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The global demand for protein in the form of red meat is growing, especially in Southeast Asia, with income and population growth driving an increase in global beef consumption projected to continue from 2023 to 2032. This provides incentive for smallholder large-ruminant producers to build on production improvements obtained over the past decade to ensure long-term profitability and sustainability. This review aims to provide an update on advances in smallholder large-ruminant production and profitability in Southeast Asia over the past decade, as well as highlight ongoing challenges that require further investment from governments and the private sector to meet the growing regional and global demand for protein that is safe for human consumption. Improvements are discussed in detail across the areas of health, production and welfare, using outputs from research for development projects across Southeast Asia, specifically Cambodia and Laos which have high proportions of population living below the national poverty line. Areas covered include nutrition, disease control, diversification and farmer engagement. Ongoing challenges and opportunities are also considered. Key improvements in smallholder large-ruminant production, health and welfare in Southeast Asia over the past decade include the introduction of strategies to improve nutrition through forage utilisation and disease control through vaccination and biosecurity as well as farmer engagement and diversification. However, major challenges continue in the areas of disease control and eradication, training, climate variability, gender empowerment and policy. Increasing global demand for red meat places smallholder large-ruminant producers throughout Cambodia and Laos in an ideal position to capitalise. To do this and gain improved regional food security requires ongoing investment in stakeholder training and adoption of appropriate strategies to ensure greater productivity from existing numbers and resisting increasing numbers in an environment with limited resources. Although the challenges for large-ruminant smallholders are substantial, the rewards for continual investment to improve health and production include increased household incomes and profitability as well as greater regional food security. Global demand for protein in the form of red meat is growing, especially in Southeast Asia, with income and population growth driving an increase in beef consumption. To meet this demand advances in smallholder large-ruminant production and profitability have been achieved. However, to achieve regional food security ongoing challenges and opportunities need to be addressed. This article belongs to the Collection Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Agrilus is one of the most diverse insect genera worldwide. The larval feeding activity causes extensive damage in both forests and orchards. In addition, more than 30 species have been introduced outside their native range so far, including the emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire. Thus, the availability of efficient trapping protocols for early detection of Agrilus species at entry points is of utmost importance. In this study we tested whether trapping protocols developed for surveillance of A. planipennis in North America were also effective for other Agrilus species. In particular, through a multi-country assessment we compared the efficacy of detecting Agrilus species on: (i) green glue-coated prism traps vs. green Fluon-coated multi-funnel traps when baited with the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol or left unbaited; and (ii) green multi-panel traps vs. green multi-panel traps baited with dead adult Agrilus beetles (decoys). A total of 23,481 individuals from 45 Agrilus species were caught. Trap design significantly affected both species richness and abundance of Agrilus species in several of the countries where the trapping experiments were carried out, and green prism traps outperformed green multi-funnel traps in most cases. On the contrary, the addition of a (Z)-3-hexenol lure or dead adult beetle decoys on to traps did not improve trap catches. Our study highlights that reliable trap models to survey Agrilus species are already available, but also that there is the clear need to further investigate chemical ecology of Agrilus species to develop semiochemical lures that can improve detection efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were to develop an objective nucleic acid sequence screening framework and to leverage the framework for an empirical sensitivity study that measures the impact of ambiguities in regulatory and guidance documentation regarding the control of synthetic nucleic acids and screening of nucleic acid orders. Methods: Foundational risk levels were constructed using the bioinformatic sequencing screening tool UltraSEQ. The risk levels range from high (corresponding to regulated sequences) to low (corresponding to nonregulated sequences of concern) to no-risk. A representative sequence data set (141,651 sequences) was constructed from publicly available synthetically derived sequences, and the percentage sequences in each risk level was determined, followed by the impact of changing key UltraSEQ parameters. Results: The results of this study show that no-risk sequences represent 90–92% of sequences, and nonregulated sequences of concern represented 7–9% of the sequences regardless of the parameters. The parameter with the biggest impact on the number of sequences flagged was the minimum hit homology level, followed by minimum sequence region length, and finally uniqueness of the hit to a select agent sequence. Conclusion: The results of this empirical study provide a greater understanding for gene synthesis providers, biosafety and biosecurity practitioners, and the scientific community regarding the impact of various interpretations of regulatory and guidance documentation. The risk level framework provides a foundation to build upon for nucleic acid sequence screening as the threat landscape evolves. However, additional development is needed to build tools that connect predictions across sequences and orders to provide contextual risk-based predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tools to screen orders submitted to companies synthesizing nucleic acids or machines that can synthesize them are vital to help ensure the building blocks for pathogens, toxins, or other biotechnology that could cause harm are kept in the right hands. Methods: The author has argued that it would be worrying if someone discovering a vulnerability in a nucleic acid synthesis tool was to (1) publicly release it without a "patch," (2) set an impossible timeframe to patch it before public release, (3) refuse to report it without a reward, (4) test it on a tool without the developer's/operator's consent, or (5) create a real biological hazard while exploring hypothetical biosecurity vulnerabilities. Conclusion: It will be a much harder challenge to develop a parallel set of behaviors desirable in such circumstances. This is a process that should start now. There will soon be a need for a safe, balanced, and reliable reporting infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The advent of easy-to-use benchtop DNA synthesizers has ushered in a transformative era in biotechnology, extending the capabilities of DNA synthesis to nonspecialists. However, this revolution in access to this technology exposes several vulnerabilities, notably in the form of substitution attacks. These attacks exploit the intricate interplay between the digital domain of DNA sequences and the physical reality of synthesis instruments, posing substantial threats to biosecurity. Content: This article delves deeply into the dynamic and multifaceted landscape of cyberbiosecurity, specifically emphasizing a novel attack vector that evades traditional screening algorithms. To achieve this, the article explores algorithmic approaches designed to screen DNA sequences, shedding light on the vulnerabilities exposed by substitution attacks and recontextualizing the cyberbiosecurity actor landscape in the context of the entire DNA manufacturing process. Summary: The exploration of cyberbiosecurity brings existing vulnerabilities in DNA screening algorithms to light and sets the stage for future research and policy considerations. By emphasizing opportunities for a comprehensive, multipronged approach rooted in end-to-end practical DNA manufacturing, this study provides a foundation for advancing both knowledge and strategies in the realm of cyberbiosecurity. Recommendations: This article serves as a clarion call for increased vigilance and innovation in navigating the intricate landscape of cyberbiosecurity. Effectively understanding and mitigating substitution attacks is necessary to safeguard the integrity of synthesized genetic material, particularly in the context of the democratization of DNA synthesis technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: DNA synthesis companies screen orders to detect controlled sequences with misuse risks. Assessing screening accuracy is challenging owing to the breadth of biological risks and ambiguities in risk definitions. Here, we detail an International Gene Synthesis Consortium working group's rationale and process to develop a prototype DNA synthesis screening test dataset, aiming to establish a baseline of screening system accuracy to compare with various screening approaches. Methodology: Construction of the prototype test dataset involved four tool developers screening nucleic acid sequences from three taxonomic clusters of controlled organisms (Orbivirus, Francisella tularensis, and Coccidioides). Results were mapped onto predefined, comparable categories, checking for consensus or conflicts. Conflicts were grouped based on gene annotation and resolved through discussion. Results: The process highlighted several long-standing challenges in DNA synthesis screening, including the qualitative differences in approaches taken by screening tools. Our findings highlight the lack of clarity in assessing pathogen sequences with respect to regulatory control language, compounded by scientific uncertainty. We illustrate the current degree of consensus and existing challenges using classification statistics and specific examples. Conclusions and Next Steps: This prototype underscores the necessity of expert-regulator coordination in assessing gene-associated risks, offering a template for creating test sets across all taxonomic groups on international control lists. Expanding the working group would enrich dataset comprehensiveness, enabling a transition from species-focused to function-focused regulatory controls. This sets the foundation for quality control, certification, and improved risk assessment in DNA synthesis screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Affordable and accurate nucleic acid synthesis is foundational to modern biotechnology, but raises security concerns because it facilitates the construction of pathogens and other potentially dangerous biological agents. Nucleic acid synthesis screening can reduce the risk of providing potentially harmful nucleic acids to those without a legitimate use for them. Governments, industry associations, and biosecurity organizations have offered guidance on synthesis screening for a decade, and are now considering how to translate industry best practices into regulatory frameworks. Methods: A review of existing guidance documents, policy proposals, and other published literature was performed. Results: We distinguish five categories of practical questions for policymakers: challenges associated with customer screening, sequence screening, the interaction between domestic and global regulations, commercial implications of screening, and finally, challenges associated with benchtop nucleic acid synthesis devices. There are a number of recommendations in public literature that target the implementation of robust customer and sequence screening, several of which have been incorporated into the recent United States White House Executive Order on artificial intelligence. There appears to be fewer solutions proposed to address challenges associated with the global screening landscape, or the commercial implications of screening requirements, and limited discussion on securing the benchtop synthesis landscape. Discussion and Conclusion: This paper aims at providing a comprehensive resource for policymakers, outlining a set of questions governments, and other stakeholders, must answer when implementing screening requirements to secure nucleic acid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst the capitalist logics governing life and death in the industrial production of pigs and poultry in Denmark, we confront the ethico-methodological challenges of conducting multispecies research in this time of increased pathogen emergence and transmission: the 'Pandemic Era'. Drawing on our empirical insights, we contend that worldly animal geographies in the Pandemic Era are constituted by biological and existential insecurity, underscoring the importance of this work. Through affectively attuning to the bordering devices of biosecurity, we convey the capaciousness of performative understandings of species that industrial agriculture constrains but which animal geographers can advance. Acts of witnessing in industrial agriculture expose the limitations of multispecies ethnography that simultaneously catalyse advancement in the field. Whilst our work reckons with the tragedy of multispecies ethnography in industrial landscapes, the limits we have encountered, from the methodological to the ethical, are incitements to critique and innovate modes of attunement that extend beyond the field of animal geographies itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The overall decline of bees may be exacerbated by the simultaneous presence and interaction of multiple causal factors. To elucidate how these factors interact and their collective impact, it is of the utmost importance to develop effective analytical tools. We collected data through an online questionnaire. We started estimating the annual mortality of stingless bee nests at 15%. Four risks to stingless bee survival were identified: invasive species (73%), the proximity of nests to sources of environmental pollution (61%), the presence of honey bees as potential transmitters of diseases (57%), and unusual behavior reports (44%). The biosecurity practices with the highest compliance rates were hand washing (79%), sterilization (75%), storage conditions for product quality (66%), and the use of protective equipment (40%). The spider web and barometer tools facilitate a unified observation of the status of implementation or non-implementation of biosecurity measures, actions to care for the environment in which stingless bees live, the quality and efficiency of nest management techniques, and the monitoring of the health status of stingless bees. The comprehensive evaluation of these factors within best management practices (BMPs) facilitates immediate decision-making and the implementation of enhancements, as well as individual and collective feedback. Insect pollination services amount to USD 235–577 billion. Seventy five percent of agricultural production for human consumption depends on pollination, mainly by bees. A decline in pollinators, including Meliponini tribe bees, will impact the economy, food security, human health, and ecosystem stability, especially in tropical forests where stingless bees are the main pollinators. The objective of this survey was to understand the relationship between good management practices and nest losses in meliponiculture, encompassing biosecurity and conservation criteria. A 36-question survey was organized and spread. We received 92 responses, representing 4548 managed nests. The primary motivation for engaging in meliponiculture was biodiversity conservation (92%). More than 50% of the questions on biosecurity were answered as "applied". Hand washing before any activity with bees was the main rule, followed by material sterilization and personal protective equipment use. The annual mortality rate of stingless bee nests was estimated at 15%. Nest invaders (72%) and nearby sources of pollution (60%) were identified as the main potential causes of nest losses. From a general perspective, meliponiculture practices continue to expand remarkably. The implementation of effective nest management strategies is associated with a reduction in nest losses. It is important to consider One Health's perspective to ensure optimal management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in sows results in reduced animal welfare, poor breeding herd performance, and economic loss to farmers. The best way to reduce the effects of PRRSV is to prevent its entry into swine breeding herds through improvements in farm biosecurity. To accomplish this goal, the concept of Next Generation Biosecurity (NGB) was developed. A recent publication demonstrated that the practice of a comprehensive, science-based program of biosecurity (NGB COMPLETE) which incorporated science-based biosecurity protocols targeting direct and indirect routes of PRRSV transmission, significantly reduced PRRSV incidence risk in breeding herds compared to a partial program (NGB INCOMPLETE). This new communication follows up on this earlier paper and brings new information by reporting significant differences in key performance indicators between NGB COMPLETE breeding herds versus NGB INCOMPLETE herds over that original 2-year period across the same swine production system. It also supplements the earlier paper with data from a third consecutive year of reduced PRRSV incidence risk, resulting in a PRRSV incidence risk of 8.0% across all breeding herds for the entire three years. In closing, this is further evidence demonstrating that NGB, while not perfect, brings value to farmers through sustainable prevention of PRRS and improved productivity. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a globally significant pathogen of pigs. Preventing the entry of PRRSV into swine breeding herds enhances animal health and welfare. A recently published retrospective cohort study reported significant differences in PRRSV incidence risk between breeding herds that practiced Next Generation Biosecurity (NGB) COMPLETE, versus herds that practiced a partial approach (NGB INCOMPLETE) over a 2-year period. This follow-up communication builds on this previous publication and brings new information regarding statistical differences in key performance indicators (KPIs) from 43 NGB COMPLETE herds and 19 NGB INCOMPLETE herds during disease years 1 and 2. Statistically significant differences included higher total born/farrow and pigs weaned/female along with a reduced pre-weaning mortality and wean to 1st service interval, as well as a 0.91 increase in the number of pigs weaned/mated female/year. In addition, this communication reports that PRRSV incidence risk throughout disease years 1–3 was 8.0%, and that the association of NGB status (COMPLETE vs. INCOMPLETE) and disease burden for the cumulative 3-year period was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). These findings support previously published data that NGB, while not perfect, provides sustainable prevention of PRRSV, and may help improve herd productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Effective communication between farmers and veterinarians enables the careful assessment of biosecurity aspects, often leading to mutual agreement over on-farm changes. Coaching is a learner-driven process in which the coach is not simply providing advice or direction but rather enabling the learner to identify a goal and find solutions. Farmers' readiness to accept changes is pivotal to biosecurity applications, and the recognition of the barriers to change is highlighted in the study. Numerous farmers in this study have embraced the action plan, indicating that offering tailored guidance through direct face-to-face coaching in a few specific areas has the potential to be an effective approach for disseminating biosecurity information. The farmers showed a positive response to the individualized coaching, particularly considering that it came from individuals who were not their usual source of biosecurity information. The authors have found success in enhancing farm biosecurity procedures with coaching using the two complementary scoring tools ADKAR® (Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium) and Biocheck.UGentTM (Dentergem, Belgium). Veterinary coaching was tested to assess its efficacy in promoting adherence to biosecurity procedures. Poultry farmers (n = 13) in Belgium were profiled using ADKAR®, coached and audited prior to and 6 months after coaching. The ADKAR® (Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement) profiling technique identified 5/13 participating farmers with relatively low scores (≤3) for one or more elements that block change (biosecurity compliance in this case). Education was the only demographic variable that influenced knowledge scores. Through the Biocheck.UgentTM methodology, farm biosecurity was assessed and benchmarked to allow for tailored guidance. The farmer, farm veterinarian, and coach defined a farm-specific action plan that covered infrastructure, site access, staff/visitors, purchase policies, transport and depopulation, feed and water supplies, flock management, cleaning and disinfection between flocks, and measures between houses. From a total of 49 proposed actions, 36 were adopted. Purchasing policy had the highest (100%) and cleaning and disinfection had the lowest compliance (38%). Time, cost, and feasibility (e.g., inadequate farm layout) were the main reasons cited for not implementing action points. Overall, biosecurity improved significantly (p = 0.002) from 67.1 ± 5.7% to 70.3 ± 5.7% (mean ± Std. dev). The study, hence, presents convincing proof of how coaching can lead to new solutions not previously considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanic gardens can pose biosecurity risks due to potential pathogen invasions and spread. Botanic gardens involved in conservation and ecological restoration have a crucial responsibility in phytosanitary control, ensuring the health of their plants and preventing them from becoming a threat for the regional flora. Additionally, the large number of visitors and the proximity to urban areas and environmental reserves can pose risks to the health of their collections. The Bauru Botanic Garden is working to address this issue in its daily routines, by implementing and improving its biosafety practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper unravels the intimate and irritant more-than-human encounters in hostel accommodation used by migrant farm workers in regional Australia. These are communal places of inhabitancy that draw attention to the intersecting concerns of highly mobile populations, seasonal labour, migration politics, and the socio-material relationships that flourish within such spaces. I examine the presence of bed bugs and other nonhumans through interviews with farm workers, hostel operators and managers, and ethnographic observations, to highlight broader implications of such 'communal' forms of living. The communal nature of living alongside others is challenging, especially when the arrangement is for work and migration, rather than leisure, and due to a lack of affordable housing options. The paper uses a more-than-human lens to bring into dialogue the mobilities of these workers with notions of communal living, which are intrinsically tied to visa conditions and labour migration. In doing so, the paper contributes to broadening the understandings of how and where mobilities take shape, and the impacts that more-than-human agencies have on day-to-day life in communal living situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Tumour-homing bacteria present as an ideal chassis for cancer treatment and detection. A decade of pre-clinical and clinical research with the tumour-homing bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has demonstrated that genetic modification for payload delivery can lead to significant tumour regression and, more recently, tumour detection. Currently unknown in the field is a deep mechanistic understanding of why bacteria home to and colonise tumours. This review summarises existing literature to provide insight into the tumour-homing and colonising ability of EcN, in addition to exploring other tumour-homing strains and pathogenic bacteria for a more in-depth view. A mechanistic understanding of this capability could prove invaluable in the development of the next-generation EcN chassis for tumour detection and treatment, as well as address biosafety and containment concerns necessary for clinical translation. The last decade has seen a rapid increase in studies utilising a genetically modified probiotic, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), as a chassis for cancer treatment and detection. This approach relies on the ability of EcN to home to and selectively colonise tumours over normal tissue, a characteristic common to some bacteria that is thought to result from the low-oxygen, nutrient-rich and immune-privileged niche the tumour provides. Pre-clinical studies have used genetically modified EcN to deliver therapeutic payloads that show efficacy in reducing tumour burden as a result of high-tumour and low off-target colonisation. Most recently, the EcN chassis has been expanded into an effective tumour-detection tool. These advances provide strong justification for the movement of genetically modified EcN into clinical oncology trials. What is currently unknown in the field is a deep mechanistic understanding of how EcN distributes to and localises within tumours. This review summarises the existing EcN literature, with the inclusion of research undertaken with other tumour-homing and pathogenic bacteria, to provide insights into possible mechanisms of EcN tumour homing for future validation. Understanding exactly how and why EcN colonises neoplastic tissue will inform the design and testing of the next generation of EcN chassis strains to address biosafety and containment concerns and optimise the detection and treatment of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technologies for the biopreservation of infectious organisms requires careful analysis of benefits and risks. This article reviews the regulatory landscape and oversight responsibilities in the United States in respect to pathogen biopreservation. Focused on two globally significant pathogens, Cryptosporidium and Plasmodium , the article explores advantages and potential risks of biopreservation concerning biosafety, biosecurity and biocontainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To develop a structured process for a transparent, efficient, high-level review of a low-resource biosecurity system (limited by physical infrastructure, financial, and human resources), in order to identify and prioritise key areas for future focus which could then lead to interventions, tailored by country, to improve the system. A key requirement was that the approach developed was culturally sensitive and respectful to Pasifika people within the country. Methods: Animal health and biosecurity systems need to be urgently strengthened by Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) if they are to respond to current and future threats. Understanding where additional resources should be allocated to maximise benefit and ensuring buy-in from PICT stakeholders are critical for uptake of any recommendations made. However, there is little available literature on reviewing biosecurity systems, particularly where there is a need for efficiency, simplicity, and cultural sensitivity. A framework was developed through initial in-person consultation between four New Zealand experts who had experience working in international animal health development and support programmes. This was followed by input from informal discussions with selected heads of agriculture in PICTs and included their experiences with previous system reviews, as well as general advice from experts in Pasifika culture. Foundational objectives included simplicity, local inclusivity, and a structured approach, which could be undertaken over a relatively short period of time. A rapid evidence assessment methodology was used to search the available literature (published and grey, search terms biosecurity, system, Pacific, animal, framework, and review used in AND/OR combinations), to establish an evidence base for other methods of biosecurity system review. The developed framework for review of biosecurity systems in low-resource PICTs was based on elements from expert elicitation frameworks, the SurF surveillance evaluation framework and the Performance of Veterinary Services tool from The World Organisation for Animal Health. Results: The developed framework involved bringing stakeholders together in a workshop environment and comprised up to 10 steps including mapping the PICT biosecurity system and exploring attributes of component activities. Understanding the system at a high level enables stakeholders to make informed recommendations on improvements to address future needs. Using the Delphi method, recommendations were then prioritised by stakeholders. Conclusions and clinical relevance: A distinctive difference flowing from the use of the needs analysis described in this process was the empowerment of PICT stakeholders to determine their own needs and priorities, rather than have these developed by external parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Citrus anthracnose in Indonesia caused by C. gloeosporioides species complex. • Colletotrichum spp. multigene analysis based on Actin, β-tubulin, and GAPDH genes. • C. gloeosporioides , C. endophytichum , C. queenslandicum caused citrus anthracnose. • First report of C. endophytichum , C. queenslandicum in Indonesia. Citrus (Citrus spp.), including orange as an important one, has a high economic value and significant role both in global market as well as in Indonesia. However, citrus anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. constantly becomes a limiting factor in citrus production. Nevertheless, there is no report on molecular basis about the species associates to the citrus anthracnose in Indonesia up to date. Therefore, this research aims to identify the isolates of Colletotrichum spp. based on polyphasic approach which combining morphological character, pathogenicity and multigene analysis using actin, β-tubulin, and GAPDH primers. Twenty-two isolates were obtained from leaves and citrus fruits with anthracnose symptoms which showed various morphological characteristics, both macroscopic and microscopic. Pathogenicity test results showed that all 22 isolates were virulent to Keprok Batu 55 orange and California lemon. The anthracnose symptoms produced are identical to the symptoms in the field, however the symptoms on the California lemon were milder than on the Keprok Batu 55 mandarin. The results of multigene analysis showed that there were three species causing citrus anthracnose in Indonesia, which were C. endophytichum , C. queenslandicum , and C. gloeosporioides. Those three species are C. gloeosporioides species complex, and this is the first report of C. endophytichum , C. queenslandicum causing citrus anthracnose in Indonesia which needs further concern for biosecurity. All isolate sequences based on actin, β-tubulin, and GAPDH gene markers were submitted into the GenBank and got accession numbers of OR188855–OR188875. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the first mainland specimen of the Nicobar Pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica) in Australia, captured in 2017 at One Arm Point on the Dampier Peninsula, Australia. Topics discussed include the bird's identification and capture process; its potential biosecurity risks leading to its eventual euthanization and preservation; and the broader conservation status and habitat preferences of the Nicobar Pigeon across its range.

To optimize fish production by a better knowledge of preventive measures against fish diseases, a cross-sectional audit was carried out in Cameroon from March to April 2022 on the zootechnical factors affecting the biosecurity practice in fish farms from the Centre Region (3°55'-4°67'N; 9°46-11°52' E). A total of 50 farms were selected using the "snowball" method, face-to-face interviews of fish farmers using a semistructured questionnaire, and direct observation. The most practiced farming system was the semi-intensive production system (74%), non-integrated fish farming (100%), grow-out (66%), monoculture (54%), and the soil system (34% of farms with ponds). The compliance rate (40.98%) and adoption rate (41.00%) of biosecurity measures (BM) were intermediate. The most adopted BM were "sanitary lock" and "no exchange of materials with other farms", while the least adopted was "veterinary intervention", "dead fish incinerated" and "special outfit for visitors". The BM was significantly more observed in intensive, nursery farms and those whose culture facilities were fastanks + concrete tanks with 3 to 12 production cycles per year. A strong, positive, and significant linear relationship was established between the compliance rate (y) and BM such as the protection of farms from wild animals, quarantine of new fish, and number of production cycles per year (x). The linear regression model between y and x was y = 4.65x - 0.0417. The capacity of fish farmers should be built on biosecurity practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosocomial infections are a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased treatment costs in hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the factors determining the implementation of biosafety measures by the nursing staff of four hospitals in Piura via a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. A total of 215 nurses from various hospitals in the region participated by completing an online survey. The results demonstrated that extrinsic factors (FEX) positively influence the implementation of biosafety measures (BIOM) (β = 0.319 ***), as do intrinsic factors (FINT) (β = 0.520 **). Furthermore, intrinsic factors mediate the relationship between extrinsic factors and the implementation of biosafety measures (β = 0.443 ***). In conclusion, this study provides a deeper understanding of biosafety dynamics in healthcare settings and lays the groundwork for the development of customized interventions and ongoing training programs that ensure the optimal implementation of biosafety measures in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is no longer a hypothetical problem in the Caribbean but a new reality to which regional public health systems must adapt. One of its significant impacts is the increased transmission of infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, which is endemic in the region, and the presence of the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector responsible for transmitting the disease. (1) Methods: To assess the association between climatic factors and human dengue virus infections in the Caribbean, we conducted a systematic review of published studies on MEDLINE and Web of Science databases according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. (2) Results: In total, 153 papers were identified, with 27 studies selected that met the inclusion criteria ranging from the northern and southern Caribbean. Rainfall/precipitation and vapor pressure had a strong positive association with dengue incidence, whereas the evidence for the impact of temperatures was mixed. (3) Conclusions: The interaction between climate and human dengue disease in the Caribbean is complex and influenced by multiple factors, including waste management, infrastructure risks, land use changes, and challenged public health systems. Thus, more detailed research is necessary to understand the complexity of dengue within the wider Caribbean and achieve better dengue disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of World's Poultry Research is the property of Journal of World's Poultry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For over 70 years, aquaculture practices have relied on the same methods for biosecurity, however epidemics remain a primary limitation of global aquaculture yields with billions in revenue being lost every year due to disease. The intense nature of fish and shellfish farming necessitates the regular use of synthetic chemicals as both preventive and treatment measures, covering broodstocks to hatching and continuing through all stages of rearing. This practice, however, results in the contamination of rearing environments with persistent xenobiotics. A specific drawback in this foundational strategy for aquaculture biosecurity is highlighted in the current review: the consistent use of a water‐soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) across most, if not all, stages of rearing aquacultural livestock. PVP is used intensively within aquaculture practices as it is a ubiquitous additive within commercially available germicidal, prophylactic, and therapeutic products applied to control and prevent disease outbreaks within aquacultural farms. As a polymer, PVP is synthetic and biodegradation‐resistant, and has recently been described as an emerging contaminant of freshwater ecosystems. It is well documented that other persistent, synthetic polymer pollutants such as microplastics, reduce the fecundity, growth, and significantly deplete immune function in commercially important aquatic species. Despite this, intentionally added persistent soluble polymers, such as PVP, have not been considered in the context of aquaculture productivity. This review explores the potential impact of PVP on fish and shellfish highlighting the need for aquaculture to adopt sustainable chemical practices, drawing inspiration from advancements in nanotechnology applied within human medicines to address biosecurity protocol deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environmental bacteria in animal healthcare facilities may constitute a risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAI). Knowledge of the bacterial microflora composition and factors influencing the environmental bacterial load can support tailored interventions to lower the risk for HAI. The aims of this study were to: (1) quantify and identify environmental bacteria in one operating room (OR) and one ultrasound room (UR) in a small animal hospital, (2) compare the bacterial load to threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities, (3) characterise the genetic relationship between selected bacterial species to assess clonal dissemination, and (4) investigate factors associated with bacterial load during surgery. Settle plates were used for passive air sampling and dip slides for surface sampling. Bacteria were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption—Time Of Flight. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution. Single nucleotide polymorphism-analysis was performed to identify genetically related isolates. Linear regression was performed to analyse associations between observed explanatory factors and bacterial load. Results: The bacterial load on settle plates and dip slides were low both in the OR and the UR, most of the samples were below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities. All settle plates sampled during surgery were below the threshold values suggested for use in human clean surgical procedures. Staphylococcus spp. and Micrococcus spp. were the dominating species. There was no indication of clonal relationship among the sequenced isolates. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants were revealed. Air change and compliance with hygiene routines were sufficient in the OR. No other factors possibly associated with the bacterial load were identified. Conclusions: This study presents a generally low bacterial load in the studied OR and UR, indicating a low risk of transmission of infectious agents from the clinical environment. The results show that it is possible to achieve bacterial loads below threshold values suggested for use in human healthcare facilities in ORs in small animal hospitals and thus posing a reduced risk of HAI. Bacteria carrying genes conveying resistance to disinfectants indicates that resistant bacteria can persist in the clinical environment, with increased risk for HAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Invasive species, particularly omnivorous rodents, have damaged island ecosystems around the world. The unique flora and fauna of island systems have typically not evolved with omnivorous rodents and are heavily impacted by their introduction. Wake Atoll of the southern Pacific Ocean is a 707-hectare coral island complex of three islands managed by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). DoD restricts civilian access to the atoll but aircraft and seacraft regularly visit the island to transport military equipment and to sustain the year-round military and contractor personnel stationed on the atoll. Wake Atoll had been invaded by Rattus rattus complex rats and R. exulans (Pacific rats). A 2012 eradication effort successfully removed the larger-bodied R. rattus complex species but the smaller-bodied R. exulans escaped eradication and continue to be numerous. During routine small mammal monitoring in February 2022, two individuals of another species of rodent were discovered and in August 2022 a pregnant female of this larger-bodied species was captured. Here, we report the mitochondrial DNA-based identification of the three individuals discovered on Wake Atoll in 2022. Based on mtDNA, we were able to ascertain that these individuals are likely Neotoma albigula, a species whose native range is restricted to the south-central United States and Mexico. All three Wake Atoll specimens shared the same mtDNA haplotype, which had 99-100% sequence similarity to several N. albigula specimens collected in south-central New Mexico. We propose that one or more live N. albigula may have been transported from one of the active military bases that routinely supply operations conducted on Wake Island. This work highlights that novel invasive species are an ongoing problem and can arise from species not formerly known to be invasive. Further, management of this problem must focus on biosecurity efforts to reduce the probability of novel or recurring invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAnimal health is essential to ensure the highest level of animal welfare and to conserve resources. Especially in naturally ventilated barns, the airborne entry of pathogens is difficult to avoid. For instance, birds in naturally ventilated turkey barns are frequently infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza and the airborne route may play a role. In this study, a naturally ventilated turkey barn was equipped with filter modules that allow a conversion to a mechanically ventilated barn.MethodsFour filter modules with two filter stages were adapted to a turkey barn and the curtains were closed to induce a slight overpressure in the barn. Air samples were taken over the course of 16 months in front of and behind the filter units to assess the filter efficiencies. Filter efficiencies were evaluated by the reduction of particle classes (PM1, PM10, nanoparticles), microorganisms (total bacteria, molds, yeasts), and the detection of potentially pathogenic bacteria and viruses by PCR tests.ResultsParticle reduction rates were 94.17% for PM1, 94.27% for PM10, and 95.80% for nanoparticles, respectively. Total bacteria counts were reduced by 95.88%, molds by 94.64%, and yeasts by 66.03%. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was significantly retained in the filter units. The results for influenza A also indicated that the entry of potentially infectious particles could be prevented.DiscussionThe flexible switch from a naturally to a mechanically ventilated barn with filtered supply air can be an innovative solution to avoid airborne pathogen entry in risky situations and may represent a component in the strategy to control epidemic diseases.

ABSTRACT A major risk to the poultry industry is antimicrobial resistance (AMR), specifically with regard to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections. The sensitivity patterns of 100 MG isolates to biocides and antibiotics were examined in this study to clarify the interactions between antimicrobial agents and resistance mechanisms. The antimicrobial activity against MG was assessed using broth microdilution, and the results are shown as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each strain, the MIC distribution (range), the MIC50, and/or the MIC90. The statistical associations between the MICs of the antibiotics and biocides were investigated using regression model analysis and correlation coefficients. The absence of a cell wall in MG inherently confers resistance to beta‐lactams, thereby necessitating the utilization of enrofloxacin, difloxacin, flumequine, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, lincomycin, spectinomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. These antibiotics exhibited MIC50 values of 0.5, 0.5, 0.12, 0.062, 0.12, 0.031, 0.016, 0.016, 0.062, 16, 1, 0.008, 2, 0.5 and 32, respectively. In addition to antibiotics, disinfectants have garnered attention for their contribution to the development of AMR in MG. Notably, formalin, phenol, NADES, Halamid, Virkon‐S, MicroSet and SteriSet exhibited MIC50 values of 125, 500, 31.25, 15.63, 15.63, 7.81 and 62.5, respectively. Significant positive correlations and direct associations were identified between various biocides and the development of antibiotic resistance, with coefficients ranging from 0.098 to 1.176. This research highlights the intricate nature of resistance profiles in MG and underscores the necessity for a thorough understanding of antimicrobial interactions. This finding emphasizes the importance of managing emerging AMR stemming from disinfectant misuse in the poultry farms to prevent additional constraints on antibiotic treatment options.

Salmonella spp. and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are significant foodborne zoonotic pathogens that impact the health of livestock, farmers, and the general public. This study aimed to identify biosecurity measures (BSMs) against these pathogens on swine farms in Europe, the United States, and Canada. Overall, 1,529 articles from three scientific databases were screened manually and with the artificial intelligence (AI) tool ASReview. We identified 54 BSMs from 32 articles, primarily focused on Salmonella spp. control. Amongst the extracted BSMs, only five measures for Salmonella spp. control, namely, ‘acidification of feed’, ‘acidification of drinking water’, ‘rodent control’, ‘all-in and all-out production’, and ‘disinfection’ had sufficient observations to conduct a meta-analysis. Of these five, acidification and rodent control were found to be protective measures, that is, their summary odds ratios in the corresponding meta-analyses were lower than 1, indicating lower odds of Salmonella spp. presence on farms which implemented these BSM compared to farms which did not implement them (odds ratio [OR] around 0.25). All-in and all-out production showed a non-significant protective effect (OR = 0.71), while disinfection showed a statistically non-significant lack of association between disinfection and the presence of Salmonella spp. on the farm (OR = 1.03). For HEV, no meta-analysis could be performed. According to multiple articles, two BSMs were significantly associated with a lower risk of HEV presence, namely, disinfecting vehicles (OR = 0.30) and quarantining pigs before introducing them on the farm (OR = 0.48). A risk of bias assessment for each included article revealed a high risk in the majority of the articles, mainly due to selection and performance bias. This emphasises the lack of standardised, high-quality study designs and robust empirical evidence linking BSM implementation to pathogen reduction. The limited data available for meta-analysis, coupled with the high risk of bias (RoB) in the literature, highlights the urgent need for more substantial evidence on the effectiveness of BSMs in mitigating the transmission and spread of zoonotic pathogens, such as Salmonella spp. and HEV on pig farms.

This study highlights the critical role of biosafety and biosecurity in scientific advancement and public health protection. It stresses responsible research conduct and risk mitigation. Biorisk management systematically identifies, assesses, and mitigates biohazard risks, ensuring safety for personnel and the environment. Collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Nigerian Biological Safety Association (NiBSA) boosts international cooperation and biosafety standards. The SNL-NiBSA Biorisk Management Course in Lagos addresses Nigerian challenges with practical solutions. Key learnings emphasize risk assessment, lab practices, protective gear use, and waste management. Identified challenges prompt education enhancement, resource optimization, and international collaboration. Potential outcomes include replicated training programs, local guidance documents, policy advocacy, and regional cooperation. Overall, SNL-NiBSA collaboration elevates biosafety, promotes responsible research, and enhances global health security.

Pig production in Uganda is a thriving business as the demand for pork and pork products is increasing. Pork consumption per capita in Uganda is estimated to be 3.5 kg and is considered the highest in Africa. Pig production is, however, limited by several factors, including endemic diseases, particularly African swine fever (ASF), which can result in up to 100% mortality. The factors responsible for ASF outbreaks are poorly understood, especially at farm level. A study conducted in Kasawo and Katosi sub-counties between February and March 2023 aimed to examine biosecurity and husbandry practices on pig farms. A questionnaire was distributed to pig farmers and a Focus Group Discussion (FDG) of animal health care workers was held. Blood samples were collected from pigs of all ages and sex in the two sub counties and ASF virus antibodies were tested using competitive ELISA. Out of the 777 collected blood samples, none was seropositive for ASF virus antibodies. Of the 292 households sampled, 70% kept their pigs indoors, while only 0.7% had fenced enclosures, and 4% had functional foot baths. The FGD revealed that animal health workers, who were on daily calls, carried disinfectants to sanitize their personal protective equipment (PPE) every time they left a farm. The lack of centralized slaughter facilities was identified as a key factor contributing to the spread of the ASF virus, as well as the panic selling of pigs during suspected ASF outbreaks. Sharing boars, purchasing and stocking pigs without veterinary health certification were identified as contributing factors. The results from this study showed that although active ASF infections were not found in pigs, the district experienced ASF outbreaks in the past. The study concluded that educating farmers about the spread and prevention of ASF, ensuring ongoing disinfection of PPE by animal health professionals, and establishing pig slaughter facilities could help eliminate ASF transmission and spread in the area.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly virulent disease rapidly spreading through Europe with fatal consequences for wild boar and domestic pigs. Understanding pathogen transmission among individuals and populations is crucial for disease control. However, the carcass attractiveness for boars was surprisingly almost unstudied. Here, we evaluated if the wild boar carcasses are perceived as an attractant compared to the control sites throughout the year. For this purpose, 28 wild boar carcasses were placed in seven forest stands and continuously monitored in 2019–2020 by camera traps combined with control locations situated at least 200 m away in comparable habitats. Overall, we have recorded 3,602 wild boar visits, from which 3,017 (83.8%) were recorded in locations with placed carcasses and 585 (16.2%) in control locations. Most visits were recorded after sunset and before sunrise, corresponding to common peaks of wild boar activity. On average, the first visits were detected 4.7 days after carcass placement. Contrarily, it was 61.5 days for the control site. In conclusion, we have proven an enormous wild boar carcass attractiveness for boars, which exhibits an entirely new aspect of wild boar behavior. Therefore, the carcass removal is a crucial measure for controlling the spread of ASF.

The study aimed to characterize Salmonella and Yersinia enterocolitica detected in fattening pigs in Sardinia, examining genetic similarity and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from farms and slaughterhouses and evaluating carcass hygiene. Environmental samples were collected from six pig farms, and the same pigs were also sampled at the slaughterhouses. Palatine tonsils, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon content, and carcass surface samples were collected and tested for Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica. Antimicrobial resistance testing and whole genome sequencing were performed on all isolates. Carcass surface samples were tested for total aerobic colony count (ACC) and Enterobacteriaceae count (EBC). Y. enterocolitica was found in two farms (33%), while Salmonella was absent in environmental farm samples. At slaughterhouses, 13.1% of pigs were found positive for Salmonella (lymph nodes, colon content, and palatine tonsils samples), but Y. enterocolitica was not detected. Salmonella isolates were typed as monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34 and S. Goldcoast ST358, with few allelic differences among isolates of the same ST. Salmonella ST34 showed resistance towards ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide, and tetracycline (blaTEM-1B, aph(3´´)-Ib, sul2 and tetB genes, R-type ASSuT). Y. enterocolitica isolates (biotype 2, ST853, and ST859) showed resistance to ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (blaA gene). Process hygiene criteria were generally met, with mean (log10 CFU/cm2 ± standard deviation) values for ACC and EBC being 2.23±0.74 and 0.75±0.81. Pigs of Sardinia are confirmed carriers of Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica, but overall hygienic status in farms and slaughterhouses in Sardinia is acceptable. Monophasic S. Typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica isolates showed typical resistance patterns. Monophasic S. Typhimurium ST34 isolates with R-type ASSuT are confirmed as epidemic clones.

Background: Safe management of healthcare waste (HW) safeguards laboratory biosafety and biosecurity. Knowledge and attitudes influence HW practices, presenting a need for evidence of the current status. Objective: This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practice of laboratory workers towards waste management at a regional hospital laboratory in Lesotho. Methods: The study was conducted from March 2023 to June 2023 using a mixed-methods descriptive case study design. The entire population (n = 30) of technical and non-technical laboratory workers and generated waste were sampled. A structured questionnaire and an observational checklist were used to collect data. Waste generation was assessed by weighing and measuring waste volumes. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: All respondents (26/26; 100%) can define HW and (3/3) laboratory assistants (100%) gave correct responses for three questions, namely: risk associated with HW, waste container colour-coding, and disposal requirements. Knowledge on waste management responsibilities ranged between 0% (0/4) for cleaners and 54.5% (6/11) among laboratory technicians. Attitudes were mainly positive, and practices conformed in part to standard operating procedures. Infectious solid waste comprised 77% of solid HW, while 63% of chemical liquid waste emanated from the full blood count area. Conclusion: Knowledge exists among workers and attitudes are predominantly positive; however, some unsafe practices continue, thus knowledge is not fully translated to safe practices. Regular training and measuring and recording of HW were recommended. What this study adds: The study contributes understanding of the status of HW knowledge, attitudes and management practices, highlighting the need for compliance monitoring.

Risk assessments are important tools to identify deficits in biosecurity management practices. A major strength of some existing tools is that they facilitate cross-country comparisons. However, a weakness is their failure to account for unique intra-national farming enterprise structures such as, for example, pasture-based dairying. Currently, there are no suitable biosecurity risk assessment tools applicable to pasture-based dairying as practiced in Ireland. In addition to a need for enterprise-specific biosecurity risk assessment tools, the weighting of risk scores generated by these tools needs to be context-specific to ensure validity in assessing biosecurity risks in the farming sector of interest. Furthermore, existing biosecurity audits rely exclusively on respondent recall to answer questions about management practices. To address each of these limitations of existing biosecurity risk assessment tools we developed and optimised a new biosecurity risk assessment tool (BioscoreDairy) designed to assess the biosecurity status of pasture-based dairy farms in Ireland. It consists of two parts, a biosecurity questionnaire and a cattle movement records audit. A questionnaire was developed on biosecurity management practices appropriate for a pasture-based dairy system. Multiple national expert groups were leveraged to provide weightings for the different management practices in the questionnaire using the best-worst scaling methodology of MaxDiff. The results of this process provided a numerical categorisation that could then be used to assign scores to the individual biosecurity management practices. These practices were grouped into three biosecurity areas; risk of disease entry, speed of disease spread and diagnosis of infection. Within each of these three areas, a traffic light system was used to compare a farm’s biosecurity risks to other similar farms—least risk (green; within the top third of farms), concerning practice (amber; middle third) and worst practice or greatest risk (red; lowest third). In addition to these scores, the cattle introduction profile of a herd over the previous 3 years, based on nationally recorded data, was audited, compared amongst dairy farm enterprise subtypes, and included in the BioscoreDairy report. BioscoreDairy is therefore the first biosecurity risk assessment tool tailored to pasture-based dairy farm systems, both for individual farm reporting and for benchmarking against comparable farms.

Trichinella is a zoonotic parasite, which historically has been of large concern for public health in Europe. Consequently, testing of all pigs for Trichinella has been mandatory in many European countries, even though Trichinella is almost exclusively found in outdoor or backyard production. The idea therefore emerged that auditing for biosecurity should replace testing in indoor production. In the European Union (EU), pigs raised under so-called controlled housing conditions are exempt from testing. The specific requirements for a pig production to be considered a controlled housing holding are described in Annex IV in the EU Trichinella Regulation No. 2015/1375. In Denmark, the controlled housing concept is used extensively, not to omit Trichinella testing but to allow visual-only post-mortem inspection at export-authorized abattoirs. The Danish pig industry has established a quality assurance scheme called DANISH Product Standard, which is used to assure that the pig production maintains specific standards. This paper describes how the control, including the auditing, is set up and shows how the EU requirements regarding controlled housing are controlled. Moreover, the EU requirements are compared with the recommendations issued by the International Commission on Trichinellosis and the World Organisation for Animal Health. Finally, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Danish way of documenting indoor finisher herds' compliance with controlled housing as specified by the EU are discussed. It is concluded that the validity of the system is high.

Livestock farming serves a crucial role in global food security and sustainability, yet infections like Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) present huge difficulties. LSD reduces the marketability and productivity of cattle, but it is not fatal. Current preventive measures that rely on routine veterinary testing can be time-consuming and miss early signs of infection, requiring a more effective management strategy first works This article presents an IoT-enabled intelligent system to prevent LSD in animals. The system uses a smart wearable sensor device to collect real-time health information including body temperature, heart rate and 3-axis motion data. Advanced analysis of data is considered to identify early diagnosis of potential LSD infection results based on deviations from normal parameters, this data prevents further infection within livestock by supporting immediate isolation. On a cloud-based online platform, and integrated into the mobile application provides a comprehensive experience and timely alerts to provide potential health issues. Furthermore, the IoT features of the system enable farmers and veterinarians to quickly guide and optimize disease control strategies, improving biosecurity protocols and overall livestock health management. This creative approach represents a significant improvement over traditional methods, providing a cost-effective, accurate and real-time solution for animal health monitoring and management.

The editorial discusses the challenges and solutions in animal health surveillance, emphasizing the importance of timely, sensitive, and cost-effective surveillance systems. Various studies highlighted the value of utilizing different data sources, engaging stakeholders, and using technology to enhance surveillance. Understanding animal movement patterns and fostering stakeholder participation are crucial for effective surveillance. The articles provide insights into improving surveillance methods and emphasize the need for collaborative approaches to enhance animal health surveillance globally. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract Background The international disclosure of Chinese human genetic data continues to be a contentious issue in China, generating public debates in both traditional and social media channels. Concerns have intensified after Chinese scientists’ research on pangenome data was published in the prestigious journal Nature. Methods This study scrutinized microblogs posted on Weibo, a popular Chinese social media site, in the two months immediately following the publication (June 14, 2023–August 21, 2023). Content analysis was conducted to assess the nature of public responses, justifications for positive or negative attitudes, and the users’ overall knowledge of how Chinese human genetic information is regulated and managed in China. Results Weibo users displayed contrasting attitudes towards the article’s public disclose of pangenome research data, with 18% positive, 64% negative, and 18% neutral. Positive attitudes came primarily from verified government and media accounts, which praised the publication. In contrast, negative attitudes originated from individual users who were concerned about national security and health risks and often believed that the researchers have betrayed China. The benefits of data sharing highlighted in the commentaries included advancements in disease research and scientific progress. Approximately 16% of the microblogs indicated that Weibo users had misunderstood existing regulations and laws governing data sharing and stewardship. Conclusions Based on the predominantly negative public attitudes toward scientific data sharing established by our study, we recommend enhanced outreach by scientists and scientific institutions to increase the public understanding of developments in genetic research, international data sharing, and associated regulations. Additionally, governmental agencies can alleviate public fears and concerns by being more transparent about their security reviews of international collaborative research involving Chinese human genetic data and its cross-border transfer.

Abstract Background Two outbreaks of swinepox were investigated in free-range domestic pig farms located in the northeastern side of Sicily, Italy. The disease is generally self-limiting with a low mortality rate, but morbidity can reach high rates in case of poor sanitary conditions, improper husbandry practices and ectoparasitic infestation. The presented cases are the first ever reported on the island and part of the few cases reported in domestic pigs. Case presentation Carcasses condemned at the slaughterhouse and deceased pigs from Farm A and Farm B respectively, were referred for post-mortem examination and further investigations, with a strong suspect of SwinePox virus (SWPV) infection. Twelve deceased pigs were examined in total, showing poor body condition and pustular lesions scattered all over the cutaneous surfaces. Moreover, pigs from Farm B showed ocular lesions classified from Grade I to IV (from mild conjunctivitis to severe keratoconjunctivitis with corneal oedema, opacity, and ulcers). Final diagnosis was pursued by the microscopic assessment of skin lesions in both farms, which revealed the typical SWPV-lesion appearance, such as severe and disseminated ulcerative dermatitis and suspected inclusion bodies multifocally observed in the epidermis. Moreover, negative staining Electron Microscopy (nsEM) was performed on skin lesions and ocular swabs from Farm B, revealing in two samples the presence of brick-shaped viral particles, 220 nm long and 160 nm wide, with irregularly arranged surface tubules, identified as SWPV. The gene encoding the 482-bp fragment of the virus late transcription factor–3 was detected by PCR and sequencing revealed 99.79% identity and 100% query-cover with a strain previously isolated in Germany. Field clinical assessment was then performed in Farm B, revealing high overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions and improper husbandry practices, which are relevant risk factors for SWPV transmission. Conclusions The present is the first case report of SWPV in free-range pigs raised in Sicily, an island of the Southern coast of Italy, and wants to raise awareness on a neglected disease, and cause of animal health and welfare issues.

The notion of deterrence by denial has been introduced in relation to biosecurity. The goal of deterrence by denial in biosecurity extends beyond dissuading attacks. It also encompasses the protection of citizens in the event of an attack. In this vein, it may be considered as including the elements of deterrence and safeguards in terms of the protection of complying states from the hazards of violations and evasions. In presenting a historical overview of nuclear safeguards and shedding light on the limitations of the safeguard system of the International Atomic Energy Agency, this paper delineates the distinction between safeguards and verification for deterrence. Subsequently, it examines the case of the Biological Weapons Convention in which verification is considered a crucial factor for deterrence and investigates the potential for deterrence by denial to serve as an alternative to verification in effective safeguards. It argues that the adoption of deterrence by denial in biosecurity could exert synergistic effects by rectifying the shortcomings of the verification system within the Biological Weapons Convention and providing effective safeguards without the need for coercive measures.

In recent years, the emergence of novel biological threats has brought biosecurity issues to the forefront of societal concerns. The United Kingdom established the UK Biological Security Strategy in 2018, and after revisions, a new version was published in June 2023. The strategy presents the UK's new vision, mission, outcomes, and plans, and provides action plans from four perspectives: understanding, preventing, detecting, and responding to major biological threats to protect the UK's national interests and enhance biosecurity emergency preparedness and response capabilities. This article introduces the main contents and framework of the 2023 UK Biosecurity Strategy in detail, and reflects on its implications to provide a reference for the construction and development of China's biosecurity strategy.