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Research on the monitoring of the pathogen Coccomyces hiemalis sin. Blumeria jaapi took place on the territory of the Research Station for Fruit Growing Iasi, within the research polygon. The observations were made on 5 cultivars approved at RSFG Iasi and belong to the category of early ripening cultivars. 'Cetățuia', 'Cătălina', 'Andreias', 'Cociuvas' and 'Mihailis' cultivars were studied, their monitoring began in May, analysing 3 trees of each cultivar, 300 leaves from each tree in three repetitions, observing the frequency and intensity of the pathogen's attack. During the growing season of 2022, 4 treatments with fungicides, insecticides and foliar fertilizers were used for phytosanitary maintenance. Following the observations made, the analysed cultivars recorded a minimum attack degree of 0.825% on the 'Cetățuia' cultivar and the highest of 1.63% for the ‘Mihailis’ cultivar. The low degree of attack was due to the earliness of the cultivars studied.

In this study, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of reciprocal grafting on the growth and Cd accumulation in post-grafting generations of two cherry tomatoes – red (Red cherry 5-5-1-1) and yellow (RTY-3-2) cherry tomatoes. Six treatments, which consisted of ungrafted red cherry tomato (R-CK), ungrafted yellow cherry tomato (Y-CK), red cherry tomato as rootstock (R-rootstock), red cherry tomato as scion (R-scion), yellow cherry tomato as rootstock (Y- rootstock), and yellow cherry tomato as scion (Y-scion) were utilised. The results showed that grafting significantly decreased the root biomass of Y- rootstock and Y-scion as compared to that of Y-CK, but there were no differences in the shoot biomass. Compared with that of Y-CK, grafting increased the root Cd content of the post-grafting generations, specifically, Y- rootstock and Y-scion increased by 54.44% and 52.96%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the shoot Cd content of Y- rootstock, Y-scion, and Y-CK. The root, stem, leaf, and shoot biomass of R-rootstock increased by 14.17%, 76.23%, 36.47%, and 21.72%, respectively, as compared with that of R-CK. However, grafting had no significant effect on the root, stem, leaf, and shoot biomass of R-scion. Grafting significantly increased the root Cd content of R-rootstock. However, grafting significantly decreased the shoot Cd content of R-rootstock, with the value 26.18% lower than that of R-CK. The root Cd content of R-scion significantly increased compared with the R-CK, and the shoot Cd content had no differences. Therefore, the reciprocal grafting of the two cherry tomatoes promoted the growth and reduced the Cd uptake of R-rootstock. Findings from this study could be used to provide a reference for the safe production of tomatoes in heavy metal-contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an important allotetraploid cherry species that evolved in the Caspian Sea and Black Sea regions from a hybridization of the tetraploid ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.) and an unreduced pollen of the diploid sweet cherry (P. avium L.) ancestor. Details of when and where the evolution of this species occurred are unclear, as well as the effect of hybridization on the genome structure. To gain insight, the genome of the sour cherry cultivar 'Schattenmorelle' was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeqTM and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies, resulting in a ~629-Mbp pseudomolecule reference genome. The genome could be separated into two subgenomes, with subgenome PceS_a originating from P. avium and subgenome PceS_f originating from P. fruticosa. The genome also showed size reduction compared to ancestral species and traces of homoeologous sequence exchanges throughout. Comparative analysis confirmed that the genome of sour cherry is segmental allotetraploid and evolved very recently in the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the causal agents of bacterial canker is Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum—Pam (formerly Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum). Recently detected in Chile, Pam is known to cause lesions in the aerial parts of the plant, followed by more severe symptoms such as cankers and gummosis in the later stages of the disease. This study presents the design of PCR and LAMP detection methods for the specific and sensitive identification of Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum (Pam) from cherry trees. Twelve Pseudomonas isolates were collected, sequenced, and later characterized by Multi-locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) and Average Nucleotide Identity by blast (ANIb). Three of them (11116B2, S1 Pam, and S2 Pam) were identified as Pseudomonas amygdali pv. morsprunorum and were used to find specific genes through RAST server, by comparing their genome with that of other Pseudomonas, including isolates from other Pam strains. The effector gene HopAU1 was selected for the design of primers to be used for both techniques, evaluating sensitivity and specificity, and the ability to detect Pam directly from plant tissues. While the PCR detection limit was 100 pg of purified bacterial DNA per reaction, the LAMP assays were able to detect up to 1 fg of purified DNA per reaction. Similar results were observed using plant tissues, LAMP being more sensitive than PCR, including when using DNA extracted from infected plant tissues. Both detection methods were tested in the presence of 30 other bacterial genera, with LAMP being more sensitive than PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity, pose a significant threat to plant growth and development, reducing crop yield and quality. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins serve as crucial calcium sensors in plant responses to diverse environmental stresses. However, the CBL family in sweet cherry has not been identified at the genome-wide level, and the regulatory role of CBL proteins in cherry plants’ salt response is unclear. Here, we identified 10 CBL family genes (PavCBLs) from the Prunus avium genome and cloned seven of them. We comprehensively analyzed PavCBL genes for collinearity, phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, and conserved motifs. Expression analysis revealed significant induction of transcription under abiotic stress, with PavCBL4 displaying the most substantial expression change. Additionally, we identified PavCBL4 as a PavSOS2 (Salt Overly Sensitive 2)-interacting protein through Y2H and Split-LUC assays. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that PavCBL4 is present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Functional assessment of PavCBL4 in the PavCBL4-overexpressing transgenic ‘Gisela 6’ plants showed its positive role in enhancing salt tolerance in cherry plants. Measurements of Na+ content and antioxidant enzyme activity under salt stress indicated that PavCBL4 functions positively by inhibiting Na+ accumulation and promoting ROS scavenging in response to salt stress. These findings lay the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PavCBL-mediated salt tolerance in sweet cherry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the tolerance of immature tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to water submersion could have practical application in orchard sanitation for fly management. Herein, we determined the mortality of immature western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, submerged in water by submersing infested cherries for 4, 8, and 12 d. In 2020, 2021, and 2022, infested ripe cherries (mostly sweet cherry Prunus avium L.; Rosaceae) were collected from unmanaged trees outside of orchards in central Washington, U.S.A., submerged in water, and then removed from water to monitor for larval emergence as a measure of immature fly stage survival. Pre-treatment sub-samples estimated that eggs comprised 43.1–62.3% of immature stages in sweet cherries and second or third instars comprised 17.6–26.2%. Water in tests was hypoxic, containing <1–2 ppm dissolved oxygen over the majority of the 4- to 12-d tests. The 4-d submersion treatment did not prevent emergence of larvae from a tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) sample, whereas larval emergence was prevented in sweet and tart cherry samples in 8- and 12-d treatments. In the 8-d treatment, an estimated 48,689 immature fly stages did not survive treatment, for an estimated 99.99385% mortality at the 95% confidence level and a probit of 8.8400. These results demonstrate, as a proof of concept, that water submersion could be used as a method for disinfesting fruit in systems where orchard sanitation is a major method for fly management. La determinación de la tolerancia de los inmaduros de las moscas tefrítidas de la fruta (Diptera: Tephritidae) a la inmersión en agua podría tener una aplicación práctica en el saneamiento de huertos para el control de moscas. Determinamos la mortalidad de los estados inmaduros de la mosca occidental de la cereza, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, sumergida en agua al sumergir cerezas infestadas durante 4, 8 y 12 días. En 2020, 2021 y 2022, se recolectaron cerezas maduras infestadas (principalmente cerezas dulces Prunus avium L.; Rosaceae) de árboles no manejados fuera de huertos en el centro de Washington, EE. UU., se las sumergieron en agua y luego se retiraron del agua para monitorear la aparición de larvas. como medida de sobrevivencia del estadio inmaduro. Las submuestras previas al tratamiento estimaron que los huevos comprendían entre el 43,1% y el 62,3% de los estados inmaduros en las cerezas dulces, mientras que el segundo o tercer estadio comprendía entre el 17,6% y el 26,2%. El agua en las pruebas era hipóxica y contenía <1 a 2 ppm de oxígeno disuelto durante la mayoría de las pruebas de 4 a 12 días. El tratamiento de inmersión de 4 días no impidió la aparición de larvas en una muestra de cereza ácida (Prunus cerasus L.), mientras que la aparición de larvas se evitó en muestras de cerezas dulces y ácidas en los tratamientos de 8 y 12 días. En el tratamiento de 8 días, se estima que 48.689 estadios inmaduros de moscas no sobrevivieron al tratamiento, para una mortalidad estimada del 99,99385% con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un probit de 8,8400. Estos resultados demuestran, como prueba de concepto, que la inmersión en agua podría usarse como un método para desinfectar la fruta en sistemas donde el saneamiento de los huertos es un método importante para el control de las moscas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese cherries, with their delightful blend of sourness and sweetness, are highly favored for their taste and nutritional benefits. However, they mature in conditions of high temperatures and rainfall, making them vulnerable to fungal infections which compromise their post-harvest quality. Our research aimed to study the effects of pre-harvest spraying with salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the pathogenic fungi in Manaohong cherries and their subsequent storage quality. We discovered that using SA and SNP at varying fruit development stages preserved fruit hardness, texture, appearance, and respiratory rate during storage, although it did not significantly alter the fruit's dimensions. Furthermore, this pre-harvest treatment preserved levels of titratable acids, total phenols, and other antioxidants in the cherries, bolstered the activities of certain antioxidant enzymes (SOD, APX), and inhibited the activity of PPO and POD enzymes.Notably, the SA treatment alone demonstrated superior storage performance compared to combined treatments. Our research also identified Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum godetiae as the primary pathogens in Manaohong cherries. In in vitro experiments, neither SA nor SNP inhibited these fungi's growth. Consequently, we evaluated 12 pesticides and determined that 5% hexaconazole and 50% benomyl were most effective against these pathogens. Thus, to enhance the shelf life of Manaohong cherries and ensure their post-harvest quality, we recommend a pre-harvest spray of a SA, and combined with 5% hexaconazole and 50% benomyl. This approach not only promises enhanced cherry longevity but also lays a foundational strategy for the flourishing Manaohong Cherry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an anodically pretreated pencil graphite electrode (Ptre/PGE) which has oxygen-containing groups was used for the electrochemical determination of Allura Red (AR) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method for the first time in the literature. In order to be more selective and sensitive the pencil graphite electrode, the anodic pretreatment process was performed by applying a constant +1.8 V potential for 250 s in pH 9 phosphate buffer solution using chronoamperometry method. The characterisation studies of the sensor were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. Interference effects of sunset yellow, tartrazine, amaranth, aspartame, glucose, gelatin, and ascorbic acid on AR determination with Ptre/PGE were investigated. The limit of detection and quantitation values was found as 75 and 251 nmol L−1, respectively. The Ptre/PGE has been used for the determination of AR in cherry juice and energy drink samples, where it provides recovery ranging from 98.40% to 100.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monilinia spp. cause brown rot and blossom blight of stone fruit. This study characterized the diversity of Monilinia spp. associated with stone fruit rots in the Cuneo province, the major fruit production area in Piedmont, and assessed their sensitivity to azoxystrobin, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, fludioxonil and tebuconazole. Species diversity was determined by PCR amplification and sequencing of isolate internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Sensitivity to fungicides was determined by measuring in vitro mycelium growth on fungicide-amended media. Fifty isolates were obtained from apricot, cherry, or peach fruits with typical brown rot symptoms. Thirteen isolates were identified as M. fructicola, and 37 as M. laxa. Nine isolates of Monilinia laxa and two of M. fructicola had resistance factor (RF) values greater than 10 for different fungicides. The greatest (RF) value (48.96) was measured for azoxystrobin against the M. fructicola isolate CVG 1514. Among the M. laxa isolates, isolate CVG 1547 had the greatest RF value to cyprodinil, while isolate CVG 1709 had RF values greater than 10 for cyprodinil and tebuconazole. A systematic and wider sampling should be carried out in the Piedmont region to determine the distribution of fungicide resistant Monilinia spp. in stone fruit crops. The use of site-specific fungicides remains the most effective strategy for control brown rot, and continued monitoring for fungicide resistance within Monilinia spp. populations is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of fluid extracts obtained from three Romanian cultivars of haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea L.) var. Loni, bitter cherries (Prunus avium var. sylvestris Ser.) var. Silva, and pomace from red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) var. Mamaia, and their capacity to modulate in vitro steatosis, in view of developing novel anti-obesity products. Total phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and ascorbic acid content of fluid extracts was spectrophotometrically assessed and their free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated using Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and free 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition assays. The Pearson coefficients showed a moderate correlation between the antioxidant activity of fluid extracts and their phenolic content, but a strong correlation between anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content. HPLC analysis identified and quantified the main phenolic compounds of chlorogenic and syringic acid, catechin, and glycosylated kaempferol, apigenin, and quercetin, in variable proportions. An in vitro experimental model of steatosis was developed in HepG2 hepatocytes treated with a mixture of free fatty acids. Cell culture analyses showed that cytocompatible concentrations of fluid extracts could significantly reduce the lipid accumulation and inhibit the reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide secretion in stressed hepatocytes. In conclusion, these results put an emphasis on the chemical compounds' high antioxidant and liver protection capacity of unstudied fluid extracts obtained from Romanian cultivars of bitter cherries var. Silva and pomace of red grapes var. Mamaia, similar to the fluid extract of haskap berries var. Loni, in particular, the positive modulation of fat deposition next to oxidative stress and the lipid peroxidation process triggered by fatty acids in HepG2 hepatocytes. Consequently, this study indicated that these fluid extracts could be further exploited as hepatoprotective agents in liver steatosis, which provides a basis for the further development of novel extract mixtures with synergistic activity as anti-obesity products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial canker of cherry, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars, is a major constraint to cherry growing in New Zealand. The prevalence of strains from cherry orchards in Central Otago, the main growing area for cherries in New Zealand, was studied, to better understand the epidemiology of the disease. Pseudomonas spp. isolates were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic cherry tissue from 23 commercial cherry orchards in 2015. Isolates were classified into strains belonging to three different taxonomic groups by determining their phylogeny using the gltA gene sequence for all the strains and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of four housekeeping genes for 35 strains. Pathogenicity of all Central Otago strains was tested on immature cherry fruit to support the phylogenetic classification. The two main taxonomic groups were P. syringae pv. syringae (Pss) and P. syringae pv. morsprunorum race 1 (Psm1), in Phylogroup 2 (PG2) and Phylogroup 3 (PG3), respectively. The third group comprised nonpathogenic strains classified as Pseudomonas spp. Strains of Psm1 formed a monophyletic group, representing an almost clonal population. There was more variation detected within strains of Pss, although they were restricted to group PG2d. Nonpathogenic Pseudomonas spp. and pathogenic Pss and Psm1 strains coexisted in the same orchard. It was concluded that Pss is the predominant pathovar in Central Otago. This is the first detailed study of the P. syringae species complex in cherry orchards in New Zealand and provides the basis for future epidemiology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the anthropometric and biochemical parameters for women with insulin resistance when lyophilized dried cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L., CM) was added to medical nutrition therapy (MNT). The study was conducted with 84 women aged 18–45, who had been diagnosed with insulin resistance. Participants were randomized into four groups: MNT + 20 g lyophilized dried CM group (DCm, n = 22), MNT group (D, n = 21), only 20 g lyophilized dried CM group (Cm, n = 21), and the control group (C, n = 20). All participants were followed for 12 weeks. While pre‐ and post‐intervention biochemical parameters were recorded from patient files, anthropometric measurements and food consumption records were taken every 15 days. Pre‐intervention groups were homogeneously distributed. Post‐intervention, among the groups, all anthropometric measurements were similar between the DCm and D, while the percentage of decrease in insulin resistance‐related parameters was approximately two times greater in DCm than in D (p <.05). When the Cm and C were compared, it was found that all post‐intervention anthropometric measurements were similar, but the percentage of decrease in fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and HOMA‐IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment‐Insulin Resistance) values were greater in C (p <.05). In this study, it was concluded that CM consumption resulted with a decrease in insulin resistance‐related biochemical parameters independent of body weight change. Nevertheless, MNT has positive effects on women with insulin resistance, and adding lyophilized dried CM to MNT improves insulin resistance‐related parameters and may be beneficial for preventing the development of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The veneering process significantly affects the roughness of the furniture elements. The article investigates the effect of the veneering mode on the roughness of cherry (Prunus avium L.) veneered wood medium-density fiber boards (MDF). Different veneering regimes were carried out with controllable variation of the mode factors temperature and pressing pressure. For this purpose, a two-factor experiment was performed with a change in temperature of pressing from 80 to 200°C and pressure from 0.07 to 0.19MPa. Before venneering process, the veneered surfaces are sanded with P150 sandpaper. The values of basic roughness parameters were measured after each technological treatment, in the same evaluation lengths. Based on the results, graphical dependences between the roughness of the veneered boards and the basic mode parameters are presented. The press pressure does not significantly affect the roughness of the veneer. The combination of high temperature and high press pressure reduced initial surface roughness by 16%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherries are spring fruits enriched with nutrients and sweetness, which are widely popular among consumers all over the world. Cherry appearance characteristic is an important indicator for consumers' purchases and robot picking, which is closely related with classifying cherry maturity and monitoring cherry diseases. It is therefore very important to accurately identify the overall appearance quality of cherries. Fruit appearance quality detection has been continuously developed by advanced deep learning techniques. In this paper, an innovative cherry appearance detection method is developed for rapid and accurate classification of different cherry maturity stages and disease status. The different convolutional neural networks are used as a feature extractor to extract the deep features and then the features are imported into nine classifiers to detect the appearance quality of cherries. The fine-tuned method performs quite well with superior accuracy of cherry classification at less computation overhead for training. The experimental results show that: (1) Among the 54 combined models, the accuracy of twenty-two combined models is higher than transfer learning. (2) The training time of all the combined models is tremendously shorter than transfer learning. (3) The best model, Mobilenet_v2 plus support vector machine, have a recognition accuracy of 98.3% and the training time is 73.478 s. The experimental results show that the method of extracting features into classifiers has a good effect on recognizing cherry appearance quality. The successful application of this method provides a new solution for cherry appearance ripeness and disease identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the potential enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of edible films, composed of (i) chitosan (CH), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) (50%-37.5%-12.5%) and (ii) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) (50%-37.5%-12.5%), with silver nanoparticle (AgNP) incorporationat levels 5, 10 and 15% v/v. According to the results, the AgNP addition led to very high antimicrobial activity of both films, reducing by more than 96% the microbial growth of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) in all cases. On the other hand, by adding AgNPs to films, their thickness as well as oxygen and water vapor permeability decreased, while their transparency increased. Furthermore, the contribution of these specific edible films to preserve cherries under cold storage was investigated. All edible coatings resulted in an improvement of the fruit properties under consideration, and especially the color difference, hardness and total microbial load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate recognition of the canopy is a prerequisite for precision orchard yield estimation. This paper proposed an enhanced LA-dpv3+ approach for the recognition of cherry canopies based on UAV image data, with a focus on enhancing feature representation through the implementation of an attention mechanism. The attention mechanism module was introduced to the encoder stage of the DeepLabV3+ architecture, which improved the network's detection accuracy and robustness. Specifically, we developed a diagonal discrete cosine transform feature strategy within the attention convolution module to extract finer details of canopy information from multiple frequency components. The proposed model was constructed based on a lightweight DeepLabv3+ network architecture that incorporates a MobileNetv2 backbone, effectively reducing computational costs. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieved a balance between computational cost and the quality of results when compared to competing approaches. Our model's accuracy exceeded 89% while maintaining a modest model size of only 46.8 MB. The overall performance indicated that with the help of a neural network, segmentation failures were notably reduced, particularly in high-density weed conditions, resulting in significant increases in accuracy (ACC), F1-score, and intersection over union (IOU), which were increased by 5.44, 3.39, and 8.62%, respectively. The method proposed in this paper may be applied to future image-based applications and contribute to automated orchard management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit addition can enrich beer with flavor and bioactive substances. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) can be added in beer as a whole fruit, fruit juice, or pulp, but there is no data for the addition of cherry pomace in beer. Therefore, we investigated the addition of cherry juice and pomace during beer fermentation on the first and seventh day and studied the basic beer parameters (alcohol and extract), sensorial evaluation, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity of the beers produced, measured using six different methods (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, ORAC, and HORAC) and compared the results with a control sample without cherry products addition. The results showed a strong correlation between the antioxidant activity values obtained using the DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and HORAC methods and the concentration of phenolic compounds in the studied beers. The phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity increased when cherries juice or pomace were added. The increase was much more significant when pomace was used. Therefore, it can be concluded that cherry pomace addition is a better option than cherry juice for beer production because of the increased content of bioactive compounds and the sustainability of the beers obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering cherry (Cerasus sp.) are significant spring-blooming trees. However, the short blooming period and the rarity of early and late-flowering varieties limit their use in gardens in northern China. The experiment incorporated annually early-flowering species such as Cerasus discoidea, Cerasus pseudocerasus 'Introtsa', Cerasus dielsiana, Cerasus campanulata 'Youkou', Cerasus yedoensis 'Somei-Yoshino', and Cerasus spachiana f. ascendens, as well as twice-a-year flowering species like Cerasus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' and Cerasus subhirtella 'Accolade'. We observed the timing of natural events and growth measurements for specific plants over a span of two years. This research involved a thorough examination of their ability to withstand cold temperatures, considering their physiological aspects. We examined the levels of nutrients and hormones in the flower buds at various stages of development in plants that bloom yearly and every two years. The findings indicated that C. subhirtella 'Autumnalis' is adaptable, offering the lengthiest autumn blooming phase lasting 54 days. The hierarchy of cold tolerance was as follows: C. pseudocerasus 'Introtsa' > C. discoidea > Cerasus × subhirtella 'Autumnalis' > C. dielsiana > C. 'Youkou'. Furthermore, the soluble protein content in leaves increased before autumn flower buds' sprout of twice-a-year flowering varieties but declined in C. yedoensis 'Somei-Yoshino' within the same time. We determined that changes in nutrient content significantly contribute to the autumn opening of C. subhirtella 'Autumnalis' robust short branch flower buds. During the final phase of flower bud development, the rise in trans-Zeatin-riboside (ZR) and indolacetic acid (IAA) promotes the initiation of the first flowering period in C. subhirtella 'Autumnalis' prior to its mandatory hibernation. The occurrence of secondary flowering involves a multifaceted regulatory process. These findings serve as valuable references for delving deeper into the mechanisms governing cherry blossom formation and secondary flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The typical occlusion of cherry tomatoes in the natural environment is one of the most critical factors affecting the accurate picking of cherry tomato picking robots. To recognize occluded cherry tomatoes accurately and efficiently using deep convolutional neural networks, a new occluded cherry tomato recognition model DSP-YOLOv7-CA is proposed. Firstly, images of cherry tomatoes with different degrees of occlusion are acquired, four occlusion areas and four occlusion methods are defined, and a cherry tomato dataset (TOSL) is constructed. Then, based on YOLOv7, the convolution module of the original residual edges was replaced with null residual edges, depth-separable convolutional layers were added, and jump connections were added to reuse feature information. Then, a depthseparable convolutional layer is added to the SPPF module with fewer parameters to replace the original SPPCSPC module to solve the problem of loss of small target information by different pooled residual layers. Finally, a coordinate attention mechanism (CA) layer is introduced at the critical position of the enhanced feature extraction network to strengthen the attention to the occluded cherry tomato. The experimental results show that the DSP-YOLOv7-CA model outperforms other target detection models, with an average detection accuracy (mAP) of 98.86%, and the number of model parameters is reduced from 37.62MB to 33.71MB, which is better on the actual detection of cherry tomatoes with less than 95% occlusion. Relatively average results were obtained on detecting cherry tomatoes with a shade level higher than 95%, but such cherry tomatoes were not targeted for picking. The DSP-YOLOv7-CA model can accurately recognize the occluded cherry tomatoes in the natural environment, providing an effective solution for accurately picking cherry tomato picking robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cherries (Prunus Subgenus Cerasus) have economic value and ecological significance, yet their phylogeny, geographic origin, timing, and dispersal patterns remain challenging to understand. To fill this gap, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of 54 subg. Cerasus individuals, along with 36 additional genomes from the NCBI database, resulting in a total of 90 genomes for comparative analysis. The chloroplast genomes of subg. Cerasus exhibited varying sizes and consisted of 129 genes, including protein-coding, transfer RNA, and ribosomIal RNA genes. Genomic variation was investigated through InDels and SNPs, showcasing distribution patterns and impact levels. A comparative analysis of chloroplast genome boundaries highlighted variations in inverted repeat (IR) regions among Cerasus and other Prunus species. Phylogeny based on whole-chloroplast genome sequences supported the division of Prunus into three subgenera, I subg. Padus, II subg. Prunus and III subg. Cerasus. The subg. Cerasus was subdivided into seven lineages (IIIa to IIIg), which matched roughly to taxonomic sections. The subg. Padus first diverged 51.42 Mya, followed by the separation of subg. Cerasus from subg. Prunus 39.27 Mya. The subg. Cerasus started diversification at 15.01 Mya, coinciding with geological and climatic changes, including the uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and global cooling. The Himalayans were the refuge of cherries, from which a few species reached Europe through westward migration and another species reached North America through northeastward migration. The mainstage of cherry evolution was on the Qing–Tibet Plateau and later East China and Japan as well. These findings strengthen our understanding of the evolution of cherry and provide valuable insights into the conservation and sustainable utilization of cherry's genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry trees are one of the most important crops worldwide, producing fruits with high economic importance due to the nutritional value and bioactive properties of cherries, providing benefits to human health. Due to the currently unstable climatic conditions, cherry cracking has become a significant problem, strongly affecting the quality and yield of cherry orchards. A cracking rate of 20–25% at harvest can render cherry production unprofitable, decreasing the commercial value of the fruit, as only the cracked ones can be sold to processing industries. This study aims to assess the impact of calcium- and seaweed-based biostimulant applications on sweet cherry quality and profitability in cv. Sweetheart. Applying 300 g hL−1 of calcium led to a significant 52% reduction in the cracking index and a substantial 136% increase in orchard yield. Similarly, applying 150 mL hL−1 of seaweed resulted in a 2% increase in fruit weight and a 3% decrease in the cracking index. Therefore, our findings suggest that calcium- and seaweed-based biostimulants could serve as novel and sustainable alternatives for orchard producers, enhancing cherry profitability and marketability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Industrial processing of tart cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) produces bioproducts like cherry pits (CP), which contribute to adverse environmental effects. To identify sustainable strategies to minimize the environmental impact of cherry processing, we investigated their potential value as antioxidants for prospective utilization within cosmeceutical applications. Untargeted metabolomic analyses of water and water: ethanol CP extracts using an eco-friendly technique revealed significant enrichment in coumaroyl derivatives and flavonoids with congruent metabolite representation regardless of the extraction solvent. The antioxidant activity of tart CP extracts was evaluated on human skin cells exposed to H2O2 or LPS, modeling environmentally induced oxidants. Notably, both CP extracts provide antioxidant activity by reducing H2O2 or LPS-induced ROS in human skin keratinocytes without affecting cell viability. The CP extracts increased the expression of CAT and SOD1 genes encoding antioxidant regulatory enzymes while decreasing the expression of NOS2, a pro-oxidant regulator. These findings reveal the antioxidant properties of tart CP, offering new opportunities to produce natural-based skin care products and adding economic value while providing sustainable options to reduce the environmental impact of food byproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex network topology, deployment unfriendliness, computation cost, and large parameters, including the natural changeable environment are challenges faced by fruit detection. Thus, a Simplified network topology for fruit detection, tracking and counting was designed to solve these problems. The network used common networks of Conv, Maxpool, feature concatenation and SPPF as new backbone and a modified decoupled head of YOLOv8 as head network. At the same time, it was validated on a dataset of images encompassing strawberry, jujube, and cherry fruits. Having compared to YOLO-mainstream variants, the params of Simplified network is 32.6%, 127%, and 50.0% lower than YOLOv5n, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8n, respectively. The results of mAP@50% tested using test-set show that the 82.4% of Simplified network is 0.4%, -0.2%, and 0.2% respectively more accurate than 82.0% of YOLOv5n, 82.6% of YOLOv7-tiny, and 82.2% of YOLOv8n. Furthermore, the Simplified network is 12.8%, 17.8%, and 11.8% respectively faster than YOLOv5n, YOLOv7-tiny, and YOLOv8n, including outperforming in tracking, counting, and mobile-phone deployment process. Hence, the Simplified network is robust, fast, accurate, easy-to-understand, fewer in parameters and deployable friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of current work is to develop the uptake of 4-nitrophenol from the liquid phase in a dynamic system by the shaped activated carbon produced through the microwave-assisted technique. The emphasis of research is to understand the effects of production factors on the performance of adsorbents in the dynamic adsorption. Hence, the phosphoric acid ratio, microwave irradiation power, carbonization temperature, and time were changed to identify the suitable conditions for the fabrication of granular and rod-like beds from the cherry, and date stones. It was found that the stone structure and H3PO4/waste ratio significantly affect the adsorption efficiency. The proper acid/waste ratio was determined to be 1.43, and 1.80 for the activation of cherry and date stones to achieve the maximal efficiency in which the power should be fixed at the levels of 600 and 400 W respectively. The equilibrium efficiency increases with the rise in carbonization temperature and time which should be controlled exactly to reach the maximal adsorption capacity, ~ 45 mg g−1 according to the Langmuir isotherm. Owing to the high specific surface area of shaped adsorbents, 350–450 mg g−1, the fabricated beds indicated the appropriate performance for the uptake of nitrophenol due to development of micropores, < 2 nm, in the framework of activated carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in the pyrolysis characteristics of leaves of sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium L.) under rain-shelter cultivation (RS) or under open-field cultivation (CK) were analysed using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at three heating rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C·min-1. There were two obvious mass loss peaks at 280 °C and 330 °C, which were manifested by the slow pyrolysis of hemicellulose in the low temperature region and the rapid pyrolysis of cellulose in the high temperature region, respectively. The curve in the pyrolysis range after 440 °C was stable, and the mass change corresponded to the pyrolysis of a small amount of macromolecular organic extracts and inorganic salts. When the temperature reached 600 °C, approximately 69% and 73% of the CK and RS leaves were thermally destroyed, respectively. The Coats-Redfern method was used for kinetic calculations to obtain an activation energy of 29.8 to 36.1 kJ·mol-1 in the first-order pyrolysis kinetics stage. The second-order pyrolysis kinetics stage can fit the pyrolysis process well. A significant difference was observed in the pyrolysis characteristics or the kinetics between CK and RS, which were related to the heating rate and the hemicellulose content, cellulose content, and lignin ratio in each sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black rot is limiting the production of sweet cherries in Italy. Dark brown to black patches and sunken lesions on fruits are the most common symptoms of Alternaria black rot on sweet cherry fruits. We isolated 180 Alternaria spp. from symptomatic cherry fruits 'Kordia', 'Ferrovia', and 'Regina' harvested in Northern Italy, over three years, from 2020 to 2022. The aim was to identify and characterize a selection of forty isolates of Alternaria spp. based on morphology, pathogenicity, and combined analysis of rpb2, Alt-a1, endoPG and OPA10-2. The colonies were dark greyish in the center with white margins. Ellipsoidal or ovoid shaped conidia ranging from 19.8 to 21.7 μm in length were observed under a microscope. Based on the concatenated session of four gene regions, thirty-three out of forty isolates were identified as A. arborescens species complex (AASC), and seven as A. alternata. Pathogenicity was evaluated on healthy 'Regina' sweet cherry fruits. All the tested strains were pathogenic on their host. This study represents the first characterization of Alternaria spp. associated with black rot of cherries in Italy and, to the best of our knowledge, it is also the first report of AASC as an agent of black rot of sweet cherries in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat pump drying system was optimised for cornelian cherry-capia pepper leather production development using response surface methodology. The central composite design was used to optimise the process parameters in terms of drying time, coefficient of the performance of heat pump, coefficient of the performance of the whole system, specific moisture extracted ratio, energy consumption, drying rate and colour values. The optimal condition of independent variables was obtained as a cornelian cherry pulp concentration of 47.419% and drying temperature of 33.574°C with composite desirability of 0.846. Moreover, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values of all runs were analysed. HMF was not determined in cornelian cherry-capia pepper leather. Deff values of cornelian cherry-capia pepper leather were between 1.026×10-9 - 1.532×10-9 m2s-1. The drying behaviour of cornelian cherry-capia pepper leather with optimal conditions acquired with the central composite design was evaluated with seven thin-layer drying models. The statistical parameters based on R2, root mean square of error and X2 values were determined between 0.8267 to 0.9845, 0.004087 to 0.035626 and 0.000853 to 0.066247, respectively. Page and Modified Page models were assumed to represent the heat pump drying behaviour of the cornelian cherry-capia pepper leather in thin layers compared to the other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Andean black cherry (P. serotina) is an underutilized fruit species that could contribute to the development of sustainable food systems in the Andean region. The species displays gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), a mechanism controlled by the multiallelic S-locus which prevents crossbreeding between genetically related individuals and hinders breeding efforts. To design effective crosses, breeders require accurate knowledge of the S-haplotypes of parental lines. However, S-haplotype diversity is commonly evaluated using PCR-based methods that fail to accurately discriminate alleles. To address this limitation, we developed a new method to identify S-alleles in P. serotina using nanopore sequencing technology. Our method uses the Native Barcoding protocol and MinION sequencer from Oxford Nanopore Technologies to enable scalable, multiplex amplicon sequencing. For sequence analysis, we developed a bioinformatic pipeline that uses Porechop for sample demultiplexing, MeshClust for sequence alignment and clustering, and the Ugene Consensus algorithm to determine allelic variants. In this study, we evaluated the S-RNase gene of 24 P. serotina accessions using our nanopore sequencing and bioinformatic workflow. Among these accessions, we identified 12 previously reported and 6 putative new S-alleles that could not be identified with existing S-genotyping methods. Five accessions were classified as homozygous, while the other 19 were heterozygous with two or three alleles. Our results demonstrate that nanopore sequencing provides a cost-effective alternative for S-allele profiling that improves on the accuracy of existing PCR-based methods. Because of the versatility of MinION sequencing, the reported workflow can be used to characterize the diversity of other useful genes in the species, which are of relevance for conservation and breeding efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to acknowledge the challenges that the global cherry industry has faced and the efforts made to overcome them. The evolution of cherry production worldwide is a complex and fascinating story influenced by various factors, including historical practices, cutting-edge technological innovations, environmental considerations, and the ever-shifting landscape of consumer preferences. Cherry production has historically relied on agricultural practices that have been passed down through generations. However, recent technological advancements have transformed the industry. Precision farming, advanced irrigation systems, and genetic improvements in cherry varieties have significantly enhanced production efficiency, yield, and overall crop quality. Environmental considerations have become increasingly important in the evolution of cherry production. The industry is recognizing the significance of sustainable practices to minimize its ecological footprint. Efforts are being made to adopt eco-friendly cultivation methods, reduce water and resource usage, and implement agroecological approaches, which are becoming central to the global cherry farming landscape. It is widely acknowledged that producers around the world are facing the challenge of balancing productivity with environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the cherry industry is closely tied to the changing preferences of consumers. As dietary habits and lifestyles evolve, there is an increasing demand for fresh, high-quality, and sustainably produced cherries. Consumers not only desire delicious and visually appealing cherries but are also becoming more aware of the environmental and ethical implications of their food choices. The strategies adopted by cherry producers are being influenced by a shift in consumer awareness, which is pushing the industry towards more sustainable and responsible practices. The evolution of worldwide cherry production is a captivating narrative that unfolds against the backdrop of tradition, technology, sustainability, and consumer dynamics. To navigate this dynamic landscape, the industry must take a proactive approach and embrace sustainability as a cornerstone for future success and resilience in the global cherry market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Lancang County in Yunnan Province is suitable for cherry tomato cultivation with a goodindustrial foundation. The correlation of phenotypic traits and the characteristic rules among 28 introduced cherry tomato varieties in Lancang County, Yunnan Province were determined in order to screen out the varieties with good agronomic characteristics that were suitable for cultivation in Lancang County, Yunnan Province.【Method】Eight quality traits and 14 quantitative agronomic traits of 28 cherry tomato varieties were investigated by visual observation method, and genetic diversity, correlation, principal component and cluster analysis were carried out.【Result】There were significant differences in the main quality traits of 28 cherry tomatoes, such as ripeness, disease resistance, uniformity and mature fruit cracking resistance. A total of 14 varieties with strong resistance were selected, including YTH-FQ-04, YTH-FQ-06, YTH-FQ-07, YTH-FQ-09, YTHFQ-11, YTH-FQ-12, YTH-FQ-14, YTH-FQ-15, YTH-FQ-18, YTH-FQ-19, YTH-FQ-20, YTH-FQ-21, YTH-FQ-22, YTH-FQ-23, and YTH-FQ-24. Genetic diversity analysis was conducted on 14 quantitative traits and the results showed that the coefficient of variation of phenotypic traits was as follows: flesh thickness > ventricular number > first inflorescence node > second inflorescence node, soluble solids content > fruit transverse diameter, petiole length, first inflorescence node, third inflorescence node > fruit vertical diameter > plant height > single fruit weight > stem diameter > average number of fruits per inflorescence. The results of correlation analysis showed that the fruit transverse diameter was positively correlated with flesh thickness and single fruit weight of 28 materials. The soluble solids content was significantly negatively correlated with fruit transverse diameter and single fruit weight. The average number of fruits per inflorescence, fruit transverse diameter, petiole length, ventricular number and fruit vertical diameter were correlated as the main evaluation factors of cherry tomatoes, and the cumulative contribution rate was 77.46%. According to cluster analysis, 28 tested cherry tomato varieties were divided into 4 groups at 3.0 Euclidean distance. Group 1 were mainly large-fruit type cherry tomatoes, with the largest single fruit weight, thick peel and few fruits per inflorescence. Group 2 mainly consisted of medium-fruit cherry tomatoes with large single fruit weight. Group 3 were small-fruit cherry tomatoes, which had the smallest single fruit weight and the highest soluble solids content. Group 4 contained 21 materials, with high soluble solids content and high average fruit number per inflorescence.【Conclusion】 In this experiment, a total of 7 cherry tomato varieties with strong disease resistance, strong crack resistance, high uniformity and good taste were selected, including YTH-FQ-06, YTH-FQ-07, YTH-FQ-09, YTH-FQ-11, YTH-FQ-12, YTH-FQ-18 and YTH-FQ-24. Most phenotypic traits of 28 cherry tomato varieties showed the same rule in correlation analysis and cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The bacterial strain SF857 was isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema bakwenae SF857, found in soil samples of St Lucie cherry, a species of cherry tree, from the Muriti farm, close to Kroondal (25°44′E, 59°99′S) in the northwest province of South Africa. Strain SF857 is Gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-negative, and lecithinase-positive. Strain SF857 shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (97.7%) with the type strain of Xenorhabdus ishibashii. However, a comparison of housekeeping gene sequences showed that strain SF857 grouped closer to X. griffiniae , X. ehlersii and X. thuongxuanensis than to X. ishibashii. Digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) between strain SF857 and all Xenorhabdus spp. is less than the 70% species threshold, confirming that the strain belongs to a separate species. Furthermore, the biochemical characteristics of strain SF857 differ from other Xenorhabdus spp. Based on these findings, strain SF857 represents a novel species within the genus Xenorhabdus , for which the name Xenorhabdus bakwenae sp. n. (type strain SF857T) is proposed. Pathogenicity bioassays with last-instar Cydia pomonella showed S. bakwenae to be highly virulent, with potential use as a biocontrol agent in apple orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Target and non-target Rhagoletis Loew, 1862 (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies trapped in surveys can provide new information on fly abundances, ecologies, and distributions. Here, data from surveys for native R. indifferens Curran, 1932 in non-commercial sweet cherry trees and non-native R. pomonella (Walsh, 1867) in non-commercial apple, crabapple, and hawthorn trees in central Washington State, U.S.A. were used to determine relative abundances of target and non-target Rhagoletis on traps and to test the hypotheses that fly abundances are site, tree type, and seasonal period dependent. Rhagoletis indifferens was the most abundant Rhagoletis in cherry trees. Non-native R. completa Cresson, 1929 was the most abundant Rhagoletis caught in R. pomonella host trees, with overall results suggesting it is the most numerous and/or dispersive Rhagoletis in central Washington. With support from the literature, we infer that: R. pomonella is less tolerant of arid central Washington summers than R. completa, native R. zephyria Snow, 1894, R. indifferens, and native R. basiola (Osten Sacken, 1877); Rhagoletis species diversity is lower in suburban than rural habitats due to the predominant host plants present; all fly species disperse annually at similar relative abundances, resulting in geographic range expansions over a few generations; and peak seasonal dispersal of flies to non-natal tree species coincides with natal host fruit development, resulting in colonization of new fruiting host patches. Differential fly tolerances of arid summer climates due to adaptation or preadaptation, habitat type, and annual and seasonal dispersal patterns could explain abundances and distributions of native and non-native Rhagoletis species in central Washington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firmness, soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) are characteristic substances for evaluating the quality of cherry tomatoes. In this paper, a hyper spectral imaging (HSI) system using visible/near-infrared (Vis-NIR) and near-infrared (NIR) was proposed to detect the key qualities of cherry tomatoes. The effects of individual spectral information and fused spectral information in the detection of different qualities were compared for firmness, SSC and TA of cherry tomatoes. Data layer fusion combined with multiple machine learning methods including principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR) and back propagation neural network (BP) is used for model training. The results show that for firmness, SSC and TA, the determination coefficient R2 of the multi-quality prediction model established by Vis-NIR spectra is higher than that of NIR spectra. The R2 of the best model obtained by SSC and TA fusion band is greater than 0.9, and that of the best model obtained by the firmness fusion band is greater than 0.85. It is better to use the spectral bands after information fusion for nondestructive quality detection of cherry tomatoes. This study shows that hyperspectral imaging technology can be used for the nondestructive detection of multiple qualities of cherry tomatoes, and the method based on the fusion of two spectra has a better prediction effect for the rapid detection of multiple qualities of cherry tomatoes compared with a single spectrum. This study can provide certain technical support for the rapid nondestructive detection of multiple qualities in other melons and fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify fungal species associated with trunk diseases of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) in several commercial cherry orchards in Beijing, Guizhou and Shandong provinces, China. In total, eighteen fungal strains that fitted well into the species concept of Diaporthe were isolated. Based on both morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub-2), calmodulin (Cal) and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1–α) sequencing data, fourteen isolates were identified as Diaporthe eres, while four isolates were classified as D. hongkongensis. Here, we report D. hongkongensis causing sweet cherry branch dieback disease and, further, we confirmed the host association of D. eres with sweet cherries in China. A pathogenicity assay revealed the ability of both D. eres and D. hongkongensis to cause shoot necrosis and stem lesions on Prunus avium cv. 'Brooks' (mean lesion lengths of 1.86 cm and 1.56 cm, respectively). The optimal temperature for the growth of both Diaporthe species was tested. The optimal growth temperature for D. hongkongensis was 30 °C, and the 25–28 °C temperatures were the most favorable for the growth of D. eres strains. This research advances the understanding of fungal trunk diseases in fruit crops, particularly gummosis and branch dieback disease in Chinese cherry orchards, and will aid growers in making decisions about cultural practices and disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargent's cherry trees (Prunus sargentiiRehder) are widely planted as an ornamental, climate change-sensing species. This study investigated changes in the soil moisture content, fresh weight, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence properties, and the chlorophyll and proline content of four-year-old P. sargentii seedlings after 30 days of drought stress. In the trees subjected to drought stress treatment, soil moisture content decreased, and the fresh weight of the aboveground part of the plant decreased. However, there was no significant difference in the root growth of the dried plants. Among the photosynthesis parameters, Pn MAX, E and gs showed a significant (p < 0:001) decrease after 15 days in dry-stressed seedlings, but there was no difference between treatments inWUEuntil 20 days, and there was a significant (p < 0:001) difference after 24 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Rfd, NPQ, and Pn MAX, also increased after 10 days in dry-stressed seedlings, but these changes did not reach statistical significance compared to the control treatment. These results may suggest that drought stress highly correlates with photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Chlorophyll content also significantly decreased in the seedlings under drought stress compared with the control treatment. The proline content decreased until the 10th day of drought stress treatment and increased after the 15th day, showing an increase of 10.9% on the 15th day and 57.1% on the 30th day, compared to the control treatment. These results suggest that photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and proline content can be used to evaluate drought stress in trees. The results of this study can contribute to the management of forests, such as the irrigation of trees when pore control ability and photosynthesis ability decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of tart cherry (TC) supplementation on recovery following strenuous exercise. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using studies investigating TC supplementation on measures of muscle soreness, muscular strength, muscular power, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. A literature search ending in July 2020 was conducted in three databases (SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and PubMed). Data from 14 studies were extracted and pooled for analysis. Tart cherry supplementation had a small beneficial effect in reducing muscle soreness (effect size [ES] = −0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.87, −0.02]). A moderate beneficial effect was observed for recovery of muscular strength (ES = −0.78, 95% CI [−1.11, −0.46]). A moderate effect was observed for muscular power (ES = −0.53, 95% CI [−0.77, −0.29]); a further subgroup analysis on this variable indicated a large effect of TC supplementation on recovery of jump height (ES = −0.82, 95% CI [−1.18, −0.45]) and a small significant effect of supplementation on sprint time (ES = −0.32, 95% CI [−0.60, −0.04]). A small effect was observed for both C-reactive protein (ES = −0.46, 95% CI [−0.93, −0.00]) and Interleukin-6 (ES = −0.35, 95% CI [−0.68, −0.02]. No significant effects were observed for creatine kinase and tumor necrosis factor alpha. These results indicate that the consumption of a TC supplement can aid aspects of recovery from strenuous exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]