the whole farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana. To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana, revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs. Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana. These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are porous crystalline materials. The pores in HOFs are usually non‐covalent extrinsic pores constructed through the formation of the framework. Supramolecular macrocycles with intrinsic pores in their structures are good candidates for constructing HOFs with intrinsic pores from the macrocycles themselves, thus leading to hierarchically porous structures. Combining the macrocycle and HOFs will endow these hierarchically porous materials with enhanced properties and special functionalities. This review summarizes recent advances in macrocycle‐based HOFs, including the macrocycles used for constructing HOFs, the hierarchically porous structures of the HOFs, and the applications induced by the hierarchically HOFs porous structures. This review provides insights for future research on macrocycle‐based hierarchically porous HOFs and the appropriate applications of the unique structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen doping γ-graphyne (γ-NGY) is a recently synthesized carbon nitride two-dimensional material with a large specific surface area and unique structure. Based on the first-principles method, the CH4 adsorption properties of γ-NGY are calculated, and a substrate structure Ti-decorated γ-NGY is designed. The results show that the center of the rhombus hole of γ-NGY is the best CH4 adsorption position, and the adsorption energy is −0.145 eV. The most stable binding position of the Ti atom on γ-NGY is also the rhombus hole. The binding energy of a Ti atom is −5.737 eV, and the average binding energy of two Ti atoms is −4.88 eV. Ti-γ-NGY successfully adsorbs 24 CH4 molecules on both sides with an average adsorption energy of −0.184 eV and the storage capacity of 69.12 wt. %. After doping N atoms, the hole size increases, and the negative charges are concentrated on N atoms. The adsorption of CH4 by γ-NGY is mainly the intermolecular force, and the adsorption energy is slightly increased. After the Ti atom transfers the negative charge to the substrate, a strong electric field is formed between the positively charged Ti atom and the negatively charged substrate. The adsorption energy of CH4 molecules near the Ti atom is greatly increased, and the Coulomb attraction between CH4 and Ti atom is dominant. The adsorption energy of the CH4 molecule far away from the Ti atom is also improved, and the intermolecular force between negatively charged substrates and polarized CH4 molecules plays a dominant role in the adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nitrogen-rich graphdiyne (HATN-GDY) material containing electrochemical active hexaazatrinaphthylene units was successfully prepared. HATN-GDY exhibits a superior specific capacity of 2139 mA h g−1 and firm long-term stability due to the unique 2D π-conjugated structure and the large in-plane N-cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of triarylboron‐based graphdiyne analogues (TAB‐GDYs) with tunable pore size were prepared through copper mediated coupling reaction. The elemental composition, chemical bond, morphology of TAB‐GDYs were well characterized. The crystallinity was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and stacking modes were studied in combination with high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and structure simulation. The absorption and desorption isotherm revealed relatively high specific surface area of these TAB‐GDYs up to 788 m2 g−1 for TMTAB‐GDY, which decreased as pore size enlarged. TAB‐GDYs exhibit certain selectivity for CO2/N2 (21.9), CO2/CH4 (5.3), CO2/H2 (41.8) and C2H2/CO2 (2.3). This work has developed a series of boron containing two‐dimensional frameworks with clear structures and good stability, and their tunable pore sizes have laid the foundation for future applications in the gas separation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D chiral perovskite has greatly boosted the development of optoelectronic devices, ranging from nonlinear optics, spintronics, and ferroelectrics to energy harvesting devices. Despite circularly polarized light (CPL) detection based on chiral perovskite has been achieved, the environmental humidity‐, ultraviolet (UV), and temperature‐induced structural degradation and its large electro‐phonon coupling restrict its commercial application. Here, this study first realizes polymerized chiral perovskite single‐crystal films by combining in situ cross‐linking polymerization with the space‐confined crystallization method. Compared with uncross‐linked chiral perovskites, cross‐linked chiral perovskites exhibit enhanced crystallinity and lattice rigidity, yielding high‐performance circularly polarized photodetectors with a maximum anisotropy factor of 0.22, the responsivity of 1.6 A W−1, and detectivity of 2.17 × 1013 Jones. In addition, flexible circularly polarized photodetectors with extremely high mechanical stability are also realized originating from the polymer‐like behavior of cross‐linked chiral perovskite single‐crystal films. This study opens up new avenues to further enhance the performance and stability of portable and wearable devices based on chiral perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal polymers (SCPs) with unambiguous chemical structures at atomic-level resolutions have attracted great attention. Obtaining precise structural information of these materials is critical as it enables a deeper understanding of the potential driving forces for specific packing and long-range order, secondary interactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Such information can ultimately lead to success in controlling the synthesis or engineering of their crystal structures for targeted applications, which could have far-reaching impact. Successful synthesis of SCPs with atomic level control of the structures, especially for those with 2D and 3D architectures, is rare. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of SCPs, including 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures. Solution synthesis, topochemical synthesis, and extreme condition synthesis are summarized and compared. Around 70 examples of SCPs with unambiguous structure information are presented, and their synthesis methods and structural analysis are discussed. This review offers critical insights into the structure–property relationships, providing guidance for the future rational design and bottom-up synthesis of a variety of highly ordered polymers with unprecedented functions and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: This review presents a comprehensive examination of fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which constitute an emerging class of porous materials with immense potential for diverse applications. This article focuses on diversified fully conjugated COFs, including sp2 carbon‐carbon linkages, pyrazine linkages, benzobisoxazole linkages, dioxin linkages, β‐aminoalkenone linkages, etc. The synthesis techniques and structural attributes of these COFs are expounded upon in great detail, along with their potential applications in various fields. The review thus provides a valuable resource for researchers keen on delving into the synthesis and applications of fully conjugated COFs, thereby highlighting their potential for developing novel functional materials with distinctive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]